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最近重新复习OG阅读部分偶遇此文，以前曾被这篇文章虐，这次遇到这篇文章的时候理直气壮了许多！终于到了一雪前耻的时候了！于是楼主磨刀霍霍向猪羊，参考各种翻译和解析准备来庖丁解牛。不料发现很多翻译和分析不妥，因此在自己的理解和结合相关背景材料的情况下重新分析此文。希望帮助同被此文虐的童鞋理解文章。
内容包括： 一、 必要背景资料。 二、 全文翻译 三、 文章逻辑结构 四、 OG题目讲解 五、 参考文献
一、 必要背景资料
1. 印第安保留地 (Indian Rsearvation)：印第安保留地是由北美印第安人部落管理的地区，理论上属于美利坚合众国的一级行政区划。美国目前有约310个保留地，意味着全国550余个公认的印第安部落并不是都有保留地。美国大部分的保留根据早年和印第安人的购地协议或者从公共领地中分割而成。保护地内部法律和美国其他地方不同，拥有有限的自治权。大部分保留地由联邦政府指派并直接管理，少数位于东部州的保留地则属于各州管理。
2. 飞地(enclave)：由于印第安人的分布错综复杂，在某保留地内部常常有其它部落或者非保留地的飞地，在行政和管理上造成极大困难。
3. 土地所有权：在美国，土地可以私有，也可以归联邦政府公有(比如有特殊用途的土地，包括自然保护区、印第安保留地等)。
4. 水权：即土地上水域的使用权(以下简称水权)，和土地使用权是两种不同的权利，这篇文章就是探讨了在特定条件下，联邦政府收回水域使用权的法律基础。
5. 美国法律体系属于海洋法系，即基于先前类似案件的判决结果来对后来案件进行判决（这就本文要回溯以前案件的原因)。美国法律有联邦法和州法两级，当两者冲突时，宪法规定联邦具有更高效力。
二、 全文翻译 In Winters v. United States (1908), the Supreme Court held that the right to use waters flowing through or adjacent to the (5) Fort Berthold Indian Reservation was reserved to American Indians by the treaty establishing the reservation. 在winters v United States一案中，根据保留地初创条约的规定，最高法院判定，FB 保留区的印第安人有保留区内和附近地区的水域的用水权。
(56)Although this treaty did not mention water rights, the Court (10) ruled that the federal government, when it created the reservation, intended to deal fairly with American Indians by preserving for them the waters without which (15) their lands would have been use less. 虽然这一初创条约没有提及水权问题，但是最高法院认为：如果没有水权，印第安人的土地也无法发挥很大作用，所以当年联合政府建立保留地的时候，是打算赋予他们用水权的。
Later decisions, citing Winters, established that courts can find federal rights to reserve water for particular purposes if (20) (1) the land in question lies within an enclave under exclusive federal jurisdiction, (2) the land has been formally withdrawn from federal public lands — i.e., withdrawn from(25) the stock of federal lands available for private use under federal land use laws — and set aside or reserved, and (3) the circumstances reveal the government (30)intended to reserve water as well as land when establishing the reservation. 在winters案例的基础上，后来类似案例的裁决也为用水问题制定了标准。以下几种情况时，法院能援引联邦权力，为某些特殊目的保留该地区水权：（1）待裁决的地区位于联邦独家管辖区域的飞地内（2）待裁决地区曾被正式从联邦公共领地中分离出---- 例如：为了合法私人用途，从联邦领地中分离（3）政府建立保留地的时候有意保留水权和土地权。
第二段： Some American Indian tribes have also established water rights (35) through the courts based on their traditional diversion and use of certain waters prior to the United States’ acquisition of sovereignty. For example, the Rio Grande (40) pueblos already existed when the United States acquired sovereignty over New Mexico in 1848 由于历史原因，印第安部落在美国建国之前就开始使用一些水域，因此他们也通过法庭判决获得了水权。李例如,RG印第安部落在美国1848年吞并新墨西哥之前就已经存在了。
（5题根据）Although they at that time became part of the United States, the pueblo lands (45) never formally constituted a part of federal public lands; in any event, no treaty, statute, or executive order has ever designated or withdrawn the pueblos from50) public lands as American Indian reservations. 尽管当时他们（RG）成为了美国的一部分，但他们的土地从被没有正式归入联邦公共领地；同时，也没有任何条款，法令或者行政命令将这个部落设置为印第安保留地，或者把这个部落从公共领地中脱离出去成为保留地。
This fact, however, has not barred application of the Winters doctrine. （59题）What constitutes an American Indian (55) reservation is a question of practice, not of legal definition, and the pueblos have always been treated as reservations by the United States. 但这一情况并没有阻碍winters条款的实施。因为印第安保留地是一个实践问题，而不是一个法律定义的问题。而美国也一直把印第安部落当做保留地对待。
（58根据）This pragmatic (60) approach is buttressed by Arizonav. California (1963), where in the Supreme Court indicated that the manner in which any type of federal reservation is created does not(65) affect the application to it of the Winters doctrine. Arizona v. California (1963) 案件的裁决也支持这种实用主义方法。当时最高法院判定：对于任何一种联邦保留地来说，无论它是如何被建立的， 都不影响winters条款发挥作用。
（61题）Therefore, the reserved water rights of Pueblo Indians have priority over other citizens’ water rights as of 1848, (70) the year in which pueblos must be considered to have become reservations. 因此，因为1848年之后，印第安部落都被认为是保留地了，所以印第安部落的用水权优先于公民用水权。
三、 文章逻辑结构
纵观全文：提到了3个case：Winter 案件、GR部落案件、Arizona 案件，他们的裁决结果分别为后来的案件作出不同示例。请---拉到文章最后查看 文章逻辑图。
四、 OG题目讲解
56. According to the passage, which of the following was true of the treaty establishing the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation? (A) It was challenged in the Supreme Court a number of times.
(B) It was rescinded by the federal government, an action that gave rise to the Winters case.
(C) It cited American Indians’ traditional use of the land’s resources.
(D) It failed to mention water rights to be enjoyed by the reservation’s inhabitants.
(E) It was modified by the Supreme Court in Arizona v. California.
细节题，回溯原文第一段中间部分，黄底标出了原文。选D。
57. The passage suggests that, if the criteria discussed in lines 13-20 were the only criteria for establishing a reservation’s water rights, which of the following would be true? (A) The water rights of the inhabitants of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation would not take precedence over those of other citizens.
(B) Reservations established before 1848 would be judged to have no water rights.
(C) There would be no legal basis for the water rights of the Rio Grande pueblos.
(D) Reservations other than American Indian reservations could not be created with reserved water rights.
(E) Treaties establishing reservations would have to mention water rights explicitly in order to reserve water for a particular purpose.
推理题。因为原文第一段讲述winter案件及以后的裁决为保留水权设定了保准。而RG部落并不符合这三个标准，其本身也不是保留地。所以如果严格按照这三个标准衡量，RG部落是不享有水权的。选C。
58. Which of the following most accurately summarizes the relationship between Arizona v. California in lines 38-42, and the criteria citing the Winters doctrine in lines 10-20?
(A) Arizona v. California abolishes these criteria and establishes a competing set of criteria for applying the Winters doctrine.
(B) Arizona v. California establishes that the Winters doctrine applies to a broader range of situations than those defined by these criteria.
(C) Arizona v. California represents the sole example of an exception to the criteria as they were set forth in the Winters doctrine.
(D) Arizona v. California does not refer to the Winters doctrine to justify water rights, whereas these criteria do rely on the Winters doctrine.
(E) Arizona v. California applies the criteria derived from the Winters doctrine only to federal lands other than American Indian reservations.
细节题： 回溯原文可知。Winters的水权保留仅限于保留地的人。但很多印第安部落虽然早于美国存在，但在美国法律上并未被设置成保护区。而Arizona案件的裁定说明了：保留地这一问题不单单是法律概念问题， 更需要关注现实问题，部落的印第安人比美国更先存在，因此他们虽然法律上不属于保留地，但美国政府早已将部落当做保留地来对待了（给予其自治权，实行不同法律），因此Winter的裁定也适用于部落。即Arizona将winter的适用范围扩大了，选B。
59. The “pragmatic approach” mentioned in lines 37-38 of the passage is best defined as one that
(A) grants recognition to reservations that were never formally established but that have traditionally been treated as such
(B) determines the water rights of all citizens in particular region by examining the actual history of water usage in that region.
(C) gives federal courts the right to reserve water along with land even when it is clear that the government originally intended to reserve only the land
(D) bases the decision to recognize the legal rights of a group on the practical effect such a recognition is likely to have on other citizens
(E) dictates that courts ignore precedents set by such cases as Winters v. United States in deciding what water rights belong to reserved land
理解题。参考文中黄底字，其意思是：部落的印第安人比美国更先存在，因此他们虽然法律上不属于保留地，但美国政府早已将部落当做保留地来对待了（给予其自治权，实行不同法律）。则事实上美国政府已经承认部落是保留地了，虽然并未在法律条文上落实。选A
60. The author cites the fact that the Rio Grande pueblos were never formally withdrawn from public lands primarily in order to do which of the following?
(A) Suggest why it might have been argued that the Winters doctrine ought not to apply to pueblo lands
(B) Imply that the United States never really acquired sovereignty over pueblo lands
(C) Argue that the pueblo lands ought still to be considered part of federal public lands
(D) Support the argument that the water rights of citizens other than American Indians are limited by the Winters doctrine
(E) Suggest that federal courts cannot claim jurisdiction over cases disputing the traditional diversion and use of water by Pueblo Indians
理解题。思考思路参见57题。选A
61. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) trace the development of laws establishing American Indian reservations
(B) explain the legal bases for the water rights of American Indian tribes
(C) question the legal criteria often used to determine the water rights of American Indian tribes
(D) discuss evidence establishing the earliest date at which the federal government recognized the water rights of American Indians
(E) point out a legal distinction between different types of American Indian reservations
文章主旨题。全文的main idea是最后一段第一句。而为了给这个结论提供理由，全文回溯了历史上的几个类似案件的裁决结果，最后得出了 部落水权高于居民 水权的结论。因为美国的司法体系是， 法官判案是根据以前类似案件的判决结果，因此这是在为最终结论回溯过往案件，解释法律依据。选B
62. The passage suggests that the legal rights of citizens other than American Indians to the use of water flowing into the Rio Grande pueblos are
(A) guaranteed by the precedent set in Arizona v. California
(B) abolished by the Winters doctrine
(C) deferred to the Pueblo Indians whenever treaties explicitly require this
(D) guaranteed by federal land-use laws
(E) limited by the prior claims of the Pueblo Indians
细节题。文章最后一段。 印第安部落用水权高于居民用水权，因此居民的用水权受到了限制。选E
五、 参考文献 1. 维基百科：http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E4%BF%9D%E7%95%99%E5%9C%B0
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发表于 2014-7-23 18:33:18
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