【Native Speaker每日综合训练—35系列】【35-15】文史哲

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Part I: Speaker

For parents, happiness is a very high bar

[Rephrase 1]

[Dialog: 18'11]

Transcript:

Audio:

Source: TED talk
http://www.ted.com/talks/jennifer_senior_for_parents_happiness_is_a_very_high_bar#t-294331

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Part II: Speed

Photo illustration by Slate. Photos by Thinkstock & Wikimedia Commons

Bargaining for Bathrooms

——University of California grad student workers fight for gender-neutral restrooms and lactation stations.

Colleen Flaherty

This article originally appeared in Inside Higher Ed.

[Time 2]
In what advocates are calling an extremely significant development in the fight for gender-neutral restrooms on college campuses, graduate student workers across the University of California System say they’ve reached a tentative contract agreement on language that establishes access to such facilities as a “right.”

The workers also reached a similar agreement on language regarding access to lactation stations. Because graduate student workers can be found throughout the university system, the agreement would effectively provide access to such facilities for other students, faculty members, and employees, not just graduate students.

Students across the U.S. have fought for such access for years, although policies governing lactation stations are more established than those for gender-neutral bathrooms, given federal oversight of the rights of nursing mothers in the workplace. Graduate students involved in negotiations at the University of California say they want to promote the idea that such access can be achieved through collective bargaining, along with pay raises and other more traditional matters in contract negotiations.

One student even described going to the bathroom in the woods surrounding campus to avoid gender-specific restrooms.

Amanda Armstrong, a Ph.D. candidate in rhetoric at the University of California–Berkeley who has been involved in contract negotiations between the system and Graduate Student Workers-United, affiliated with the United Auto Workers, called the development an “important victory in the larger effort” of increasing access to higher education for gay and transgender students, as well as students who are lactating mothers. Additionally, she said, “we think it could really introduce a tactic, or kind of approach, that hasn’t really been pursued on other campuses—where contracts become a means of advancing these issues. That piece of it feels significant and unprecedented.”
[295 words]

[Time 3]
Proponents of gender-neutral restrooms say that the male-female paradigm that still dominates American society is outmoded, discriminatory, and even dangerous for those who don’t identify with their gender assigned at birth. Students have pushed for gender-neutral bathroom facilities for years at many colleges and universities, and those battles have taken increasingly legalistic turns since the U.S. Education and Justice departments last year found that a California school district violated Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 by barring a transgender student from sex-specific facilities and activities. Most recently, a transgender student at Piedmont Community College threatened to file a federal complaint after she allegedly was escorted off campus after using the women’s bathroom, consistent with her gender identity.

Graduate student workers at other campuses, including the University of Chicago, also have fought for adequate facilities for expressing breast milk while on campus, beyond bathrooms or maintenance closets, with access to refrigerators for storing milk.

Graduate student workers across the University of California System have been working without a contract since November, and they are still negotiating their new agreement. The gender-neutral bathroom and lactation station language is tentative and won’t take effect until the contract is ratified, but it guarantees graduate student workers access to gender-neutral bathroom facilities within a reasonable distance of their workspaces. Those who don’t have convenient access can address their concerns with the university on a case-by-case basis, which may result in the changing of their course sections to different locations more convenient to existing, gender-neutral facilities. The contract language on lactation stations is similar. The agreed-upon language also describes twice-yearly meetings between the union and the university on these matters, establishing formal mechanisms for feedback.
[289 words]

[Time 4]
Although it is not in the contract, Armstrong said the university system already has expressed an interest in designating a gender-neutral bathroom in each new or renovated building going forward. She said university representatives during open negotiations seemed particularly swayed by testimony from students and other witnesses describing harassment in gender-specific bathrooms. One student even described going to the bathroom in the woods surrounding campus to avoid such restrooms, she said. Others go to unhealthy lengths to avoid relieving themselves at all while on campus. Another witness, an administrator of an LGBTQ-friendly program on another campus, framed the issue historically, saying that when she was a graduate student some years ago, there were no women’s restrooms in the chemistry department.

“I think that really shifted how they were thinking about these issues,” Armstrong said of the firsthand accounts.

Shelly Meron, system spokeswoman, said via email: “The agreement we reached with the United Auto Workers regarding gender-neutral bathrooms and lactation stations is about making adjustments to ensure that members of the university community have access to a bathroom or lactation station they need. To be clear, we are not building new facilities. United Auto Workers members can let the university know directly if they have an issue or are uncomfortable with their situation, or they can go through the union if they prefer, and we will work with them to make adjustments on a case-by-case basis.”

Meron said the facilities will be available to graduate students, undergraduates and faculty and other employees. She said the system has an LGBTQ task force that will be recommendations on making campuses more inclusive overall, likely later on this year.

Meron added: “Over all, we’re glad to have made this progress with the United Auto Workers, though there is still work to be done to reach an agreement on the overall contract.”

Another bargaining session is set for later this month. Unsettled issues include graduate employee pay, rights for undocumented students and smaller class sizes.

In an email, Shane Windmeyer, executive director of Campus Pride, a LGBTQ advocacy group, said the organization “applauds” the University of California System on the contract language.

“Access to use the bathroom, and to be safe in doing so, should be a fundamental right for every student on campus,” he said. “This issue is ultimately about student safety and academic learning.”
[407 words]

Source: Slate
http://www.slate.com/articles/life/inside_higher_ed/2014/04/gender_neutral_restrooms_lactation_stations_university_of_california_graduate.html

The First Wizard of Oz–Themed Board Game, Sold to 1920s Superfans

Rebecca Onion

[Time 5]
Pictured above are the game board, tokens and dice, and box top of the first Wizard of Oz board game, sold by Parker Bros. in 1921. L. Frank Baum published 14 Oz books between 1900 and 1920. Well before the classic 1939 movie came out, the books spawned many theatrical adaptations, as well as saga-themed objects like dolls, figurines, and this board game.

The story’s popularity was such that this wasn’t even the first Parker Bros. Oz game. That was the Wogglebug Game of Conundrums, a card game published in 1905 and based on a character from Baum’s second Oz book, the sequel to Wizard. (You can see Wogglebug in the bottom right-hand quadrant of this gameboard.)

Many of the characters and places scattered around the 1921 board will be unfamiliar to people who know the Oz story from the 1939 movie or the original book (by far the most famous of the series). The presence of Woot and Ugu shows how familiar the whole Oz series would have been to the game’s audience.

A group of Oz fans played the game at Winkie Con (Oz Con International) in 2011. Happily, one of them took pictures of the pages of the instruction booklet, so I can report that the gameplay is fairly straightforward.

The unusually marked set of dice features the letters in the word “WIZARD” in lieu of numbers. Players roll the dice and see how many letters of “WIZARD” they can turn up (so, if you roll a “WIZZAA,” you move four spaces). Red-numbered spaces give you a forward bump. The first to reach the Wizard on space 121, and to roll the correct combination of dice to be let “in” to the Emerald City, wins.

Parker Brothers rereleased this game, with wooden playing pieces instead of pewter ones, after the 1939 film became a hit.

An edition of the 1921 game went up for auction in Philadelphia on April 10.
[340 words]

Source: Slate--The Vault
http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_vault/2014/04/01/wizard_of_oz_story_based_board_game_sold_in_the_1920s.html

Finable Offenses for Naughty 18th-Century Students at Harvard

Rebecca Onion

[Time 6]
Published in the 1856 book A Collection of College Words and Customs, by B.H. Hall, this list describes offenses punishable by fining at Harvard College in the mid-18th century, and specifies maximum finable amounts in pounds (£), shillings (s.), and pence (d.). The list gives an interesting sense of the major student sins of that time, from card-playing to absenteeism to firing guns on the quad.

Hall, a lawyer, author, and Harvard graduate, included the list in his book out of antiquarian interest, noting that the practice of disciplinary fining, while “formerly customary … in many of the colleges in the United States,” was “now very generally abolished.”

Writing on the subject of fines in 1825, the year that the college abandoned the practice, Harvard professor George Ticknor noted that Harvard had collected $11,392 in fines in the previous 17 years. This was “ a large sum certainly, but the most unpleasant circumstance about it is, that such fines do little or no good at any College”:

As far as [fines] were noticed at all, they had the unfortunate air of seeming to be compensations for moral offences, rather than punishments; and fell on the parent at a remote time, instead of falling all at once on the offender himself.

Interestingly, the list doesn’t name hazing as a specific term, though Harvard College has records of undergraduates being fined for hazing first-year students in 1657. The word became much more popular in the mid-19th century, which may account for the omission. “Sending Freshmen in studying time” (in other words, sending first-year students on errands when they should be working) and “Fighting or hurting any person” might be reasonable stand-ins.

Offense No. 19, "Cutting off the lead," seems to refer to the lead on the college building's roof. Lead was once used for roofing material (especially for more expensively constructed buildings), and such buildings suffered from the depradations of thieves who would steal the lead and sell it. It's unclear, in this case, whether the students were cutting off lead for profit or for simple mischief.
[357 words]

Source: Slate
http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_vault/2014/04/25/harvard_history_list_of_fineable_offenses_for_18th_century_students.html

枣糕兔

Part III: Obstacle

Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images -  Students walk near UCLA’s Royce Hall in 2012.

Janet Napolitano: How to diversify a campus, in spite of the Supreme Court

Janet Napolitano  |  Saturday  |   April 26

[Paraphrase 7]
What if the Supreme Court had ruled this past week that states have the constitutional right to require that their public universities consider only SAT scores when making admissions decisions?

Never would happen, you might say. Because it’s absurd. Common sense dictates that universities should consider many factors about a student when deciding whom to admit. People are complex and diverse. We’re of different genders, from different backgrounds, with different talents and academic interests. We are a wonderful, maddening mix.
Differences in perspectives matter. We want our students to learn in a community that reflects academic strengths and the diversity — gender, class, religion, national origin, and, indeed, race and ethnicity — that characterize our communities.

Consequently, admission is not a mathematical exercise performed by a robot. Florida, Michigan, Washington state and my own state of California, however, have taken race, ethnicity, gender and other attributes that define a person out of the admissions process. As president of the 10-campus University of California system, the nation’s largest public research institution, I know firsthand the practical consequences of laws, such as the 2006 Michigan initiative the Supreme Court upheld this past week, that ban the consideration of such attributes in admissions. Although Tuesday’s technically narrow decision doesn’t forbid race-conscious admissions at public universities, it opens the door for more states to follow Michigan and California’s lead.

Race, ethnicity, gender or any other cultural or biological trait should never be the sole criterion for admission to any public university — this, too, would be absurd. By the same measure, they should not be singled out for exclusion. Race, for example, still shapes how people experience and react to the world.

In California, the legal barrier is Proposition 209, a state initiative passed in 1996. California is the most diverse state in the nation, and, like other academic institutions, the University of California has learned that diversity is important to our success. Diversity in classrooms and research labs improves learning for all students. It helps create an environment that transcends each student’s experiences, assumptions and stereotypes. It teaches students how to function in a community that reflects the diversity they will find once they graduate. It fosters a campus climate where underrepresented minorities feel safe and respected.

In short, diverse campuses turn out graduates who are better prepared to succeed in modern workplaces and in our increasingly interconnected world. Diversity also gives the public confidence that the doors of the university — and the paths to leadership and economic well-being that the university provides — are open to everyone.

As Justice Sonia Sotomayor explained while referencing the University of California’s amicus brief, Proposition 209 produced “an immediate and precipitous decline in the rates at which underrepresented-minority students applied to, were admitted to, and enrolled” at the university. At the University of California’s most selective campuses, for example, admission and enrollment rates for underrepresented minorities dropped by more than half immediately after the ban was put in place.

In the nearly two decades since Proposition 209 was passed, we have worked hard to achieve campus diversity in a race-blind fashion — and we’ve spent more than half a billion dollars on programs and policies to do so. We have partnered with under-resourced high schools to help students prepare for college. We have guaranteed admission to the top students at all public and private high schools. We have lessened our reliance on standardized tests and shifted toward a more holistic, and time-consuming, review of applications. And we have spent hundreds of millions of dollars on financial aid, expanding the pipeline of applicants from underrepresented minority groups — all without targeting race.

These are initiatives that make good sense regardless of whether a university is allowed to consider race in admissions. And we have had some success. Because of our expanded outreach efforts, the University of California is the national leader among highly selective institutions in enrolling low-income students and those who will be the first in their families to graduate from college. For the first time, Latinos — the largest ethnic group among California high school graduates — have surpassed white students in admission to the 2014 freshman class.

Despite our best efforts, the University of California still struggles to build an undergraduate student body that fully reflects the diversity of the state. Across the university, the percentages of African Americans and Native Americans enrolled in 2012 remained lower than the corresponding percentages in 1995. The percentage of Latino students has increased but not enough to keep pace with the explosive growth of Latino high school graduates.

The problem is most severe in our graduate schools, which educate the professionals who will serve California’s increasingly diverse population in the decades to come. At times, the entering classes at some of our medical schools have not had a single African American student, despite significant outreach efforts. The proportion of underrepresented minorities in the university’s business schools is less than half the national average for comparable institutions.

Our experience in California gives Michigan — and other states that may be considering bans on race-conscious admissions — a sense of what lies ahead. For nearly two decades, we have served as a laboratory of innovation for race-blind strategies to promote diversity on our campuses. We will continue these vital efforts. But as long as the university is prohibited from considering all of an applicant’s characteristics, we will be doing so with one arm tied tightly behind our backs.
[938 words]

Source: The Washington Post
http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/how-to-diversify-a-campus-in-spite-of-the-supreme-court/2014/04/25/e229a030-cbcc-11e3-a75e-463587891b57_story.html

菜农人民

time2 2:14
graduate students of California University have set up restrooms for gender-neutral persons,it was a big success.

Time3 1:55
the arguments of propoents of the action,other campuses have also similar facilities.

Time4 3:11
in the past,the facilities in the unviersity were not convenient,but now the case has changed, the restroom is accessible to everyone.

Time5 2:34
a little story about the first wizard of Oz,a themed board game which has been played until now.

Time6 2:03
some records about the offenses in Harvard in 18th-century and changes in 19th-century

obstacle: 7:39

TaoRs92

板凳啊啊啊啊啊！！谢谢兔！！！！！

越障的逻辑我看晕了……

time:1:51.61
U of C promotes advocates for gender-neutral toilets and lactation stations.(from graduate students to other students and members)
Opinion--unprecedented,significant.
________________
time:1:56.94
Students push for gender-neutral toilets for years.
Other campus also have similar advocates,ex,strorage of milk.
Results--choose classes close to gender-nuetral toilets,as well as lactation facilities.
_______________
time:2:00.48
The university plans to provide gender-neutral toilets.For 3 reasons(sutdents' behaivor to aviod toilets with specific gender sign)
Details of the plan--no more new facilities,but can take advices from students to get some adjustments.
Other issues need to solve.
Provide a better environment for the university.
________________
time:1:35.38
The brief introduction of a game.
How does it work.How to play.How to win.
Who invented it.
________________
time:2:04.31
The fine list of Harvard.
Harvard got a lot of fine from students who did something wrong.
But find did not do good to the college.
Details and interesting parts.(not included hazing..)
_______________
time:5:28.32
Diversity is needed in the admission processes of universities.
Laws in some states ask public universities to give up considering race/ethnicy/gender...in admission processes.
The author thinks this is wrong.Universities need to consider these factors in admission.Campus need diversity.
1 universities should consider many factors to admit a student's enrollment.
2 race/gender and other factors still shape who we are.they may not be sole criterion for admission.but they should still be taken into consideration.
3 The advantages of diverse campus.Good for students and unversities.
Proposition 209(law)--lead to the decline of underrepresented minority groups.U of C can only improve its diversity in the race-blind environment(negtive impact on diversity).
The effort of U of C to diverse its campus.Some sucess.But its hands still be tied to the law.

疏离无罪

地板~~~~~~~~~~~

Speaker: Rising a kid is economically worthless and emotionally priceless.Parents always try and prepare their kid for every possbile kinds of future.It's hard to navigate a new role as parents.Now fathers are spending more time with kids than before.And the united states do not have paid maternity leave.Our kids' happiness is paramount.And parents are so anxious to protect their kids.

01:29
Students and grad student workers fight for gender-neutral restrooms and lactation stations.

01:49
Propoents of this action say that the male-female paradigm that still dominates American society  is outmoded,discriminatory and dangerous.Before these graduate student workers sign the new contract,their ask won't take effect.

01:52
University system has already expressed an interest in this kind of restroom,though it is not in the contract.The United Auto Workers helped a lot in this process.

01:14
Introduce the first Wizard of Oz board game sold in 1921.

01:39
A list of offensive words that will be punished and fined.

05:38
Main Idea: Ignoring other factors may hurt the diversity.
The superme court wants to rule states to require the public universities consider only SAT socres when making an admission decision.But it will never happen.Since without considering other factors of the student and his background,it is hard to make a decision about whether he will be the right person.
And diversity is important to a university and students can benefit from the diversity.
University of California has made effort for years to guarantee the diversity in their campus after Proposition 209.And their effort has good result though not perfect.
The experience of university of california suggests a laboratory of innovation for race-blind strategies to promote diversity on our campuses.

wangweiyi5332

zhan ~~~~~~~~~~~~~`
Timer2 3:00
students of California University propose to set up bathrooms for those gender-neutral persons . They regard their efforts as great because no one pursue that area before them.
Timer3 2:12
the activities that students argue for gender-neutral facilities are more legislative. the existing gender-neutral restrooms are tentative before the assignment was ratified.
Timer4 2:33
Although Campus can not satisfy all the requirement that graduate students argue,Campus consider their argument and try to take care of the special need of those gender-neutral students.
administers are swayed by the testimony from students and other witnesses describing harassment of gender based restroom   .1: a student avoid present gender restrooms 2 students walk an unhealthy length to avoid bathroom at all while campus 3 a graduate student said ,in her campus age there is no women's restroom   
Timer5 2:30
Introduce a kind of game which is based on a series of book. In 1939 the film describe the stories of book became a big hit , so the game also became popular and well known .
Timer6 2:40
A book that described the items of the  fineable offense for naughty in Harvard in 18th was published .
Obstacle 7:43
Universities considered many characters when they decided the admission of applicants. Now  two states have banned the consideration of race because California and Michigan are trying to make the minority students go universities more easily. Although the two states have improved the current situation that minority students are hard to enroll in university, there are still many poor situation that require to be improved.

hysteries

今天就把他们补完！！谢谢枣糕兔~
-----------------------------------------------
【Speaker】
There are so many guide books for parents these days.Many are great, but many don't help.
Parenting is the problem to raising a child.
Parents ought to know what they are preparing the children for.
A future of many different possibilities?
Actually fathers are spending more time on their children.
Our kids' happiness is paramount.

【Speed】
time 6        00:01:17.59        
time 5        00:01:01.08        
time 4        00:01:41.20        
time 3        00:00:44.93        
time 2        00:01:14.02

【Obstacle】
00:04:41.08
The situation that SAT scores would become the only critrion of the admission of universities is impossible since it's ridiculolus to judge students without other factors.
Diversity, which is considered as a key to success, should be paid attention to. Diverse campuses turn out students who are better prepared for a successful future.

MAGGIEHE1993

好久不写。想念小分队了~我还是回归吧~~每天在做才有chase dream的感觉
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Speaker: The speaker talked about parenting nowadays. There are many guides for how to raise good kids but the speaker
         thinks that many guides equal to no guides. Kids are economically worthless but emotionally priceless. The roles
         of parenting nowadays have changed partly due to the increasing number of working mothers. But women still
         carry two thirds of the parenting work in family. The speaker stated that all parents want for their kids is  
         their happiness.
proposition: 命题，提案
Obstacle: 5min 25"
          还是中文版吧。。
          文章开头是写大学录取单看SAT成绩是绝对不可取的！然后写多样性对于大学学术氛围、学生的个人发展都大有好处，因此
          加州的一些学校在招生的时候把种族、宗教等一些因素都纳入招生的考虑因素中，并引起其他州的效仿。但是作者认为种族
          等因素不应该作为大学招生的考虑因素。加州通过了一个保护少数种族学生的法案，使得加州的大学要通过不筛选种族来达
          到大学校园多样性的目标。但是就算是这样拉美裔学生的入学率还是明显低于别的种族。这是由一些别的原因造成的。具体
          原因记不清了。。。这篇越障逻辑确实有点难呐=。=

AXIXI

[Time2--2:18 ] The university students in U.S fought for language regarding access for years.  The students at California University want to promote the idea such that increasing access for gay and transgender students.
-----------------------------------
[Time3-- 2:20] Although the male-female paradigm are still dominate in American society, it is dangerous and not convenient for transgender students.
-----------------------------------
[Time4--2:58 ] The university system already has expressed and made adjustments about neutral bathrooms and lactation station.
-----------------------------------
[Time5--1:53] The first Wizard game sold in 1921 and was unfamiliar to people who know the story from the movie or the original book.
-----------------------------------
[Time6--2:36 ] Introduce a book which describes offenses punishable by fining at Harvard College.
-----------------------------------
[Obstacle--6:56] Universities should consider many factors about a student when deciding whom to admit. Diversity in classrooms and research labs improves learning for all students. Diverse campuses turn out graduates who are better prepared to succeed in modern workplaces and in our increasingly interconnected world.
-----------------------------------