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[阅读小分队] 【Native Speaker每日综合训练—39系列】【39-12】 科技

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发表于 2014-7-22 22:23:04 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
内容:ZXPPX 编辑:ZXPPX

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Part I: Speaker

Education Level Linked to Nearsightedness
In a German study, half of those with a university degree were myopic compared to less than a quarter of folks who quit after high school or secondary school. Karen Hopkin reports.  

Nothing says “overeducated egghead” like a pair of coke-bottle glasses. But even clichés sometimes hit the nerd on the head. Because a new study finds that nearsightedness is linked to the number of years spent in school. The findings can be viewed in the journal Ophthalmology. [Alireza Mirshahi et al, Myopia and Level of Education]

In the past century, the prevalence of myopia—science-speak for being able to see only what’s right in front of you—has been on the rise. So much so that it can’t all be blamed on geeky genes.

To nail down the potential environmental influences, researchers focused on the classroom. They gave eye exams to nearly 5000 German subjects in a project called the Gutenberg Health Study.

The researchers found that individuals with 13 years of education were more myopic than those who didn’t get past primary school. And more than half of those with a university degree could use a set of specs, compared to less than a quarter of the folks who quit after high school or secondary school.

All that learning takes a lot of reading. Which itself is associated with nearsightedness. Or the nearsighted may gravitate toward pursuits easier to see—like hitting the books. Either way, seems that being a good student may not require great pupils.

—Karen Hopkin

Source: Scientificamerican
http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/education-linked-to-nearsightedness/

[Rephrase 1, 1:21]

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 楼主| 发表于 2014-7-22 22:23:05 | 显示全部楼层
Part II: Speed
Grizzly bear 'highway' discovered in Canada
BY Virginia Morell | 21 July, 2014

[Time 2]



Grizzly bears and humans along the Pacific coast of North America have shared a hunger for salmon for millennia. The fish figure prominently in many Canadian coastal First Nations’ cultures, including that of the Heiltsuk, who settled in the Great Bear Rainforest of British Columbia more than 9000 years ago—and have lived alongside the grizzly bears since then. Wildlife biologists have also tied the rise and fall of grizzly bear numbers to salmon abundance. Now, by means of an unusual collaboration of Heiltsuk Nation members and scientists, researchers report finding a new aggregation of the salmon-feeding bears—many of whom (such as the one in the photo above) journey hundreds of miles along a route so well-traveled, the team likens it to a highway. In 2009, after establishing the Koeye River Conservancy, a protected area in the rainforest, the Heiltsuk joined with the scientists to find out how the ursines and salmon were faring. Over 3 years, they counted the fish and conducted a noninvasive DNA survey of the bears by collecting bits of the animals’ fur as they walked by scented wire snares during the salmon-spawning season. Genetic analysis of the samples identified nearly 60 individual bears that depend on the salmon, the team reports in the current issue of Ecology and Society. But the survey also indicated that the bears’ numbers are decreasing, which the scientists say is likely tied to lower numbers of salmon, which may have led to hungry grizzlies seeking human food and getting shot, as well as to trophy hunting of the male animals when they traveled outside the conservancy.

[267 words]
Source: science
http://news.sciencemag.org/plants-animals/2014/07/grizzly-bear-highway-discovered-canada


Sandstone structures form without cement
Weighed-down sand interlocks into rock-hard arrangement, allowing spectacular formations
BY THOMAS SUMNER | 21 July, 2014

[Time 3]



Gravity, not glue, allows towering sandstone pillars and arches to withstand howling wind and pouring rain, researchers propose July 20 in Nature Geoscience.

Sandstone forms when tiny sand grains bind together into a solid mass. The edges of sandstone slabs wear away when exposed to the elements, leaving behind spectacular structures such as arches, columns and alcoves that resist further erosion.

Geologist Jiří Bruthans of Charles University in Prague was touring a sandstone quarry when he noticed something odd: The workers had to use explosives to break apart the solid sandstone walls, but rocks that broke free often quickly crumbled apart. Bruthans says this behavior seemed to contradict the conventional explanation that chemical cement glues sandstone structures together. Thinking another overarching force was responsible, Bruthans decided to play in the sand.

[131 words]
Source: nature
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sandstone-structures-form-without-cement


Greening the food pyramid
BY Erik Stokstad | 18 July, 2014

[Time 4]



Advice about a healthy diet might soon take the planet itself into account. The next version of Dietary Guidelines for Americans, the major nutrition report from the government agencies that brought you the food pyramid, seems likely to contain advice about sustainable food choices. The prospect is already generating controversy.

Every 5 years, a new set of dietary advice comes from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). It usually boils down to what your parents told you about eating a balanced diet. In 2010, the guidelines tried something new, switching from a food pyramid to a plate (and, for the first time, specifically urging Americans to eat more fish and less pizza). The changes are based on a review of recent research findings by outside scientists, whose recommendations are turned into guidelines by agency scientists and officials.

At an advisory panel meeting today, scientists discussed why it matters how the food you eat is produced. A subcommittee on food sustainability and safety, chaired by Miriam Nelson, a nutritionist at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts, presented its preliminary conclusions. "Promoting more sustainable diets will contribute to food security for present and future generations by conserving resources," the subcommittee found. "This approach should be encouraged across all food sectors."

[216 words]

[Time 5]

In addition, sustainability could also encourage people to eat a diet richer in grains, fruits, and vegetables. "Research shows that, with young adults, a green message can be a real motivating factor," Nelson said at the meeting, which was webcast but not open to the public. "It could be used as another messaging tool."

The subcommittee reviewed the scientific literature, finding 15 peer-reviewed studies of dietary patterns, health, and environmental sustainability. These studies looked at how replacing meat and dairy with plant-based foods can have a positive impact on greenhouse gas emissions, energy, water, and biodiversity. All the studies showed that higher consumption of animal products inflicted more damage on the environment. "We're finding remarkable consistency here," Nelson said at the meeting.

It's not clear how detailed the sustainability advice will be. Nelson hinted that the subcommittee might stick to simply recommending a more plant-based diet and not go as far as preferring organic food. The subcommittee is reviewing the evidence on grass-fed versus corn-fed beef. It's also considering advice about the most sustainable way to increase fish consumption, with input from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries.

[188 words]

[Time 6]

Some conservative groups have objected to the inclusion of sustainability in the dietary guidelines. "Sustainable food systems and environmental protection may be important, but these issues don’t belong in discussions of healthy eating," wrote Jeff Stier of the National Center for Public Policy Research, a conservative think tank in Washington, D.C., in an op-ed in The Des Moines Register today.

Stier also objects to the recent appointment of Angela Tagtow to lead the USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, which is responsible for USDA's involvement in the dietary guidelines. Tagtow, who began on 14 July, was a fellow at the Minnesota Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and then started Environmental Nutrition Solutions, a company that aims to establish sustainable food systems. "This isn’t nutrition," Stier wrote. "This is code language for politically charged activism."

Either way, it seems to be a sign that USDA is interested in including sustainability in its dietary guidelines.

The advisory committee is scheduled to hand its recommendations over to USDA and HHS this fall. The official guidelines will come out a year later. The United States would not be the first country to have federal advice on sustainable diet. Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands issued recommendations between 2009 and 2011.

[208 words]
Source: new.sciencemag
http://news.sciencemag.org/environment/2014/07/greening-food-pyramid

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 楼主| 发表于 2014-7-22 22:23:06 | 显示全部楼层
Part III: Obstacle

Nervous system may hold key to treating asthma attacks
BY Sarah C. P. Williams | 21 July, 2014

[Paraphrase 7]



The wheezing, coughing, and gasping for breath that come with a sudden asthma attack aren’t just the fault of an overactive immune system. A particularly sensitive bundle of neurons stretching from the brain to the lungs might be to blame as well, researchers have found. Drugs that alter these neurons could provide a new way to treat some types of asthma.

“This is an exciting confirmation of an idea that’s been around for decades,” says Allison Fryer, a pulmonary pharmacology researcher at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, who was not involved in the new study.

An asthma attack can be brought on by a variety of triggers, including exercise, cold temperatures, pollen, and dust. During an attack, a person’s airways become inflamed, mucus clogs their lungs, and the muscles surrounding their airways tighten. Asthma is often considered a disease of the immune system because immune cells go into overdrive when they sense a trigger and cause inflammation. But a bundle of nerves that snakes through the neck and chest, the vagus nerve, has long been suspected to play a role; the cells it contains, after all, control the airway muscles. Studying which cell types and molecular pathways within the thick nerve bundle are involved, though, has been tough—the vagus contains a multitude of different cells that are physically intertwined.

Working together at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Janelia Farm Research Campus in Ashburn, Virginia, neurobiologists Dimitri Tränkner, now at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, and Charles Zuker of Columbia University turned to genetics to work out the players. They selectively shut off different sets of the neurons in mice based on which genes each neuron expressed, rather than their physical location. Then, through a series of injections, they gave the animals an egg white allergy that causes asthmalike symptoms.

After exposure to egg white protein, most mice suffered an immune reaction and a narrowing of their airways. But in rodents in which the researchers had genetically inactivated nerve cells expressing a receptor called transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), egg white proteins failed to make the airways constrict, even when the immune system ramped up. And when the researchers next boosted the activity of the TRPV1-containing cells, symptoms of an asthma attack worsened in mice already prone to the attacks, they report online today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

“These cells really tie everything together,” Tränkner says. The last piece of the puzzle, though, came when the group showed that the TRPV1-expressing nerve cells could be activated by a substance that’s known to be released by immune cells in the lungs of asthmatics, a molecule called sphingosine-1-phosphate. The observation suggests communication between the immune system and the neurons.

“If it were as simple as some people having different TRPV1 cells, researchers likely would have already found genetic mutations that cause asthma,” Tränkner says. “Our guess is that instead, the immune system can permanently change these neurons during some initial immune response.” As an allergy develops, he says, not only does the immune system become primed for an asthma attack, but immune molecules also likely interact with the neurons, altering their behavior and the receptors they express, and making them more likely to cause airway constriction.

“The technological approach used in this paper is really unprecedented in the field,” says neuroscientist Sven-Eric Jordt of Duke University School of Medicine in Durham, North Carolina. But more studies will be needed, he says, to show whether the same pathways are important in human asthma. The mouse egg white allergy isn’t a perfect model of the human disease, because mice don’t actually develop asthma, but instead show airway symptoms of an allergy.

If the findings hold true, Fryer says, they could lead to new classes of asthma drugs that not only treat symptoms, but also reverse the hypersensitivity that leads to attacks. Such drugs could target either the TRPV1 protein or the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor, and they might work in patients who don’t respond to existing treatments, she says. “People have actually proposed both of those as drug targets before, but this really reinforces the rationale behind that idea.”

[700 words]
Source: nature
http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2014/07/nervous-system-may-hold-key-treating-asthma-attacks

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发表于 2014-7-22 22:31:01 | 显示全部楼层
沙发~~~~~~~~~~

Spkear:A german study showed that the nearsightedness is lined to the education level.People with high education degree are more myopic.

01:30
The number of grizzly bear is tied to the rise and fall of salmon abundance.And a survey showed that the number of bear is decreasing.

00:59
Gravity, not glue, allows towering sandstone pillars and arches to withstand howling wind and pouring rain.

01:37
Every 5 years,USDA and HHS will give out a new set of dietary advice.And this time,they make a change.And they said that a sustainable diet can conseve resource for the future.

01:20
Sustainability could also encourage people to eat a diet richer in grains,fruits, and vegetables.And these plant-based food can have a positive impact on greenhouse gas emissions.

00:42
Some critics said that enviornment protection should not belong to the discussion about healthy eating.

03:01
A particularly sensitive bundle of neurons stretching from the brain to the lungs may be balmed to asthma attack.Drugs that alter these neurons could provide a new way to treat some types of asthma.
A bundle of nerves that snakes through the neck and chest has long been suspected to play a role in asthma.
A experiment is made about this.And they have found out genetic mutations that cause asthma.The technological approach is unprecedent in this field,more studies should be done.But if the findings are true,they could lead to new classes of asthma drugs that not only treat symptoms, but also reverse the hypersensitivity that leads to attacks.
发表于 2014-7-23 02:25:41 | 显示全部楼层
1:18,45,1:10,1:04,1:07,4:00,
发表于 2014-7-23 08:00:28 | 显示全部楼层
感恩~~占一个坑好补作业~~
————感谢!!!嘿~你的作业~不,是你的作业~( ̄_, ̄ ) ~~~#作业天天见~~#~~~进击的阅读小分队~~~\(^o^)/~——————————————————
[speaker]
Study finds education level is linkes to nearsighted in school.
Those of those get university degree more than those who are just able to get high school degree.However,degree doesn't promise a great pupil.
[speed]
1'49
The number of grizzly beats is tied to the rise and fall of salmon.And a new aggregation of the salmon-feeding bears is found and named as "highway" by the scientist.
1'26
Gravity,not chemical cement glue make the sandstone structures.
1'34
Every 5 years,the USDA promote a new set of dietary advice,which will contribute to food security and enhance the health level of our future generation by conserving resources.
1'23
The sustainability encourage peope to eat more grains,fruits and vegetables,because researches found that higher consumption of animal products seems to be more damage on the enviornment.
34'
Some against the sustainability part in the dietary guideline,saying that sustainability is important,but that's nothing to do with the nutrition and food diet,it's more likely to be a political charged activism.
[obstacle]
3'26
main idea:Researches found a new approach for treating asthma,which base on the suppression of oversensitive neurons.
how important the approach is:
1.asthma has many triggers and is easy to be activiated.
2.The different cells ties everything,which make this approach feasibility.     
发表于 2014-7-23 08:23:58 | 显示全部楼层
TIME 2:1’48’’
The number of bears is decreasing because of the lack of food and shoot by human by their way to seek food
TIME 3:55’’
The nature sandstone make the statement that sandstone made by cement glue odds
TIME 4:1’14’’
The purpose of promoting sustainable diets to public
TIME 5:1’09’’
Green message is significant to public and it can also link diet with environment
TIME 6:56’’
The objection statement to the meaning of food guidelines above
USA is not the first country to have federal advise on diet

Obstacle:3’57’’
New study find that the reason cause asthma is not only the immune system but also the cells contact to neuron
A study of mouse confirm the argument but further study is needed because mouse has not the disease "asthma" like human but only the similar reaction
Further study will do good to asthma patience
发表于 2014-7-23 08:24:53 | 显示全部楼层
谢谢PPX 占座~

39-12
time 2
Scientist found a new aggregation of salmon-feed bears that went along a highway
Genetics analysis found near 60 individual bears feed on salmon

Time3
Gravity,not glue,allow the toweling sandstone pillars and arches to stand still in the raining and big wind

Time4
New dietary advice which based on the research result by outside scientists comes out

Time5
Committee will recommend plan based diary which can have a positive impact to the greenhouse gas emission

Time6
Some conservative group disagree with the dietary because we should also consider wether it is good for body not just take environment into consideration

Obstacle
Asthma attack is not not just the fault of overact immune system, neurons stretching from brain to lung should also be blamed.

Scientists did research on mice,after exposing them to egg white protein, the mice have asthma related syndrome. Then scientists inactivate the neurons to express receptor ,the syndrome is relief. When they boosted the activity of the cell,the syndrome got worse.

Limitation: the mice egg allergy is  not idea model of human disease because there is no asthma in mice, just instead show a syndrome do asthma
发表于 2014-7-23 10:08:56 | 显示全部楼层
[speaker]
myopic:近视 nearsighted:近视
egghead:有知识者,受过高等教育的人,理论家,书呆子
A new research found that education is related to nearsightedness. The longer a person is educated, the more likely he or she will be myopic.

[speed]
2:00
Grizzly bears share common hunger of salmon along the Canadian coast. The number of grizzly bear is decreasing, because of lack of food. They are often shot by humans.
1:05
Gravity rather than chemical cement is the main force in constructing sandstone structures. It is hard to break sandstone structures which are formed through gravity.
1:27
A new food pyramid is published by the American Agriculture Department. a more sustainable diet
1:24
Researchers are trying to figure out the influence of green food on environments. It's also considering the difference between grass-fed and corn-fed beef.
1:11
The discussions about whether sustainability should be included in the dietary guidelines.

[obstacle]
asthma:哮喘
5:08
An experiment on mice finds that neurons in some tissue paly a great role in asthma.
However, it still needs experiments to find out whether the same rule goes in human asthma, sice mice don't develop asthma.
发表于 2014-7-23 10:10:42 | 显示全部楼层
掌管 6        00:07:01.10        00:14:12.81
掌管 5        00:01:27.65        00:07:11.71
掌管 4        00:01:21.01        00:05:44.06
掌管 3        00:01:18.05        00:04:23.05
掌管 2        00:01:09.20        00:03:04.99
掌管 1        00:01:55.78        00:01:55.78
time 2
scientics find the reason of the grizzly bears' decreasing--the highway

time 3
gravity allows towering sanston pillars and arches to withstand

time 4
people should pay attention to the die struction and their food produce
die pyramid is important to our health

time 5
a green message is a real motivating factor

time 6
some conservation groups object the idea that sustainable food system is good for healthy eating

Ostacle
the neurons between brain and lung may be blame to the astheme and drug would be efficient to treat it
it is important to find the factor that affect the asthme
V & CZ has carried out experiment and found the communication between immune system adn the neurons
because the experiment was based on the mouse, they need more studies about the asthme and neurons
this finding may lead to efficient drugs, but also byprosensitivity that leads to attack.
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