【Native Speaker每日综合训练—35系列】【35-05】科技

zxppx

Official Weibo: http://weibo.com/u/3476904471
大家好!胖胖翔来了! 为了拯救彻底被人类所改造的地球，IPCC提出了怎样的建议呢？对于火星上的水，普林斯顿的学者们有什么观点？想要登上火星，尿液能够起到何种作用？尽在今日科技，enjoy~

Part I：Speaker

Article 1
Being Bad at Video Games Ups Aggression
A custom-designed video game that frustrated players left them at least as aggressive after playing as did other games famous for their violence. Larry Greenemeier reports.


Video game playing can make you angry or aggressive. But it seems that the key factor may not be the violence. It’s the player’s incompetence at the game that’s behind the ramped-up emotions, whether they’re upping their kill count in Grand Theft Auto 3 or simply trying to solve a puzzle in Tetris.

That’s the take-away from a study in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. [Andrew K. Przybylski et al, Competence-Impeding Electronic Games and Players’ Aggressive Feelings, Thoughts, and Behaviors]

Researchers tested violent and nonviolent variations of a custom-designed game on 600 players. They found that poorly designed or overly difficult games left participants as enraged, if not more so, than violent games did.

Violent games have long been blamed for subsequent violent behavior in players. And some research finds that long-term play changes regions in the brain associated with cognitive function and emotional control. Additional studies say such games increase aggression in children. But other investigators say the games actually have a calming effect on players, especially those with a preexisting mental health condition.

All those research efforts may need to be re-examined in light of the new finding. In other words, don’t hate the game, hate the player. Or at least his lack of skills.

—Larry Greenemeier

Source:
http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/being-bad-at-video-games-ups-aggression1/


【Rephrase1, 1:21】

zxppx

Part II：Speed

【Time 2】
Article 2
IPCC calls for swift switch to alternative power
At least tripling of green energy use necessary to stifle climate crisis, report says

The best scenario for slowing global warming by 2100 requires the world to triple or quadruple by 2050 its use of renewable energy and sources of energy that emit only low amounts of greenhouse gases.

The recommendation comes from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in its third and final report of its fifth assessment. The report, which was authored by hundreds of scientists, focuses on ways to mitigate climate change. The panel released a summary of the report April 13 in Berlin, and will release the full report later this week.

The rapid swap in energy production methods would keep the planet on track to stay under a 2-degree-Celsius rise relative to preindustrial temperatures for the remainder of the century. Without the measures, greenhouse gas emissions may boost the planet’s temperature by up to 7.8 degrees Celsius. Such a rise could result in catastrophic effects on society such as flooding that displaces communities, damage to food sources via ocean acidification and the spread of organisms that carry infectious diseases.

The IPCC summary notes that global greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise. Any delays in rolling out methods to curb emissions, the summary report says, will make it more difficult to dampen the ongoing effects of climate change.

“What comes out very clearly from this report is the fact that the ‘high-speed mitigation train’ would need to leave the station soon and all of global society would have to get on board,” Rajendra K. Pachauri, chair of the IPCC and a climate and energy researcher at Yale University, said during an April 13 press conference.

Because power production emits around three-quarters of the world’s greenhouse gases, the report recommended an increase in “zero- and low-carbon energy supply.” This includes renewable energy, such as wind and solar power, plus nuclear power. The phrase also refers to fossil fuel–burning power plants that use carbon capture and storage technologies. These methods involve gathering carbon dioxide from a power plant’s exhaust gas and injecting it in deep underground geological formations where it stays trapped.


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【Time 3】


“There’s no one technology that’s going to do the whole thing or even half” when it comes to climate mitigation, says chemical engineer Howard Herzog of MIT, who is an expert on carbon capture and storage. He suggests that a diverse approach would be best.

But Herzog worries that despite the latest warning, the IPCC reports will have little impact on policy. “You’ve got this real dichotomy: The IPCC report is saying there’s going to be dire consequences, and the response is business as usual,” he says.

Despite similar warnings from the IPCC’s earlier assessments, issued in 1990 through 2007, policy action by and large did little to abate emissions. But the IPCC scientists remain optimistic. The report outlines challenges, Ottmar Edenhofer, cochair of the IPCC third report and professor of the economics of climate change at the Technical University Berlin, said in the press conference. “But,” he said, “it provides hope, modest hope.”

The first report in the fifth assessment by the IPCC, released in September 2013, reviewed climate data and found that human activities undeniably drive climate change. In March, the panel released a second report, assessing the impacts of climate change, concluding that effects will be felt worldwide. Later this year, the panel plans to release a synthesis of the three reports.


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Source:
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ipcc-calls-swift-switch-alternative-power


【Time 4】
Article 3
Ancient Mars probably too cold for liquid water
Planet’s atmosphere was too thin to keep its surface consistently warm, analysis suggests.

Mars’ atmosphere was probably never thick enough to keep temperatures on the planet’s surface above freezing for the long term, suggests research published today in Nature Geoscience. Although the planet’s topography indicates that liquid water has flooded Mars in the distant past, evidence increasingly suggests that those episodes reflect occasional warm spells, not a consistently hospitable phase of the planet’s history.

Signs of flowing water on Mars include layered sediments presumed to have been laid down in ancient lakes, as well as rugged canyons and lowlands apparently sculpted by massive floods. These have prompted researchers to suggest that the red planet, now frigid and dry, was warm and wet throughout its early history. But that would have required an atmosphere much thicker than today’s, a prospect that now seems unlikely, says Edwin Kite, a planetary scientist at Princeton University in New Jersey.

Kite and his colleagues say that the evidence against the idea that ancient Mars held a thick atmosphere for more than a few millennia at a time lies in the sizes of the planet’s craters. If Mars had once possessed a denser atmosphere, they contend, small objects would have broken up as they passed through it — as they do in Earth’s atmosphere, for example — rather than surviving largely intact to blast craters.

Using images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the researchers catalogued more than 300 craters pockmarking an 84,000-square-kilometre area near the planet’s equator. Ten per cent of the definite craters in that terrain — which has not changed much geologically for about 3.6 billion years — had diameters of 50 metres or less, and roughly 10% of features presumed to be the remnants of ancient craters were 21 metres across or smaller.


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【Time 5】


Then, the team used computer simulations of incoming objects pummeling Mars, trying the scenario with a range of atmospheric densities. Because the size of a crater would differ depending on the angle at which an object hits the surface, simply looking at the diameters of Mars’ tiniest pockmarks would not give a true idea of the ancient atmosphere’s density. Other factors such as the velocity of the incoming projectile, affect crater size as well, says Kite. “It’s not the size of the smallest craters, but the size distribution of the entire population that’s important,” he notes.

According to the team’s analysis, the surface pressure exerted by the ancient Martian atmosphere was probably no more than 150 times its current value. That means that the thickness of the atmosphere was less than one-third what some teams say would be needed to consistently keep Mars’ surface above freezing, says Sanjoy Som, an astrobiologist with the Blue Marble Space Institute of Science at Moffett Field, California.

“This is an excellent paper,” says James Head, a planetary scientist at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. “It bolsters previous studies that suggest early Mars was icy.”

“It’s clear that Mars was wet, but it’s not so clear how it was warm,” Som adds.

The most probable answer, Kite and his colleagues suggest, is that Mars was intermittently warm. Regular variations in the tilt of its axis could have warmed the planet and provided a protective atmosphere at times, they contend. But the atmosphere could also have been temporarily thickened by greenhouse gases from volcanic activity, or by gases released by large impacts from incoming objects. The heat generated by a sizable blast vaporizes any volatile substances in the planet’s rocks or in the projectile itself.

Either of the last two scenarios could have thickened the atmosphere for decades or centuries, says Head. “That’s plenty enough to get fluid flowing [on Mars],” he notes. According to one previous study, a 200-kilometre-wide object slamming into Mars would boost air pressure enough to keep the planet above freezing for around a century.


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Source:
http://www.nature.com/news/ancient-mars-probably-too-cold-for-liquid-water-1.15042


【Time 6】
Article 4
Ancient boy died surprisingly young
Australopithecus sediba child was 7.5 years old, not 9, study concludes


CALGARY, Alberta— A nearly 2-million-year-old Australopithecus sediba skeleton from South Africa belonged to a boy who was just 7.5 years old when he plunged to his death in an underground cave, Harvard University’s Adeline Le Cabec reported on April 11 at the American Association of Physical Anthropologists annual meeting. Researchers previously assumed that the boy was no younger than 9 years old, based on the extent of his tooth eruption and bone development.

Le Cabec’s team used an imaging method called X-ray synchrotron microtomography to peer through the boy’s skull and tooth enamel. The technique enabled the researchers to measure microscopic enamel layers and to calculate the rate at which different teeth formed. The ancient boy’s teeth developed considerably faster than those of modern humans, Le Cabec’s team found, and a bit faster than those of related hominids, such as Australopithecus africanus. Examination of distinctive enamel layers inside molar teeth — some layers had formed daily, others had materialized every nine days — enabled the researchers to conclude that the A. sediba child was 7.5 years old.


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Source:
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ancient-boy-died-surprisingly-young

zxppx

Part III： Obstacle

【Paraphase7】
Article 5
How urine will get us to Mars
A new recycling system turns pee into drinking water and energy

Every day, you flush a liter or two of urine down the toilet. Unless you live in one of the dry places considering toilet-to-tap systems, you probably never consider drinking it.

But if humans are ever going to get to Mars, we’re going to get there drinking our own pee. Now scientists have built a recycling system that can turn astronauts’ urine into both clean drinking water and energy. That combination could be an important step in making long-distance space travel viable.

The International Space Station would be a likely first candidate to get such a system.The station’s current water system, installed in 2008, uses a complex process to filter, distill and oxidize urine. “It makes yesterday’s coffee into today’s coffee,” astronaut Don Pettit said when it was installed. (Watch astronaut Chris Hadfield demonstrate the water recycling system on the International Space Station.)

Before the space station, space travelers really didn’t take advantage of pee. The Russian Mir craft had a recycling system that accepted urine, but it was notoriously glitchy and didn’t produce much drinkable water. The space shuttles jettisoned urine, creating lovely “shooting stars” of liquid waste visible from Earth (but they stored solid waste, which would have made for a really frightening form of space junk).

Astronauts report that the water made from recycled urine on the space station tastes great. But the system keeps breaking down, and it takes a lot of power to run it. The system “requires several consumables, and filtered components are discarded,” says analytical chemist Eduardo Nicolau of the University of Puerto Rico, a coauthor of the new study. The concept of the system he and his colleagues have come up with is to not only remove urea from wastewater, but also “to generate valuable components from human wastes instead of discarding them.”

The new system also generates electricity, scientists from NASA and the University of Puerto Rico report March 12 in Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. It’s a clever setup, chemically speaking. To pull pure water out of urine, the system uses forward osmosis, which, as the name implies, works in the opposite direction of the reverse osmosis systems found at many kitchen sinks. Forward osmosis uses a concentrated salt or sugar solution to draw the water out of urine. Next, enzymes in a bioreactor convert the leftover urea into ammonia, which feeds into an electrochemical cell that uses the ammonia to generate electricity.

There’s no shortage of raw materials. You urinate about 50 percent more than you drink each day, says Sherwin Gormly  of Desert Toad Water Technology Research in Carson City, Nev., who helped design the urine recycling system for the International Space Station. That’s crazy, you’re thinking: How could you pee out more than you take in? Well, for one thing, your body turns some of your food into water. When you burn carbohydrates, your body makes energy with a side order of carbon dioxide and water.

All that pee ends up being one of the biggest obstacles to sending humans to Mars, or any other long-term space travel. Without urine recycling, water could make up 80 to 90 percent of the mass on a spaceship to get humans to Mars, Gormly says. And at a cost of up to $10,000 per pound launched into orbit, shooting tons and tons of water into space would quickly become ridiculously expensive.

Any recycling system that people will rely on for months or years of space travel has to be extremely efficient. The one aboard the ISS now can reclaim 93 percent of the water on board, a level that Gormly says is crucial. The new system is still just a prototype, but it also recovers more than 90 percent of the total water that goes into it.

But it’s only generating a tiny trickle of electricity so far. In the laboratory, filtering one liter of urine in eight hours produced a few microcoulombs of electric charge. That’s about as much as the static electricity from rubbing a balloon on your hair. “Still,” says Nicolau, “our system is a proof of concept, and we are still working to increase the overall efficiency.” Eventually the system should at least generate enough power to run itself, he says.

A tradeoff remains, though: The system requires small amounts of oxygen to make electricity. And oxygen, of course, is something else you’re going to want in space. “We are using some breathable oxygen from the cabin,” Nicolau says, so the system would require backup oxygen generation. That could mean making oxygen from water via electrolysis, or using other chemical processes to make it. And that means another life-support system that can break. Ultimately, “we have to find a way not to use oxygen at all,” Nicolau says.

The new method does produce drinkable water, Nicolau says, though he hasn’t sampled any because it hasn’t yet been tested for bacteria and other pathogens. He promises a photo, though, once he and his team are able to gather around the bioreactor and toast with glasses of recycled urine.

We could even get energy-producing urine recyclers right here on Earth. “You could deploy this in developing countries where water is scarce,” Nicolau says, or the military could use it in remote desert locations.

If a future in which you drink water made from urine doesn’t sound like a future to look forward to, think of it this way: The water you drink now comes partly from the entire planet’s pee, just recycled a lot more slowly.


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Source:
https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/gory-details/how-urine-will-get-us-mars

hysteries

竟然能抢到！,≖ิ‿≖ิ
---------------------------------------
【Speaker】
Do violent games really influence the players.
It seems that it's not actually the games make players aggressive since poorly-designed games are more likely to have such an effect on th players.
To conclude, do not blame the games but the players.

【Speed】
time6         00:00:45.32       To reduce greenhouse gas, renewable energy is required.
time5         00:01:13.45       Human activity affecy the climate and diverse technologies need to be apply to the teduction of the emission
time4         00:01:22.41       The previous thought that the Mars has a atmosphere thick enough to keep temperature might be wrong.
time3         00:00:59.84       Mars was wet and warm.
time2         00:01:34.40

【Obstacle】
  
00:03:50.01

The article mainly talks about the new technology of recycling urine and turning it into drinkable water, which may be useful and promising not only in space but also on the earth.
There are some difficulties such as that the system needs large amount of energy and a little oxygen to operate. However, the advantage is that it can produce energy though the operation turning urine into water. What's more, there will never be a shortage of raw material（pee）

MAGGIEHE1993

谢谢ppx~~~~~~~辛苦了~~~~~~~
------------------------------------------------
Speaker: Violent video games are often blamed to make players more aggressive. However, a new study suggests that this is
         not the case. Players are usually more violent when they try to solve a puzzle in the game. Also the study found
         that difficult games are more likely to make players aggressive than violent games do. Some researchers thinks that
         some players become more violent when they started playing violent games because they have some mental problems
         before. So it is not violent games that are to be blamed but the players themselves.
time2: 2min 01"
       The best scenario for slowing global warming by 2100 requires the world to triple or quadruple by 2050 its use of
       renewable energy and sources of energy that emit only low amounts of greenhouse gases. IPCC released the recommendation
       on April 13. The writer also described some serious effects if humans continue to release large amount of green house
       gases.
time3: 1min 21"
       An expert of MIT suggested that a diverse approach would be best to solve the problem of global warming. But he is
       also worried that the report of IPCC would have little impact on policy as earlier reports did. But the IPCC scientists
       remain optimistic and think that the report provides modest hope.
time4: 1min 49"
       Scientists once have found signs of water on the surface of Mars and presumed that water existed in the early history of
       Mars. But the existence of water requires a thicker atmosphere than now, which seems impossible. Scientists say that the
       evidence against the idea that ancient Mars held a thick atmosphere for more than a few millennia at a time lies in the
       size of the planet's craters.
time5: 2min 07"
       Many other factors such as the angle at which an object hits the surface may have effects on the sizr of craters. So
       scientists said that it tis the size distribution of the entire population that is important. Depend on the data of virtual
       analysis, scientists suggest that the atmosphere of the Mars may not be thick enough to keep the temperature above freeze point.
       Scientists suggest that the most probable answer is that Mars was intermittently warm.
time6: 1min 14"
       Scientists used X-ray technology to determine that an ancient boy actually died at a young age of 7.5 years old.
Obstacle: 6min 55"
       有一种技术可以把宇航员的尿转化为饮用水。

疏离无罪

地板~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Speaker: The anger and aggression may not be the result of the violent games,they may comes from the incompetence of players.

01:36
IPCC appeal governments to reduce the emission of green gas and use more renewable energy to stop the process of global warming and keep the earth cool.

01:17
One technology can not deal all the problems in the climate change and global warming.IPCC has released their warning long before.But no action or policy have done lot on this.

01:26
Liquid water may flood on Mar in the distant past.But the current thin atmosphere can not keep the termpature on Mars above the frozen.

01:36
Scientists used imagines and other data to estimate the thickness of Mar's thickness.Then they concluded that the Mars was warm enough to keep liquid water which against the old theory that Mars was icy.

00:45
Scientists used several technology to estimate the age of an ancient boy and concluded that he may be 7.5 years old.

05:45
Main Idea: Urine recycle system that can help astronauts go to Mars.
Recently scientists have developed a new kind of urine recyccling system that can turn astronauts' pee into both drinking water and energy,which can be a big step to Mars.
But this system need a lot power to run,even though it can generate electricity itself,it still spend more that generate.Luckily this system will never have a problem in the shortage of raw material.Human can generate more urine than the water they drink.So this will be a big help in space travel.Much of the mass of spacecraft is made up of water.This system can efficiently reduce the weight of the spacecraft.
This system is still a proof of concept now.Scientists are still trying their best to make this system more efficient.They plan to let this system generate enough power to run itself and use less oxygen in the future.

饼干小熊

Lap 6        00:03:04.50        00:10:16.08
Lap 5        00:00:49.98        00:07:11.58
Lap 4        00:01:43.94        00:06:21.59
Lap 3        00:01:37.32        00:04:37.65
Lap 2        00:01:16.72        00:03:00.32
Lap 1        00:01:43.60        00:01:43.60

铁板神猴

顺便坐一下首页 yes！
-------------------------------------
Speed

IPCC calls for swift switch to alternative power
Time 2
renewable energy, severe outcomes, most emmision of green gas comes from power production, so urgent need to change energy supply.

Time 3
a diverse approach would be best. but little impact. but modest hope.

ieveline

谢谢楼主！

有事耽误了。。。

Speaker
Game can make player angry or aggressive.
The reason behined is not the violence designed in the game but trigged by play's incompentent skill.
Long term game play changes congnitive function and emotional control region in the brain.
Speed
1--02:35
Report from IPCC shows the urgency to decrease greenhouse gas from power porduction to mitigate climate change.
Methods include replace fuel energy to renewable energy, inject power plant's exhaut gas to deep underground.
2--01:15
Single method is not enough to decrease greehouse gas emission. A diverse approach would be better.
Polical and economic reasons made people neglect the warning from IPCC reports.
But the leaders from IPCC still believe there is hope.
The fifth assessemtn has three parts of report.
One released in sep last year is about cimiate data and proving human activities cause drive climiate change.
The second releaed in march this year, assessing the impacts of climate changes.
The last one will synthesis both before.
3--02:14
The geometry character on Mars suggests there was water on that planet.
And since Mars is too cold to have water, it must had dense atomsphere to keep water in the past.
But after analysis the caters on the equator of Mars, scientists prove small object kept integet after getting through the atomsphere, which could not be thick enough to keep water from frozen.
4--02:03
The size distribution of entire craters population suggests the ancietn atompshere only no more than 150 times thicker than current one.
Scientists tried to find another two explansions for water on the Mar, either of the theories need thicker atomsphere for decades or centuries.
5--01:04
Scientists use one method prove ancient child, whos teeth developed faster than both modern humans' teeth and another ancient humans's team, died around 7.5 years old.
Obstacle--06:06
A method could recycle urine to drinable water and electricity.
Both urine and clean water are problems need to solve in the space travel.
This method is a step to long distance space travel.
Now it is prototpye phase, in which it takes long time, cost oxiygen and only create little electricity, but it is the right direction.
Recycyling urine not only solve drinking problem, also solve waster pumper problem in space.
This method also can be used in the seconaries, where water is scarce.

小蘑菇开始打怪

come on!!~~~~~
-------------
谢谢楼主！~

speaker:

it is not the violence in the video game makes us feel angry but the play's incompetence at the game disturbs us

time2:1:51

IPCC recommends that each country increase the use of renewable resource in order to mitigate the climate change

if the climate change or the global warming continues, we will suffer from huge disaster

each country should limit the emission of carbon into the climate

time3:1:37

the report from IPCC describes the consequence of the climate changes, however, the report also express hope

time4:1:43

Mars is not a frigid and dry planet but was a warm and wet planet according to the finding of flood

however, recent study shows that the atmosphere of Mars is not thick enough to provide the condition if the water exist

explain why the atmosphere is not thick

time5:1:50

after the analysis of the craters and the surface pressure of the Mars, scientist concluded that Mars could not provide enough atmosphere to water

Mars should be freezing in the past

time6:1:30

a nearly 2-million-year-old Australopithecus sediba skeleton from South Africa belonged to a boy who was actually 7.5 years old

the ancient boy's teeth developed considerably faster than those of modern humans

time7:3:25

pee problem and the water problem have been the biggest obstacle for astronaut get into Mars

scientists are now studying a method to transfer urine into drinkable water without any other energy

the transfer process can also provide little electricity

the water we drink today partly comes from the entire planet's pee, just recycled a lot more slowly

今天的越障。。真的太重口了。。对不起我就是想多了。。然后今天屌丝男士最后一集里面也说了这个，竟然还有续杯。。续杯啊卧槽。。
所以越障看得非常快。。因为不敢看得太细真的太容易脑补了。。然后配图。。不忍直视了怎么可以这么开心呢。。对不起我就是这么不严肃我错了。。
我三观略歪不要理我。。