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[阅读小分队] 【Native Speaker每日综合训练—33系列】【33-19】科技

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发表于 2014-3-18 23:40:19 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
Official Weibo: http://weibo.com/u/3476904471
大家好!胖胖翔来了!  


Part I:Speaker
Article 1
Parenting In The Age Of Apps: Is That iPad Help Or Harm?




Source:
http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/03/16/290110766/parenting-in-the-age-of-apps-is-that-ipad-help-or-harm


【Rephrase1, 4:23】

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 楼主| 发表于 2014-3-18 23:40:21 | 显示全部楼层
Part II:Speed

【Time 2】
Article 2
Alabama and South America Used to Be Neighbors




Areas that are now northern Alabama and northeastern South America were once neighbors, according to a new study. The research also suggests that a 3000-kilometer-long swath of magnetized rocks beneath North America—what geologists call the Midcontinent Rift (depicted in red at upper left of this gravity map)—formed just before tectonic activity separated those areas. Geologists have long thought these rocks were remnants of lava from an extended period of widespread volcanic activity and that the ancient supercontinent split much later. But several recent studies, including fieldwork by another team in northeastern South America, suggest that the split did occur that time after all. Tectonic activity cleaved a portion of modern-day North America called Laurentia from a piece of South America known as Amazonia about 1.1 billion years ago—just as volcanism that formed the Midcontinent Rift ended, the researchers reported in the 16 March issue of Geophysical Research Letters.


Source:
字数[151]
http://news.sciencemag.org/earth/2014/03/scienceshot-alabama-and-south-america-used-be-neighbors?rss=1


【Time 3】
Article 3
New treatment for binge eating disorder



Steve Wonderlich, Chester Fritz Distinguished Professor of Clinical Neuroscience at the University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, North Dakota and Chair of Sanford's Eating Disorder Department, recently was awarded a National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) grant to study a new treatment for binge eating disorder.

The project will look at a new treatment for binge eating disorder and that was developed jointly at the Neuropsychiatric Research Institute in Fargo and the University of Minnesota Medical School.

The new treatment helps patients to identify specific patterns which trigger their binge eating and relies on several strategies to change eating in high risk moments. The grant, which covers a three-year period, will fund completion of the treatment development and also a randomized controlled trial comparing this treatment to typical treatment, cognitive behavioral therapy, for binge eating disorder.

With a team that includes researchers from the Neuropsychiatric Research Institute and colleagues at the University of Minnesota, Wonderlich will be conducting closely supervised trials of the new treatment with volunteers who suffer from binge eating disorder.

Wonderlich says "Binge eating disorder is a condition which significantly impairs peoples' lives and increases their risk of significant medical complications. New treatments for binge eating disorder are clearly needed and we are looking forward to completing the trial and hopefully establishing another effective treatment." Researchers on the Neuropsychiatric Research Institute team are affiliated with the University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences as well as the Sanford Health Eating Disorder and Weight Management Center.


字数[252]
Source:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140317084529.htm



【Time 4】
Article 4
Pests worm their way into genetically modified maize

Broadening of rootworm resistance to toxins highlights the importance of crop rotation.



Even with biotech crops, farmers still need to make use of age-old practices such as crop rotation to fight insect pests. That’s the lesson to be drawn from the latest discovery of resistance to the pest-fighting toxins added to maize — also known as corn.

According to a team led by Aaron Gassmann, an entomologist at Iowa State University in Ames, in some Iowa fields a type of beetle called the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) has developed resistance to two of the three types of Bacillus thurinigiensis (Bt) toxin produced by genetically modified maize. Resistance to one type of Bt toxin has cropped up in the worms in recent years, but now there is a twist — the researchers have found that resistance to that type of Bt toxin also confers protection against another, more recently introduced type. Their work appears in this week's Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

“That’s two of the three toxins on the market now,” says Gassmann. “It’s a substantial part of the available technology.”

Genetically modified (GM) maize producing the Bt toxin Cry3Bb1, which provided protection against pests such as rootworm, was first approved for use in the United States in 2003. By 2009, farmers had started to see rootworm damage in their GM crops. In 2011, that damage had spread to GM maize containing a second toxin, mCry3A. In lab tests, Gassmann showed that this was a case of cross-resistance — worms that had become resistant to Cry3Bb1 were also resistant to mCry3A, possibly because the toxins share structural similarities and some binding sites in the insect’s gut.

Part of the problem is that rootworms are tough, and the Bt maize does not produce enough toxin to fully control them. The Bt toxins used against pests such as the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) kill more than 99.99% of their targets, whereas more than 2% of rootworms can survive Bt maize. Resistance in the worms can evolve rapidly in fields where the same kind of maize is grown every year — in Iowa it showed up after an average of 3.6 years.


字数[350]


【Time 5】


Nicholas Storer, a global science-policy leader for biotechnology at Dow AgroSciences in Washington DC, says that the study illustrates that if GM crops are not used as part of an integrated pest-management policy, resistance can develop quickly in an individual field. Agricultural biotechnology companies such Dow are now ‘pyramiding’ their seeds so that they produce two different Bt toxins to attack the rootworm. For example, Dow has teamed up with Monsanto of St Louis, Missouri, to sell seeds that combine Cry3Bb1 with Cry34/35Ab1, a toxin that has so far not seen any resistance develop.

Gassmann says that the pyramiding of toxins is an important way to delay the development of resistance, but that the combination is less effective once resistance arises to one of the toxins. So farmers should not rely exclusively on technology to fight pests, and should instead periodically change the crop grown on a field to help disrupt the pest’s life cycle. “The rootworm can’t survive if the corn’s not there,” Gassmann says.

Storer agrees that even the best technologies will always need to be combined with the old methods. “Crop rotation was the primary tool to combat rootworm before Bt came along,” he says. “We need to keep it up.”


字数[204]
Source:
http://www.nature.com/news/pests-worm-their-way-into-genetically-modified-maize-1.14887


【Time 6】
Article 5
How string quartets stay together




String quartet players continuously adjust the timing of their notes to stay in sync. But exactly how players do it has been unclear. New data tracking millisecond-scale corrections suggests that some ensembles are more autocratic — following one leader —while other musical groups are more democratic, making corrections equally. Researchers had two well-established quartets play Joseph Haydn’s String Quartet op. 74 no. 1.

Recordings from a short section of a movement showed that in one quartet, three players always followed the first violin, while the other ensemble shared the roles of leader and follower more equally, researchers report January 29 in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface. In both quartets, the cellist made the largest rhythmic leaps to stay with the group, seeming to counter the idea that the cello provides the basic rhythm for small ensembles.

More research is needed to see whether that pattern holds up, but the analysis is a step forward in understanding the dynamics among conductorless musical ensembles.


字数[163]
Source:
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/how-string-quartets-stay-together

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 楼主| 发表于 2014-3-18 23:40:20 | 显示全部楼层
Part III: Obstacle


【Paraphase7】
Article 6
Big Bang's "Smoking Gun" Confirms Early Universe's Exponential Growth

Observations confirm "inflation" of early universe to cosmological sizes in early instant.



Surprisingly strong gravitational waves rippled through the fiery aftermath of the Big Bang, astronomers announced Monday, a finding that confirms the cosmos grew to a stunningly vast size in its very first moments.

The long-sought observations, taken from Antarctica, strongly support the cosmological theory of "inflation," which explains how the early universe smoothly expanded to unimaginable vastness in the first fractional second of its existence. (See: "Origins of the Universe.")

"This is a first detection of a gravitational wave signal," says physicist Clement Pryke of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, a member of the scientific team that reported the results Monday at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Massachusetts. "We're firmly convinced these observations are real."

The finding means that in little more than a century, humanity has figured out not only the age of the universe—it was born about 13.82 billion years ago in the Big Bang—but also how its birth unfolded. (See also: "Proof of Big Bang Seen by Space Probe.")

"I never thought I would see these measurements made in my lifetime, and it is thrilling to learn of them," said Alan Guth of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, who first described a theory of cosmic "inflation" in 1980. "These are very difficult measurements."

To make the gravitational wave discovery, the team studied the cosmic microwave background, leftover heat from the origin of the universe.

Imprinted across the entire sky, this relic heat reveals in minute temperature differences where matter condensed about 400,000 years after the Big Bang. Those patterns also serve as a frozen snapshot of the conditions inside the moment of creation that spawned it.

That matter later condensed further to form the clusters of galaxies that fill the universe today.

Scientists on the BICEP2 team, which reported the new observations on Monday, hailed from a wide number of scientific institutions. Their team is just one of many observing the cosmic microwave background in a long-running hunt for hints to how the Big Bang happened.

The BICEP2 team did not observe gravitational waves directly. Instead, it observed their effect on the cosmic microwave background. The researchers looked for curling patterns in the distribution of temperature and matter seen there, which is a signal of gravitational waves.

Gravitational waves stretch and compress space as they travel, lumping together matter at intervals determined by the size of the stretching. Described by Einstein's theory of gravity, the waves are predicted as a signature effect of inflation, and are ruled out by competing theories.

"Thus, if this discovery is confirmed, inflationary theory does not have any real alternatives," Andrei Linde of Stanford University, who was not part of the study team, said by email.




Antarctic Observations
The discovery team relied on microwave-detecting telescopes in Antarctica, where clear skies and dry air allowed unparalleled views of the cosmic microwave background.

The South Pole measurements came over three seasons of observation from 2010 to 2012, in areas of the sky two to ten times as wide as the full moon. These wide views allowed telescopes to look for gravitational wave patterns in the cosmic microwave background.

Inflation theory held that these light particles, seen as microwaves today, should be preferentially twisted in their orientation, an effect similar to the light blocking of polarized sunglasses.

Powerful Polarization
Indeed, the team reports that a distinctive polarization pattern emerged. The effect was about twice as strong as expected from indirect measures of the effect, which in recent years had been estimated by satellite observing teams.

"That is a surprise, and it does mean that gravity was working more strongly than we expected during inflation," said MIT's Guth. "It will be very reassuring to see the result confirmed."

Pryke said the finding was so surprising that the discovery team spent three years checking the result. Statistics suggest that they have a 99.9997 percent certainty of being correct.

"This is not just a home run, it is a grand slam," says physicist Marc Kamionkowski of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, who spoke at the briefing but was not on the discovery team. "It is the smoking gun for inflation."

Jittering of Matter
The strong gravitational wave findings support some of the simplest models of inflation and explain how the mass of the universe first escaped from subatomic size without falling in on itself in its very first moments.

Inflation suggests that the dense energy of the Big Bang drove an exponential expansion of the boundaries of space (hence the name "inflation") within the first millionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second of the existence of the universe.

This rapid expansion produced the gravitational waves, Guth says, which are "just a jittering of matter in the universe."

That means that in its very first moments, the entire universe reached a size far, far larger than what is observable or will ever be observable to humanity (the "observable" universe is about 92 billion light-years across).

Correction: An earlier version of the story misstated the width of the observable universe, which is about 92 billion light-years across.


字数[846]
Source:
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/14/140317-big-bang-gravitational-waves-inflation-science-space/

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发表于 2014-3-18 23:40:53 | 显示全部楼层
来啦~~~~

Speaker:
The host is talking about the effects of media on young children with a professor. When it comes to TV programs, the professor says if a TV show is overstimulating, it can damage young brains. But talking about the iPad, though there is not any research, the professor believe that the kind of interactive play with the passive media is essential to learning and vital for brain development.

Time2: 1'05"
According to a new study, areas that are now northern Alabama and northeastern South America were once neighbors.

Time3: 1'56"
There is a new treatment for binge eating disorder that can help patients to identify specific patterns which trigger their binge eating and relies on several strategies to change eating in high risk moments.

Time4: 2'42"
Time5: 1'26"
Scientists find that there is a type of beetle which has developed resistance to BT toxin produced by genetically modified maize, farmers still need to make use of age-old practices such as crop rotation to fight insect pests.

crop rotation 轮流耕作
crop up 突然出现

Time6: 1'07"
Researchers find a pattern that the string quartets stay together, the analysis is a step forward in understanding the dynamics among conductorless musical ensembles though more research is needed.

Obstacle: 6'24"
The long-sought observations, taken from Antarctica, strongly support the cosmological theory of inflation, which explains how the early universe smoothly expanded to unimaginable vastness in the first fractional second of its existence.

polarized sunglasses 偏光镜
smoking gun 确凿的证据
home run 全垒打
grand slam 大满贯




发表于 2014-3-18 23:45:09 | 显示全部楼层
Time2 0’51
Areas that are now northern Alabama andnortheastern South America were once neighbors, according to a new study. Theresearch also suggests that a 3000-kilometer-long swath of magnetized rocksbeneath North Americaformed just before tectonic activityseparated those areas.
Time3 1’45
The new treatment helps patients toidentify specific patterns which trigger their binge eating and relies onseveral strategies to change eating in high risk moments.
Time4 2’08
A type of beetle called the western cornrootworm has developed resistance to two of the three types of Bacillusthurinigiensis (Bt) toxin produced by genetically modified maize. Theresearchers have found that resistance to that type of Bt toxin also confersprotection against another, more recently introduced type.
Time5 1’15
The pyramiding of toxins is an importantway to delay the development of resistance, but that the combination is lesseffective once resistance arises to one of the toxins. Storer agrees thateven the best technologies will always need to be combined with the oldmethods.
Time6 1'05
New data tracking millisecond-scalecorrections suggests that some ensembles are more autocratic — following oneleader —while other musical groups are more democratic, making correctionsequally.

Obstacle 5’25
Surprisinglystrong gravitational waves rippled through the fiery aftermath of the Big Bang,a finding that confirms the cosmos grew to a stunningly vast size in its veryfirst moments.The finding means that in little more than a century, humanityhas figured out not only the age of the universe but also how its birth unfolded.
发表于 2014-3-19 00:01:25 | 显示全部楼层
Day 43
------speaker
The conversation is about how parents manage kids’ media consumption. The doctor suggested that touch screen apps provide opportunities for kids to interact with environment, which is good to their learning process and brain development. While for TV consumption, overstimulation and fast pace are common for kids. Experiment conducted within mice showed that hyper-stimulated mice who watched fast pace TV programs regularly demonstrated deficits in cognition, and they are more risk-taking and have few friends.
For new devices like ipads, researches have not catch up with new techs for their slow pace. The doctor indicated that ipad might be fine and beneficial to kids as it draws attention of kids and help them to interact by using touch screen.  
----speed
1.      0’51
Recent new studies show that northern Alabama and South America used to be neighbors, and rocks beneath North America were formed before tectonic activity separated the two areas.
2.      1’27
Researchers are investigating new methods to treat binge eating disorder. They want to identify patterns that trigger the disorder and develop strategies to change eating habits. Trails will be studied and comparison of traditional treatments will be performed.
3.      2’00
As pests will develop resistance to toxins after a period of time, switch crop plants is a method to resist pests.
4.      1’15
New tech can develop two toxins in one crop, however the effect is limited as it is only the time issue for pests to develop resistance to the toxins. New tech combines with old crop rotation method is the best way to kill pests.
5.      0’51
Some string quartet players follow one leader while some payers equally rotate the role of leader. Further researchers are needed to investigate patterns hold up.
-----obstacle
5’32
Observation of gravitational wave indicates that the universe expanded exponentially in the very first moment, which demonstrates how the universe was born.
Gravitational wave was observed from their effects on cosmic microwave background in Antarctic. And polarization pattern was observed twice stronger than what we expected, showing more strongly gravity we assumed before.
All these observation help researchers to make sure that the universe grow exponentially and create gravitational wave in the very fist second of the big bang, and the universe reached a size far larger than human being can observe.

发表于 2014-3-19 00:20:23 | 显示全部楼层
最近跟地下室真有缘。。

Speaker: Doing sth and interacting with enviornment are the centeral part of  brain development.Study about the effect of television on mice shows that watching a lot of TV in early life may bring problems in later life.Using Ipad and tablet technology is benefical.But how much is suitable is still under research.

00:49
A new study show that now northern Alabama and northeastern South America were once neighbors.

01:30
Binge eating disorder can affect people's health and increase the risk of medical complications.Now a new treatment fro binge eatind disorder has been invented.

02:21
Pest now have developed resistance to the toxin in the genetically modified maizes.Although the toxin can kill most of the pests.But the survivor can evolve and spread the resistance.

01:16
If GM crops are not used in an integrated pest-management policy,resistance can develop quickly in this field.Although biotech companies have mixed the toxin in crops,old method that change the crops in one field periodically should be used.

01:07
A new study suggests that to stay in sync some ensembles are more autocratic,following the leaer while other other musical groups are more democratic, making corrections equally.

05:54
Main Idea: new observation of gravitational wave support the big bang theory
A new finding confirms the cosmos grew to a vast size at very first moment.This observation support the cosmological theory of inflation.Then humanity now know the age of the universe as well as how its birth unfolded.
The study do not observe gravitational wave directly but by studying the cosmic micowave background.And the observation relied on microwave-detecting telescope in Antarctica.Although a distinctive polarization pattern emerged in the observation,it does not mean that gravity works more strongly in the big bang.
The team used three years to confirm their data and conclusion.
The strong gravitational wave findings support several models of inflation and the rapid expansion of the universe.
发表于 2014-3-19 00:46:10 | 显示全部楼层
skp:

The host of Children's Table and a doctor have a conversation about the effects of screens of young children. According to the doctor, who specialized in this area, he believes this will depend on how children interaction with the machines. For example, during watching TV, children will feel  satisfied for the results conducted by the TV programs but actually do nothing. This kind of interaction will over stimulate the little brains and cause to some negative impact after they grow up.  On the other hand, touching apps and ipad provide children a opportunity to interaction. This will not only benefit young children's learning process, but also improve their brain development.
发表于 2014-3-19 05:05:30 | 显示全部楼层
占~~~~~~~~~o>_<o    谢谢ppx~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Speaker: The talk is about whether interaction with ipad is beneficial or harmful for kids. Researchers used to study
         whether too much TV times would be harmful to kids, but that is the situation about last century. Nowadays
         kids are keen to interact with ipads. The researchers are afraid that there may be over-stimulation while kids
         interact frequently with ipads and it may damage their young brains. The researchers used a mouse model to find
         out if over-stimulation will be harmful to the cognitive development of mouse. The study turned out that there
         were cognitive deficits among mice which were hyperactive. The researcher suggested that the reason may be that
         they have very few friends in the natural worlds. The researchers suggested that ipads are beneficial but it will
         be better for parents to play ipads with their kids together.

time2: 59"
       According to a new study, areas that are now northern Alabama and northeastern South American were once neighbors.

time3: 1min 37"
       Researchers have found a new treatment for binge eating disorder.

time4: 1min 55"
       Rootworm has been found to have cross-resistence to genetically modified maize and researchers suggested that farmers
       still need to make use of age-old practices such as crop rotation to fight insect pests.

time5: 1min 03"
       Nicholas suggested that pyramiding of toxins is an important way to delay the development of resistance because so far
       there are not any resistence to combination of toxins found. But farmers should not rely exclusively on technology to
       fight pests and should instead periodically change the crop grown on a field to help disrupt the pest's life cycle.

time6: 1min 01"
       New data tracking millisecond-scale corrections suggeests that some ensembles are more autocratic while other musical
       groups are more democratic.

Obstacle: 6min 27"

发表于 2014-3-19 07:44:16 | 显示全部楼层
首页末班车~
spk : professor say touch tablet like Ipad can help children interact with environment, it is fine and beneficial in the children's growth, parents can use this oppurtunity interact with kids better. As for TV, overstimulation may damage the brain of kid, he use an experiment of mice to support it.
spd :  0.49   1.20   1.46   0.59   0.50
OB  :  4.50
first detection of a gravitational wave signal confirms the cosmos grew to a stunningly vast size in its very first moments--The BICEP2 team which reported the observation did not observe gravitational waves directly, instead on the cosmic microwave background.-- the team relied on microwave-detecting telescopes in Antarctica, where allowed unparalleled views of cosmic microwave background.-- the team reports that a distinctive polarization pattern emerged and completely believe their findings are correct.-- these findings support some of the simplest models of infation, which is the jittering of matter in the very first moments.
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