【Native Speaker每日综合训练—45系列】【45-09】科技 E-Cigarette

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Part I: Speaker

E-Cigs May Get around Regulations
Some users are modifying electronic cigarettes to produce stronger flavors, more impressive vapor clouds and to deliver even more nicotine. Larry Greenemeier reports
By Larry Greenemeier    |    July 10, 2014


A brave new world, that has electronic cigarettes in it.
Earlier this year, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration said it wants to regulate electronic cigarettes. The agency has even promised to shell out $270 million to 48 research projects for study of the health risks of “vaping.”
But this effort to get ahead of a possible public health problem might be pointless. Because even if we learned the risks of tobacco-less e-cigs, some users are modifying these devices to produce stronger flavors, more impressive vapor clouds and to deliver even more nicotine.
Virginia Commonwealth University is using part of their $18.1-million share of the FDA’s money to study this e-cigarette hacking. Of particular concern are modifications that make these devices burn hotter and supposedly produce a larger vapor cloud when exhaled.
E-cigarette fans proudly point out that these devices produce water vapor rather than smoke. Scientists, however, want to know what may be carried along with the water vapor—especially when vaping liquids are superheated, possibly emitting formaldehyde and other toxic components. Why, it’s enough to make you question one company’s choice of renowned vaccine expert Jenny McCarthy to be their e-cigarette celebrity pitchwoman.
—Larry Greenemeier

Source: Scientific American 60-Second Tech
http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/hacked-e-cigs-may-get-around-regulations1/

[Rephrase 1, 1:27]

ROLEDAD

Part II: Speed

Explainer: What are e-cigarettes?

New battery-powered devices deliver nicotine, a dangerous and addictive drug

By Amanda Leigh Mascarelli    |   March 19, 2014

[Warm up]

Electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, are battery-powered electronic devices. They were developed as an alternative to tobacco products, such as cigarettes. Indeed, because e-cigarettes lack tobacco — and emit no smoke — the companies that make them have argued their products are safer than cigarettes. Indeed, they were developed as a way to help smokers wean themselves off of tobacco. But while potentially safer than inhaling tobacco smoke, vapors from e-cigarettes are far from harmless, health officials note.

E-cigarettes release nicotine, an addictive and potentially dangerous drug. So users can become dependent on e-cigarettes much as smokers become addicted to tobacco.

A tiny light at the tip turns on when someone takes a puff. This is meant to resemble the burn of a regular cigarette. So to the eye, e-cigarettes may resemble traditional cigarettes or cigars. But instead of burning tobacco, a small battery inside powers a device that heats a liquid solution to create an aerosol spray. It emerges like an invisible mist. This is what the user will inhale.

E-cigarette companies call this aerosol a vapor. As a result, many people refer to puffing on e-cigarettes as vaping. The solution used to create that vapor contains various ingredients. These include flavors that sometimes resemble fruits, candy, mint or chocolate.

As of 2012, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that 1.78 million school kids had at least tried e-cigarettes. Currently, there are no U.S. regulations on the advertising and sale of e-cigarettes.

[243 words]

Source: Student Science

https://student.societyforscience.org/article/explainer-what-are-e-cigarettes

Poisonings linked to e-cigarettes

Electronic cigarettes are increasingly a source of reports of harm made to poison-control centers, and young kids are often the victims

By Janet Raloff    |   April 8, 2014

[Time 2]

E-cigarettes look much like traditional cigarettes, but don’t burn tobacco. Instead, they heat up a mix of chemicals to create a vapor that is breathed in. The practice is called vaping. That’s because users inhale gas vapors — not smoke — from these devices. Already millions of teens have tried vaping. And what they inhale can include nicotine, an addictive substance, as well as chemicals that cause cancer. Now, a report links poisonings to these tobacco alternatives. And the victims can be as young as kids in preschool.

E-cigarettes were developed as a way to help smokers stop using tobacco. In the United States, they have been available since 2007. But more and more people have been choosing to use these devices for another reason — for fun. And this includes teens. About one in every 10 U.S. high school students has used electronic cigarettes. Among middle school students, the number who have tried the devices is already one-third that high — and climbing.

Finding e-cigarettes is easy. Even local convenience stores sell them. And because the devices are not yet regulated by the government, in most cases, even pre-teens can legally buy and use them.

In fact, the e-cigarette industry has been targeting the sale of its products to teens, recent studies have found.

But e-cigarettes are not completely safe. What’s more, even people who are not using the devices may be harmed by them, according to the new study.

Kevin Chatham-Stephens works at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC, in Atlanta. He and his co-workers surveyed logs of phone calls to U.S. poison control centers between September 2010 and February 2014. They looked for records of any calls that mentioned exposure to e-cigarettes or to the liquids that are burned in them to create those vapors. The scientists turned up 2,405 calls.

Almost 60 percent of e-cigarette calls reported harm from the products. Vomiting, nausea and eye irritation were the most common symptoms that physicians or other people talked about in the calls to poison control centers. Almost one in six calls about harm linked it to inhaling e-cigarette vapors. A similar number of calls described problems due to eye or skin exposures.

[364 words]

[Time 3]

But more than half of the callers reported problems that occurred after eating or drinking the solutions — a mix of chemicals — that are bought to flavor e-cigarette vapors. That isn’t all that surprising because many of the vapor flavorings have been designed to appeal to our taste buds. This also may explain why half of the reports to poison control centers involved victims no more than 5 years old. Youngsters could have been drawn to the solutions’ smells or to the yummy foods pictured on their labels.

Many vapor flavorings appear to have been chosen especially for their appeal to children. That was the conclusion of researchers working in a Stanford University School of Medicine program that has focused on tobacco advertising. Among the flavors that they found were being sold for vaping in e-cigarettes: mint chocolate chip, vanilla ice cream with chocolate sauce, fried ice cream, sherbet, bubble-gum, licorice, caramel, gummy bear, apple pancakes, cookies and cream, chocolate chip cookies, pineapple, mango-peach, banana, strawberry mint, root-beer float, iced lemonade, Dr. Pepper, pizza and bacon.

Right now, no one knows which chemicals might be responsible for making people who are exposed to e-cigarettes or their flavorings sick.

The CDC team found that calls to poison control centers about e-cigarettes have been rising sharply. Only one call was reported in September 2010. By February 2014, the rate had jumped to about 215 calls per month. Chatham-Stephens’ team reports its findings in the April 4 Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report.

As half of the reported toxic exposures involves young children, the CDC researchers argue that finding a better way “to monitor and prevent future poisonings is critical.”

Clearly, poisonings linked to e-cigarettes are “an emerging public health concern,” they write. That’s a message, the team says, that must reach the public, doctors, e-cigarette makers and the people who make and advertise flavored solutions for e-cigarettes.

[313 words]

Source: Student Science

https://student.societyforscience.org/article/poisonings-linked-e-cigarettes

Health risks of e-cigarettes emerge

Vaping pollutes lungs with toxic chemicals and may even make antibiotic-resistant bacteria harder to kill

By Janet Raloff     |   June 3, 2014

[Time 4]

Electronic cigarettes, marketed as safer than regular cigarettes, deliver a cocktail of toxic chemicals including carcinogens into the lungs, new studies show. Using e-cigarettes may even make bacterial infections resistant to antibiotics, according to one study.

Engineers developed e-cigarettes several years ago to provide tobacco users a smoke-free source of nicotine. The devices heat up a liquid that a user inhales, or “vapes.” Because e-cigarettes burn nothing, they release no smoke.

“There’s no question that a puff on an e-cigarette is less toxic than a puff on a regular cigarette,” says Stanton Glantz, director of the Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education at the University of California, San Francisco. But few studies have looked at the toxicity of their vapors. As a result, scientists have been circumspect about describing e-cigarettes as safe.

For a May 13 review in Circulation, Glantz and his team pored over emerging data on what vapers are inhaling and found, he says, greater risk than scientists had thought. E-cigarettes deliver high levels of nanoparticles, the researchers found, which can trigger inflammation and have been linked to asthma, stroke, heart disease, and diabetes (SN: 7/18/09, p. 26). The levels “really raise concerns about heart disease and other chronic conditions where inflammation is involved,” he says.

E-cigarettes are no longer niche products, he and others note. Vaping product sales last year were projected to hit an estimated $1.7 billion, report Ii-Lun Chen and Corinne Husten of the Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Tobacco Products in Rockville, Md., in a special May issue of Tobacco Control on e-cigarettes. E-cigarette sales may exceed those of traditional cigarettes within 10 years, the pair reports. At least 1 in 5 smokers has tried e-cigarettes, as have 10 percent of U.S. high school students, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

More than 250 different brands of electronic cigarettes are available on the market (a few examples shown), and many dozens of solutions are used to generate the devices’ vapors.

[332 words]

[Time5]

Those people may think vaping is safe, but FDA has seen no data establishing anything like that, writes the agency’s Priscilla Callahan-Lyon in the same journal. She reviewed data from 18 studies on e-cigarettes’ vapors and found that most contain at least traces of the solvents in which nicotine and flavorings had been dissolved. Those solvents, she reports, are known as lung irritants.

And the solvents can transform into something even more worrisome: carbonyls. This group includes known cancer-causing chemicals, such as formaldehyde, and suspected carcinogens, such as acetaldehyde. Because early e-cigarettes didn’t deliver the same powerful hit of nicotine that burning tobacco does, engineers developed second-generation technology that allows users to increase an e-cigarette’s voltage, and thus temperature, to atomize more nicotine per puff.

But the higher temperatures also can trigger a thermal breakdown of the solvents, producing the carbonyls, explains Maciej Goniewicz of the Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, N.Y. If users of second-generation e-cigarettes maximize the power on their devices while using vaping liquids containing a solvent mix of glycerin and propylene glycol, formaldehyde levels can reach that found in tobacco smoke, his team reports May 15 in Nicotine & Tobacco Research.

Such compounds in smoke are mainly a concern if they make it all the way into the lungs. Many biologists think particle size and count are key, says Glantz. Vapers can inhale huge numbers of very small aerosols — the most toxic size — that can then deposit into the lung’s tiniest airways, which are pivotal to moving air into the body.

The median diameter of vaping particles falls around 200 to 300 nanometers, based on unpublished data from Jonathan Thornburg and others at RTI International in Research Triangle Park, N.C. That size “is right in line with conventional tobacco smoke,” Thornburg says.

[297 words]

[Time 6]

The mass of particles in the vapors is about 3 milligrams per cubic meter of air, he says, or about 100 times as high as the Environmental Protection Agency’s 24-hour exposure limit for levels of fine air particles. Thornburg’s group’s analyses predict that some 40 percent of these inhaled particles would deposit in the lungs’ smallest, deepest airways.

In addition to nicotine and solvents, vapors also contain chemical flavorings and food preservatives from the vaping liquid. Although they may be GRAS, or “generally recognized as safe” by FDA, Thornburg says, the designation is based on tests of the compounds when they are ingested. “No one has considered their safety when it comes to inhalation,” he says.

And e-cigarette vapors can even make dangerous germs harder to kill, Laura Crotty Alexander reported May 18 at an American Thoracic Society meeting in San Diego. A pulmonary and critical care physician and scientist with the VA San Diego Healthcare System, she exposed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, better known as MRSA, to e-cigarette vapors.

In a lab dish, these antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which can cause pneumonia, proved harder to kill using a germ-killing protein fragment — a natural antibiotic that people’s bodies make. One reason: Germs exposed to nicotine-rich vapors secreted a thicker biofilm coating that protected them.

Crotty Alexander also allowed mice to breathe in air containing MRSA that had been exposed to e-cigarette vapors. One day later, mice getting vapor-exposed germs had three times as many bacteria growing in their lungs as did mice that got unexposed germs.

“We started these studies so that we could advise our smoking patients on whether they should try switching to e-cigarettes,” she says. “My data now indicate they might be the lesser of the two evils. But e-cigarettes are definitely not benign.”

[294 words]

Source: ScienceNews

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/health-risks-e-cigarettes-emerg

ROLEDAD

Part III: Obstacle

Smoke Screen: Are E-Cigarettes Safe?
Even without tobacco, the poorly regulated devices may pose unique dangers
By Dina Fine Maron    |    May 1, 2014

[Paraphrase 7]
Television advertisements for cigarettes have been banned in the U.S. since 1971, but in the past few years supposedly healthier, battery-powered alternatives have landed numerous prime-time appearances. Electronic cigarettes, or e-cigs, as they are known, soaked up the spotlight in recent Super Bowl commercials, on late-night talk shows and in a comedy sketch during the 2014 Golden Globe Awards. Indeed, a recent survey shows that nearly 60 percent of Americans are now familiar with the sleek, smokeless devices.

The concept behind e-cigs is clever: they allegedly offer all the fun of typical cigarettes without any of the dangers. E-cigs use a small, heated coil to vaporize a nicotine-laced solution into an aerosol mist. By inhaling the mist, users enjoy the same satisfaction they would get from an ordinary cigarette but do not expose themselves to tobacco, which turns into cancer-causing tar when it is burned. Such products free smokers from huddling in the cold or rain and, in many places, from ordinances that forbid smoking in public places.

But are e-cigs truly safe? No one knows for sure. Yet there is no question that the nicotine they contain is addictive—which is one reason many public health experts have grown alarmed by their rapidly increasing popularity. Among their concerns: e-cigs might lure former smokers back to conventional cigarettes, expose users and bystanders alike to unidentified dangers, or become a gateway for teens who might subsequently experiment with tobacco products and other drugs.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Union are grappling with these issues as they decide how to regulate the products. Unfortunately, they must act before all the facts are available. Unfettered access could leave people vulnerable to unknown health hazards, but there is also the chance that greater restrictions might hurt folks who are trying to forgo conventional—and more dangerous—tobacco products.

First Puffs
The current iteration of e-cigarettes was invented and popularized by Chinese pharmacist Hon Lik in 2003 and entered the U.S. market some seven years ago. (Earlier attempts at a “smokeless, non-tobacco cigarette,” patented in 1965, never caught on.) Initially the FDA tried to regulate them as drug-delivery devices, defined under federal law as items “intended to affect the structure or any function of the body.” E-cigarette company NJOY sued the agency, however, arguing that nicotine-containing devices were similar to tobacco products—which the FDA had also previously tried and failed to have declared drug-delivery systems. A federal appeals court ruled in December 2010 that the agency lacked authority over e-cigs because they offer only the recreational benefits of a regular cigarette. That legal decision allowed sales of e-cigarettes to proceed but left many questions about their safety unaddressed.

In lieu of carcinogenic tobacco, e-cigarettes typically contain three main ingredients: nicotine, a flavoring of some kind and propylene glycol—a syrupy synthetic liquid added to food, cosmetics, and certain medicines to absorb water and help them stay moist. The primary established danger of nicotine is that the stimulant is highly addictive, although emerging science also links it to an impaired immune system. Propylene glycol has been “generally recognized as safe,” or GRAS (an official FDA designation), since 1997. Yet more needs to be understood before e-cigarettes can be a given a clean bill of health.

Propylene glycol, for example, is usually eaten (in cupcakes, soft drinks and salad dressings) or slathered onto the body (in soaps, shampoos and antiperspirants)—not breathed into the lungs. Many things that can be safely eaten—such as flour—can damage the lungs when inhaled. No one knows whether propylene glycol falls into that category. “We have little information about what happens to propylene glycol in the air,” the federal Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry says on its Web site. An assessment from the agency, issued in 2008, references only a couple of studies that cover inhalation exposures—all with laboratory animals rather than people.

Beyond the three main ingredients, some researchers worry about by-products from heating electronic cigarettes and the solution inside them. Various studies suggest the vapors from e-cigarettes contain several cancer-causing substances, as well as incredibly tiny particles of tin, chromium, nickel and other heavy metals, which, in large enough concentrations, can damage the lungs. These particles likely fleck off the solder joints or metal coil in the devices when heated. Because they are so small, the tiniest bits of metal, known as nanoparticles, can travel deep into the lungs. There they could exacerbate asthma, bronchitis—an inflammation of the tubes that carry air to and from the lungs—and emphysema—a disease in which the lungs' many air sacs are destroyed, leaving patients short of breath. So far there are not enough data to say with certainty whether e-cigs worsen these disorders.

Craig Weiss, president and CEO of NJOY, went on NPR during the summer and espoused the safety of e-cigarettes, pointing to “clinical trial” data he said would soon be published in peer-reviewed literature. When Scientific American requested that study, it received a draft of a small study looking at the use of e-cigs for short-term smoking reduction, not the kind of large, long-term, rigorously conducted trial that has become the gold standard in medicine. “It is not a study that would lead to drug approval,” admits Joshua Rabinowitz, NJOY's chief scientist, but a clinical trial “is defined as a test of biological response in a human in a clinical setting, and that is exactly what was done.”

The few scientists actively trying to fill the gap in the research literature are running into obstacles. When studying tobacco cigarettes, researchers rely on smoking machines that simulate how frequently a typical smoker takes a puff and how much smoke is inhaled with each breath. No one has yet determined how much e-cig vapor the typical user breathes in, so different studies assume different amounts of vapor as their standard, making it difficult to compare their results. Tracing what happens to that vapor once it is inhaled is equally problematic. When the human body breaks down a foreign substance, one can typically find chemical by-products in hair or urine that provide clues about how it has interacted with cells. This is true for nicotine, but in the case of propylene glycol, no one has established what the relevant by-product is or how to best detect it.

Wild West
As scientists struggle to test the safety of e-cigarettes, the devices are becoming more and more popular among teens and preteens. E-cigarette use among U.S. high school students more than doubled from 4.7 percent in 2011 to 10 percent in 2012, according to recent data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Youth Tobacco Survey. At least 160,000 students who had never tried conventional cigarettes puffed on e-cigs. Yet another analysis linked e-cig use with greater odds of trying tobacco. They come in kid-friendly flavors, including chocolate, bubble gum and gummy bear. Sold online and in the mall, e-cigarettes are also easy for minors to acquire.

Federal legislative milestones that protect youngsters from conventional cigarettes—such as blocking sales to minors and preventing commercials targeted at adolescents—do not exist for e-cigarettes. In an attempt to remedy the situation, 40 state attorneys general signed a letter last September urging the FDA to assume “immediate regulatory oversight of e-cigarettes, an increasingly widespread, addictive product.”

Yet there has been hardly any definitive legislation regarding the sale and consumption of e-cigs in the U.S. Meanwhile Canada has made it illegal to sell e-cigarettes preloaded with nicotine in stores, but the regulation is not well enforced, and customers can buy vials of nicotine online. Things are slightly better across the pond. At press time, the European Parliament had approved a ban on e-cigarette advertising starting in mid-2016, and the ban seemed likely to get approval from the E.U.'s member states.

Without regulations, it is the “Wild West” for e-cigarette companies, says Stanton Glantz, director of the Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education at the University of California, San Francisco, and a self-described e-cigarette pessimist. He argues that given the paucity of health data, current indoor smoking bans should apply to e-cigs as well. “One of the real problems [with] these things is that because of the low quality control, you never quite know what you are getting,” he says. Those who support minimal regulation contend that limiting the use of e-cigarettes would encourage more people to smoke conventional cigarettes.

As the debate blazes, deep-pocketed big tobacco investors are buying up e-cig companies, injecting millions of dollars into the market and banking on a bright future for the devices. More than 100 e-cigarette companies are now jockeying for the business of smokers and nonsmokers alike. The success of all these enterprises hinges on the claim that e-cigarettes are healthier than traditional cigarettes. Companies like to paint a black-and-white picture of a new era of safe smoking. “Cigarettes, you've met your match,” NJOY proudly proclaims in its Super Bowl ads. Whether e-cigs are genuinely safe is far hazier.
[1527 words]

Source: Scientific American
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/smoke-screen-are-e-cigarettes-safe/

ROLEDAD

Speaker:
FDA's effort to regulate e-cigarettes is pointless because users are modifying these devices to produce stronger flavors, adding more impressive  vapor clouds and to deliver even more nicotine, even if the e-cigarettes carriy along with  water vapor, according to the study.

Speed:
[Warm up] 1'15''
E-cigarette, which emits water vapors instead of smoke, helps smoker wean themselves off of tobacco. However, the e-cigarettes are far from harmless, and more school kids now are trying e-cigarettes.

[Time2] 1'10''
More chemical ingredients, poisonings to these tobacco alternatives, now are added to the e-cigarettes, and the victims can be as young as kids in preschool.
The study in CDC finds that 60 percent of e-cigarette calls reported harm from the products, and they are related to inhaling e-cigarette vapors eye or skin exposures.

[Time3] 1'12''
Although there are many flavors added to the vaping in e-cigarettes, no one knows which chemicals might be responsible for making people who are exposed to e-cigarettes or their flavorings sick. Therefore, finding a better way to monitor and prevent future poisonings  is critical to protect young children from the toxic exposures, according to CDC.

[Time4] 1'07''
Although more and more e-cigarettes are launched on the market, a few studies now have looked at the toxicity of their vapors. As a result, scientists have been circumspect about describing e-cigarettes as safe, and e-cigarettes eally raise concerns about heart disease and other chronic conditions where inflammation is involved.

[Time5] 1'33''
Because early e-cigarettes didn’t deliver the same powerful hit of nicotine that burning tobacco does, engineers developed second-generation technology that allows users to increase an e-cigarette’s voltage, and thus temperature, to atomize more nicotine per puff.

[Time6] 58''
According to the study,  e-cigarette vapors can even make dangerous germs harder to kill because  Germs exposed to nicotine-rich vapors secreted a thicker biofilm coating that protected them.

Obstacle
[Time7] 6'53''
Because e-cigs might lure former smokers back to conventional cigarettes, expose users and bystanders alike to unidentified dangers, or become a gateway for teens who might subsequently experiment with tobacco products and other drugs, now the regulators are grappling with the issue.
Till now, no one has yet determined how much e-cig vapor the typical user breathes in, so different studies assume different amounts of vapor as their standard, making it difficult to compare their results. As a result, it is hard to regulate the cigarettes.
All around the world, there has been hardly any definitive legislation regarding the sale and consumption of e-cigs now. As the debate blazes, deep-pocketed big tobacco investors are buying up e-cig companies, injecting millions of dollars into the market and banking on a bright future for the devices, bring more problems.

HaiqingYU

Thanks for sharing!
[Time 2] 02:10
EC works by creating a vapor.
Not regulated by law, EC is easy to find and it's especially popular among teens.
The experiment: the vapor of EC is harmful for pl who use it or exposed to it.
[Time 3] 01:57
The flavor of EC seems to target teens as potential clients;
More calls related to EC poison are registered;
Monitoring and prevention are critical in the future.
[Time 4] 02:07
Scientific Research: vapor of  EC has more harmful effect than what was thought previously;
EC is now common products.
[Time 5] 01:43
New tech that enables fumers to rise the temp or increase the voltage makes EC more harmful.
[Time 6] 01:16
The vapor contains other GRAS,but the effect of ingestion by inhalation is not known yet;
The bac exposed to vapor is harder to kill.
[Obstacle] 08:16
EC may be harmful for health, but scientists have pb for evaluation;
EC is extremely popular with teen, and US try to regulate its selling, just like what happens in Europe.

smallchange306

speed
2'30
2'13
2'25
2'15
2'02
obstacle 10'00
bucause the flavour they have and because it' s easy to access, many teens have tried it. But it's harmful to the health.
some people urge the law to stop this phenomenon.
some countirs(eg:Europ) have prohibited the ads of e-cigs.

只是长版的speed 所以回忆起来细节内容有点难度，但阅读没问题！  但是真的太长了 溜号了好几次 哈哈

speed的文中有一句话没太明白 This also may explain why half of the reports to poison control centers involved victims no more than 5 years old. 我理解的意思就是：这个可以解释为什么中毒控制中心所知的受害者里没有小于5岁的孩子。
     可问题是该段前面还正在讲为什么添加了口味就会让teens更喜欢啊，小于5岁的小孩不应该更喜欢各种口味吗？求解答~~~

sumy217

HaiqingYU 发表于 2014-12-2 08:26
Thanks for sharing!
[Time 2] 02:10
EC works by creating a vapor.

我理解的是：为什XX里面还有不超过5岁的小孩儿（因为那些flavor 使小孩上瘾）

sumy217

Speed
2.1'48''
E-cigarettes emit vapor making people as addictive as smoking.
3. 2'00''
Kids are addictive to the various flavor of  E-cigarettes and there are rising calls to control center to monitor them.
4.2'00''
E-cigarettes are as harmful as traditinal cigarettes.
5.2'00''
E-cigarettes use solution which contain cancer-causing chemical and second geration of E-cigarettes emit partical which is as harmful to lung as traditinal cigarettes.
6.2'06''
E-cigarettes contain chemical wich cause people inhale partical deeply in their lung and they can also keep some harmflu bacteria in lung from being killed by antibiotics.
Obstacle
10'19''
1.Nectro in E-cigar which used to emit vapor is definitely addictive .
2. It is unclear that whether glycol contain in E-cigar is as safe to body  when being inhaled as being digesting.
3.The ingredients in solution of e-cigar  contain cancer-causing chemical to lung.
4.There is a nuber of people using cigarettes now for the companies claiming that it is safe and health without tobacco.
5.The official authorities now have not decide to monitor the market if e-cigar for there is little has been known about whether they are really harmful or not.
6.The inhale of them make reaction of body to them difficult to test and the effect of e-cigar can't be examine clearly.
7.Companies of ordinary cigarettes are busy incorperating e-cigar,  boasting the concept that thet are safer and healthier than traditinal cigar.

sumy217

smallchange306 发表于 2014-12-2 09:09
speed
2'30
2'13

我理解的是：为什XX里面还有不超过5岁的小孩儿（因为那些flavor 使小孩上瘾）
no less than 是不小于
no more than 不超过

sumy217

sumy217 发表于 2014-12-2 10:36
我理解的是：为什XX里面还有不超过5岁的小孩儿（因为那些flavor 使小孩上瘾） ...

对不起哦我回复错了