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[阅读小分队] 【Native Speaker每日综合训练—36系列】【36-12】科技

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发表于 2014-5-14 00:42:15 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
内容:ZXPPX   编辑:ZXPPX

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Part I: Speaker


Tape Data Storage Makes a Comeback
Sony's new process lets them store more than 185 terabytes of data on a single tape cartridge. Larry Greenemeier reports

Remember magnetic tape? Maybe your first computer had a tape backup system. And of course cassettes were how you played music in your car before CDs.

But Sony’s latest foray into tape storage is anything but nostalgic. The company has a new process that lets them store more than 185 terabytes of data on a single tape cartridge.

You’d need about 3,700 Blu-ray discs to hold that much data. And it’s 74 times more information than what current data-center tapes can store, on average.

With all the data created and collected by mobile devices and sensors, storage is in high demand. Hard disks cost about 15 times as much as tape. And data centers that store our social media musings on disk use more than 200 times more power than they would if they used tape.

Future data centers will likely use a mix of these new super-charged tapes and hard disks. Tape is great. But if it had met all our needs we wouldn’t have moved to faster and more durable disks and mp3s as soon as those technologies could be invented.

—Larry Greenemeier

Source: Scientificamerican
http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/tape-data-storage-makes-a-comeback1/


[Rephrase 1, 1:28]

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 楼主| 发表于 2014-5-14 00:42:16 | 显示全部楼层
Part II: Speed

A tale of wolves, moose and missing ice
BY SARAH ZIELINSKI | 13 MAY, 2014



[Time 2]

Isle Royale, 900 square miles of forested island, sits in the middle of Lake Superior, just south of the line that divides the United States from Canada. No one lives there — it’s a national park — but from mid-April through October, visitors can hike, canoe and otherwise enjoy the remote location. During the winter, though, the island is left to the moose (which number in the hundreds), the wolves that prey on them and a small band of scientists conducting the longest continuous predator-prey study in the world.

The fate of that study is in question not because of funding or lack of interest, but because the wolf population has grown tiny and is suffering from inbreeding, and the wolves’ survival is not guaranteed. Their disappearance would have consequences for the island’s moose, trees and the rest of the ecosystem.

What happens may depend on ice. Or on us.

The wolves and moose are relatively new additions to Isle Royale. The moose arrived first, in the early 20th century, and “their numbers fluctuated with weather conditions and food abundance,” notes the Isle Royale project website. The wolves showed up in the late 1940s, crossing an ice bridge that connected the island with Canada one winter. A predator-prey cycle began, with wolf and moose numbers fluctuating in response to one another. The scientists began watching all this in 1958.

The wolves have never numbered more than about 50, but their small numbers were able to overcome problems of inbreeding through irregular additions of new wolves from the mainland. Like the founders, those wolves made their way over to the island by crossing an ice bridge.

For example, a family tree based on DNA analysis of fecal samples from the wolves told researchers that the wolves got a DNA boost from an interloper, named Old Grey Guy, who moved over from Canada in 1997. That “genetic rescue” helped the wolves limp along for two to three generations, but inbreeding is a problem again, project researchers reported last month in Conservation Genetics.

[338 words]


[Time 3]



In the last decade, the wolf population has crashed. As of the most recent count this past winter [pdf], there are only nine wolves on the island, split into two packs. Six belong to the West Pack. Another three — an elderly female wolf and her male and female offspring — belong to the Chippewa Harbor Group. The alpha male of that group drowned in a flooded copper mine shaft in late 2011, and there have been no pups since. But if the younger male and female reproduce, their offspring will be “particularly inbred,” the scientists write in their latest annual report.

The wolves need new blood. Without it, they’ll die out, and the moose will proliferate. The moose eat balsam fir, and with nothing to keep their numbers in check, they could destroy all the island’s fir trees, the researchers warn.

Climate change has reduced the frequency of winters cold enough to produce ice bridges for wolves to cross onto the island. And even when there is a bridge, new wolves aren’t guaranteed to arrive. During this past winter, for instance, one wolf crossed from Isle Royale to the mainland; it was found dead in Minnesota in January.

The wolf project researchers argue in Conservation Genetics that “human-assisted gene flow is necessary” to conserve the island — in other words, humans should bring in some wolves from off-island to boost the packs already there.

This is a dilemma that conservationists will face more and more — what is to be done when natural populations are threatened by climate change? We can’t save everything. When do we intervene, and when do we let nature take its course?

[273 words]
Source: Sciencenews
https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/wild-things/tale-wolves-moose-and-missing-ice


Electronics' noise disorients migratory birds
Man-made electromagnetic radiation disrupts robins' internal magnetic compasses.
BY Jessica Morrison | 07 May 2014

[Time 4]



Interference from electronics and AM radio signals can disrupt the internal magnetic compasses of migratory birds, researchers report today in Nature. The work raises the possibility that cities have significant effects on bird migration patterns.

Decades of experiments have shown that migratory birds can orient themselves on migration paths using internal compasses guided by Earth's magnetic field. But until now, there has been little evidence that electromagnetic radiation created by humans affects the process.

Like most biologists studying magnetoreception, report co-author Henrik Mouritsen used to work at rural field sites far from cities teeming with electromagnetic noise. But in 2002, he moved to the University of Oldenburg, in a German city of around 160,000 people. As part of work to identify the part of the brain in which compass information is processed, he kept migratory European robins (Erithacus rubecula) inside wooden huts — a standard procedure that allows researchers to investigate magnetic navigation while being sure that the birds are not getting cues from the Sun or stars. But he found that on the city campus, the birds could not orient themselves in their proper migratory direction.

“I tried all kinds of stuff to make it work, and I couldn’t make it work,” Mouritsen says, “until one day we screened the wooden hut with aluminium.”

Peace at last
Mouritsen and his colleagues covered the huts with aluminium plates and electrically grounded them to cut out electromagnetic noise in frequencies ranging from 50 kilohertz to 5 megahertz — which includes the range used for AM radio transmissions. The shielding reduced the intensity of the noise by about two orders of magnitude. Under those conditions, the birds were able to orient themselves.

When the team disconnected the grounding, the aluminium plates failed to keep the artificial noise out, and the robins could not find their way. To further test whether electromagnetic noise was responsible, the researchers simulated it using a commercially available signal generator. The birds again became disoriented.

Before sharing the results, the team spent seven years conducting double-blind tests, independently replicated by different generations of students. “We wanted to make sure that we could really document that what we were seeing was real,” says Mouritsen.

[364 words]


[Time 5]

Navigational error
The findings imply that the birds' navigation is controlled by a biological system sensitive to artificial electromagnetic noise, but the biophysical mechanism is unclear. Even so, the work raises the controversial prospect that it might be necessary for humans to stop using the relevant part of the electromagnetic spectrum, says Joseph Kirschvink, a geobiologist at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, and the author of a commentary accompanying the paper.

Roswitha Wiltschko, a bird navigation researcher at the University of Frankfurt in Germany, has not seen the effect in her own work. “We never used any shielding, and our birds were perfectly oriented,” she says. “This is really a surprising thing for me that there can be such a strong disrupting field.”

Wiltschko cautions against concluding that electromagnetic noise affects migratory birds in all cities, but other researchers report seeing evidence of the phenomenon. “These effects are real,” says John Phillips, a sensory biologist at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg. Phillips conducts behavioural studies related to navigation and spatial memory in other species, including mice and newts, and shields them from electromagnetic interference that he contends could skew experiments. “You wouldn’t study a vision mechanism with flashbulbs going off at irregular intervals,” he says.

Mouritsen plans further work on the effects of electromagnetic noise, in part to examine the precise workings of the birds' magnetic sense. But he says that noise could already be causing practical problems for birds: “If birds can’t use one of their most significant compasses when they are in towns, what effect will that have on survival?”

[263 words]
Source: Nature
http://www.nature.com/news/electronics-noise-disorients-migratory-birds-1.15176


Antarctic glacier melt is unstoppable
Ice collapse could raise global sea level by more than 4 meters in coming centuries
BY BETH MOLE| 12 MAY, 2014

[Time 6]




A set of West Antarctic glaciers has now entered terminal melt.

Two studies reveal that the glaciers are on an irreversible path to liquefying and stand to raise global sea levels by around 4 meters in coming centuries.

Using two decades of satellite observations of six glaciers in West Antarctica, researchers led by Eric Rignot of the University of California, Irvine found unstoppable melting that will probably accelerate in coming centuries. The study appears May 12 in Geophysical Research Letters. In a press conference May 12, researchers noted that the disintegration of the six glaciers could raise sea level by 1.2 meters.

Further alarm bells were sounded in a May 16 Science paper by researchers led by Ian Joughin of the University of Washington in Seattle, who used simulations to show that the Thwaites and Haynes Glaciers in the same region may collapse rapidly in the next 200 to 900 years. Once gone, the glaciers could raise sea levels by 0.6 meters and spur the melt of the rest of the continent’s ice sheet, which could add another 3 to 4 meters to the oceans.

Both studies link climate change and warming ocean waters to the glaciers’ irreversible demise.

[199 words]
Source: Sciencenews
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/antarctic-glacier-melt-unstoppable

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 楼主| 发表于 2014-5-14 00:42:17 | 显示全部楼层
Part III: Obstacle

Better Health Through Bullying
By ELIZABETH NORTON | 12 May 2014

[Paraphrase 7]



Bullying casts a long shadow. Children who are bullied are more prone to depression and suicidal tendencies even when they grow up; they're also more likely to get sick and have headaches and stomach troubles, researchers have discovered. A new study may have found the underlying cause: A specific indicator of illness, called C-reactive protein (CRP), is higher than normal in bullying victims, even when they get older. In contrast, the bullies, by the same gauge, seem to be healthier.

The researchers focused on CRP because it's a common, easily tested marker of inflammation, the runaway immune system activity that's a feature of many chronic illnesses including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic pain, and depression, explains lead author William Copeland, a psychologist and epidemiologist at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina.

To link inflammation to bullying, the researchers asked 1420 youngsters between the ages of 9 and 16 whether, and how often, they had been bullied or had bullied others. Interviewers asked participants whether they felt more teased, bullied, or treated meanly by siblings, friends, and peers than other children—and whether they had upset or hurt other people on purpose, tried to get others in trouble, or forced people to do something by threatening or hurting them. The researchers took finger stick blood tests at each assessment. Interviews took place once a year until the participants turned 16, and again when they were 19 and 21. The children interviewed were participants in the larger Great Smoky Mountains Study, in which some 12,000 children in North Carolina were assessed to track the development of psychiatric conditions.

In the short term, the effect of bullying on the victims was immediate. CRP levels increased along with the number of reported bullying instances, and more than doubled in those who said they'd been bullied three times or more in the previous year, compared with kids who had never been bullied. No change was seen in bullies, or in kids who hadn't been involved with bullying one way or the other, the researchers report online today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The real eye opener, Copeland says, was the change in CRP in the 19- and 21-year-olds. Levels of the protein increased over time in all groups, which is normal. But the increase was sharper in the bullying victims: Even 10 years later, average CRP levels were still higher (more than 1.5 mg/L) than in those who had never been bullied (about 1 mg/L). In the bullies, the levels were about 0.5 mg/L, slightly less than half that of the victims. The CRP differences between bullies and victims remained even when the researchers accounted for potentially confounding factors, such as mental disorders, substance abuse, and other forms of stress.

Elevated CRP may be a specific route through which childhood stress leads to health problems down the road, the researchers conclude. Adults who were abused as children also show increased inflammation, as measured by CRP levels, in some studies.

Despite the implied health benefits of bullying, Copeland doesn’t advocate picking on people to better your health. The advantage probably doesn't lie in the aggression itself, but rather in the heightened control, power, and social status that bullies enjoy, he believes.

The benefits of bullying are dispiriting but not surprising, says biological anthropologist Thomas McDade of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. The slower-than-normal increase of CRP in bullies supports a growing mound of research showing that those at the top have it better, he says.

A key strength of the new study, McDade says, is that it focuses on a specific measurement, checked repeatedly over time. "CRP is clearly one way in which social environment can get under one's skin"—affecting health for better or worse, he says.

Because inflammation is an underlying factor in so many chronic diseases, the fact that people in their early 20s are already showing signs of inflammation is a warning bell, Copeland adds. Using data from the larger study, his team will scrutinize other measures of adversity, such as the stress hormone cortisol, and epigenetic changes in which environmental factors affect the way genes are activated. The scientists will also look for biomarkers of more positive methods than bullying through which kids can increase their confidence and social standing.

Ideally, antibullying programs, in addition to protecting potential victims, should help the more aggressive kids find ways to enhance their social status "without wreaking havoc on others," Copeland says.

[743 words]
Source: Science
http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2014/05/better-health-through-bullying?rss=1

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发表于 2014-5-14 00:43:46 | 显示全部楼层
speaker
a new technology made tapes can save more information  . Future data centers will likely use a mix of these new super-charged tapes and hard disks.  But if it had met all our needs we wouldn’t have moved to faster and more durable disks and mp3s as soon as those technologies could be invented.
Timer2 2:32
The island has only small species animalssuch as  moose, wolf and also hasscientists who do research there. But these days the scientists have reportedthat the number of wolves is declining because the ice bridge which the wolvesrely on to enter the Island is missing nowadays and our human activity alsoimpact the environment of that Island and theinbreeding of wolf also affects their species number.  
Inbreed 近亲交配
Timer 3:34
The wolf population has crashed. And thesmall number of wolf may lead them to inbreed when thy produce offspring. Thewolf need new blood .If the wolf population came to zero ,the number of moosewould proliferate and eat all trees on the mainland.  Climate change add difficulty to proliferatethe wolf  because the ice bridge ismelting because of the warmer climate ,but even if the climate is normal ,thewolf is also reluctant to go through the ice bridge.    People need to do something in order tochange the current situation of mainland to help the wolf survive. However,although we could intervene ,  we stillneed to face more dilemma in nature.
Timer4 3:02
The scientists have found that artificialradiation can disturb birds orienting themselves .this found has not been foundever before. The research was lead by a group of researchers who were studyingthe patterns of birds  when they orienttheir flight. .With a special method ,they found the birds without magneticradiation they would disorient their flight.   
Timer5 1:57
Jk and Rw were much or less in favor of thestudy results ,But W cautions against that theory .Jp supported that theory bysaying those evidence was obvious in many species.   A  new controversial discussion has also beenraised .  

Timer6 1:55
The two researches have found glaciers areon an irreversible path to liquefying and stand to raise global sea levels incoming centuries, which is a deadly news for human.
Timer7 10:09
Main Idea : Researchers have found that thebullying may benefit health .
P:bullying is related to the health . childrenwho are bullied are more prone to depression and suicidal tendencies even whenthey grow up . ,and they are also more likely to get healthy illness such asheadaches and stomach troubles.
A kind of protein called CRP is linked with thehealth conditions . the higher CRP one person got ,the higher possibility thatpeople may get cardiovascular disease, diabetes ,chronic pain and depression.
The method of research is that professionals tracea large number of children who are either bullied or not bullied to assess thelevel of their CRP.
Despite the implied health benefits of bullying, researchersdo not advocate picking on people to better your health.

一看懂了写着写着就写了这么多~~~
发表于 2014-5-14 00:48:05 | 显示全部楼层
占~~~~~~~

Speaker: The newest tape tech alow a tape to stroe much more data and use less power.This leads to a new kind of data center in the future.

01:53
There is a ecosystem between wolves and moose in Isle Royale.But recently the wolves are suffering from inbreeding and the population grows slowly.

01:23
There are only 9 wolves on the island.And the inbreeding may lead wolves to die out.And then the ecosystem will ruin.No more wolves come to here because of the climate change.Human should take action.

01:51
A recent experiment shows that interference from electronics can disrupt the internal magnetic compasses of migratory birds.

01:30
This discovery shows that birds' navigation is controlled by a biological system sensitive to artificial electromagnetic noise.Artifical noises have already cause some problems to birds.

00:47
The melt of dozens of  West Antarctic glaciers can not be stoped now.They will melt in the later hundred years and raise the sea level.

05:21
Main Idea: nullies are healthier
A study focus on the health condition of kid in bullying.The experiments show that the victimes are more likely to get illness and the bullies are healthier.They use CRP as a test method.
In short term,the effect of bullying appears immediately.And in the long term,the victims have a high level of CRP and sharper growth in the later years.But the bullies have only the half level.The benefit does not come from the bullying itself but from the heightened control,power and social status.
The researchers are trying to find another way to replace bullying as a kind of method to improve people's hearlty.
发表于 2014-5-14 07:07:57 | 显示全部楼层
先把speaker做了

Speaker:
a new tape invention was made by Sony, which has high storage and low cost. So we hope later data centre will be likely to use hard disc and tape together. however, if no drawback the tap has, it will not be instead by MP3.

发表于 2014-5-14 07:28:46 | 显示全部楼层
首页么么~~
------------
谢谢楼主!~

speaker:
tape may the first thing you use to listen to music
sony is now planning to add a more process to the stored tape to make a super tape to record music, the tape can store much more music than CDs
if the tech was invented earlier, we will not use disks and mp3s

time2:
the wolf population has grown tiny and is suffering from inbreeding
the wolves and moose are relatively new additions to IR
the two population all fluctuated to the weather condition
even through the wolves have small number, they never extinct, however the inbreeding is still a problem

time3:
when the number reaches nine, scientists are really worried about the spices
if the wolf die out, the moose will proliferate, and the moose will destroy all the fir trees
whether scientists should do something to intervene the ecosystem? it is a question need to be answer

time4:
most scientists study birds in rural areas where electronic influence is small
however when HM run the research in city, he found that birds can not orient themselves
he used some method to ensure that the electronic noise is the factor contributes to the disorientation of birds

time5:
the birds’ navigation is controlled by a biological system sensitive to artificial electromagnetic noise
there must be another system birds can use to direct them

time6:
a set of glaciers has now entered terminal melt
the sea level has raised a little since the glaciers begin to melt

time7:
in order to link inflammation to bullying, the researchers do an experiment with many youngsters
in the short term, the effect of bullying on the victims was immediate
the real eye opener was the change in CRP in the 19- and 21-year-olds
despite the implied health benefits of bullying, researcher does not advocate picking on people to better your health
people in their early 20s are already showing signs of inflammation is a warning bell
scientists will also look for more positive methods than bullying through which kids can increase their confidence and social standing
发表于 2014-5-14 07:47:06 | 显示全部楼层
占占占占!!!

speaker
A new technology that can help store more data in a small single card has been explored.

time  2  1:26
inbreed 生育
A study in a special area is in question because of the inbreeding of wolves.
A genetic rescue has been developed to help in short-term, but the inbreeding question will still serious in the future .


time  3   1:23
several factors that affect the conservation of the island.

time  4   1:30
disorient 使,,迷失方向
The birds can become disoriented when affected by electronic noises.

time 5    0:58
different opinions on the effects of electronic noise.

time  6   0:41
Antarctica glacier keep melting and the sea level keep raising relatively.

obstacle   3:56
bully  恐吓
inflammation 发火;炎症
The implied health benefits of bullying don't mean that picking on people to better your health.
The advantage probably doesn't lie in the aggression itself, but rather in the heightened control, power, and social status that bullies enjoy.

发表于 2014-5-14 07:56:06 | 显示全部楼层
zhan!~~~~~~~~~

这两天论文弄得焦头烂额,我来了!
------------------
time2 00:01:43
time3 00:01:23
time4 00:01:50
time5 00:01:28
time6 00:00:53
【Obstacle】
00:05:20

发表于 2014-5-14 08:04:26 | 显示全部楼层


2’31- in the remote island, the current situation of wolves, moose.
2’00
2’32
1’55
1’09

6’08- bullies is healthier than the bully victims.
       - the research: survey the 1420 youngster every year to monitor health situation and if they bullied other or be bullied- show CRP levels
       - through bullies healthier, bully not directly make people healthier but the high status and others
       - make something else to make people feel good
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