【Native Speaker每日综合训练—33系列】【33-09】文史哲

枣糕兔

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话题丰富已然成为周六文史哲的习惯……=。=什么时候才能灵感一现来个专题

speaker部分选了较易懂的TED Youth，可为什么演讲者还是这么不明觉厉【。
speed放了一篇与众不同的历史文章，和时政小跟班
obstacle：当一个Pope吸引过多公众视线……又名神烦的脑缠粉【。

好了不话痨，请大家从speaker的puppy eyes看起 _(:3  哈哈哈哈

Part I: Speaker

What we can learn from galaxies far, far away

[Rephrase 1]

[Dialog: 06'43]

Mp3:
Transcript:

Source: TED Youth
http://www.ted.com/talks/henry_lin_what_we_can_learn_from_galaxies_far_far_away

枣糕兔

Part II: Speed

The Ming Dynasty built the Forbidden City.  (Markus Hanke/Corbis)

What the collapse of the Ming Dynasty can tell us about American decline

——Everyone likes to compare the U.S. to Rome, but this 16th century superpower is a far more salient comparison

Noah Smith  |  March 6, 2014        

[Time 2]
Ming China was by far the greatest nation on the planet for most of the 15th and 16th centuries. It was certainly the biggest and the richest. Ming technology was in advance of anything in Europe or the Middle East, with movable type, compartmentalized ship hulls, steering rudders, advanced farming techniques, and the ability to solve systems of linear equations. Ming military power conquered Mongolia, subdued Korea and Vietnam, fended off a major invasion from Japan, and quickly disposed of meddlesome raiders from Portugal and the Netherlands. Taxes were low, industry was strong, and the society was peaceful and stable. For almost 300 years, Ming China could — and did — rightfully consider itself the center of the world.

But with the hindsight of history, the Ming doesn't look so awesome. While China was basking in seemingly timeless stability, Europe was seething with new ideas and technological progress. Even as the Chinese government banned oceanic shipping and heavily restricted foreign trade, European countries were discovering the New World and building trading empires. By the time the Ming fell in the 17th century, Europe was well on the way to dominating the world.

The stagnation of the Ming may carry important lessons for a more modern superpower: The United States. We too are a huge, rich, powerful nation that for much of our history has dominated the field of competitors. We too have a whole century of dominance — the 20th — under our belt. And if there's one thing we don't want to do, it's turn into the Ming.

One big reason the Ming stagnated was probably isolationism; the Ming government periodically banned private shipping, burning privately owned ships and forcibly relocating coastal populations away from the sea. Though the policy was ostensibly to curb piracy (which it failed to do), the Ming shipping ban was part of a larger policy of hostility toward trade and foreign travel that grew over time and carried over into the later Qing dynasty.
[330 words]

[Time 3]
The United States is hardly isolationist. But as a large country that is geographically isolated from most of the populated world, we need to be vigilant against turning inward. The anti-immigrant sentiment that has grown in recent years is a bad sign. Americans are notorious for not speaking any foreign language, and only 30 percent of Americans have passports. Plenty of foreigners come to study in America's famous universities, but an inevitable downside is that few Americans study in foreign countries. Simply put, we need to get out more.

Part of the Ming's inward-looking worldview was the tendency of Chinese people to see China as the entire world. European maps of the time depicted Europe as the tiny peninsula of Eurasia that it really is; Chinese "world" maps, by contrast, were almost entirely China, with a few outlying areas at the periphery. That's a very unhealthy attitude to have, and sadly, many Americans seem to have it. Survey after survey finds that Americans are geographically illiterate.

Another likely reason for the Ming's decline was disrespect of science. Continuing a trend that had begun in earlier dynasties, the Ming education system de-emphasized science and technical studies, and instead forced aspiring bureaucrats to learn "Confucianist" philosophy. When science was taught, it was taught as canonical wisdom, to be accepted instead of questioned and improved. This may be one reason why, by the mid-1500s, China was importing Jesuits from Europe to do astronomy for the imperial court. Technology that had surpassed the world during the earlier T'ang and Sung dynasties had begun to stagnate.

America shows uncomfortable signs of treading this same path. Of course, there is the attempt by conservative groups to halt the teaching of evolution, climate science, and the Big Bang in public schools, but this is just the tip of the iceberg. Americans are turning away en masse from science, technology, and mathematics fields. We tell ourselves "I'm just not a math person," conveniently avoiding the hard mental work that Europeans and Asians take for granted. Our world-beating universities and tech companies now import huge percentages of their Ph.D. students and engineers, much as Ming China once imported Jesuit mathematicians. The worst part is that after their degrees are finished, many of those Ph.D. students leave America, due to our restrictive immigration system.
[384 words]

[Time 4]
In the meantime, Americans are spending less of our GDP on research and development than our counterparts in East Asia and North Europe. And we have allowed our patent system, originally designed to protect and encourage invention, to expand until it is probably stifling innovation overall.

Why did the Ming allow itself to become isolationist, stagnant, and backward-looking? Historians are divided, but the leading explanation is what historian Ian Morris calls the "paradox of development," and Mark Elvin calls the "high-level equilibrium trap." Simply put, when a country thinks it's in a golden age, it stops focusing on progress.

America shows signs of falling into this trap. We tell ourselves robotically that we have "the best health-care system in the world," when in fact it underperforms most other rich countries. We gape and gawk when we first travel to Japan or Switzerland and find that all the trains run perfectly on time — not to mention the fact that there are trains in the first place. We ignore our sky-high infrastructure costs and grumble about potholed roads, never pausing to wonder why West Europe and East Asia don't have these problems. We tell ourselves that we're the "land of the free," ignoring the fact that in Japan you can drink a beer in the park without getting arrested. We say that anyone in America can get rich, ignoring the fact that economic mobility is lower here than in almost any other rich country.

The fact is, America had an extraordinary run of success in the 20th century. We got used to thinking of our country as The Future, as No. 1, as the place where everything happens. But other countries have been racing to catch up with us, and in some ways they have already succeeded. We need to get out of our bubble and recognize the innovations other countries have achieved, and reform our institutions in order to keep up. Otherwise, we risk becoming a stagnant superpower. "Ming America" must be avoided at all costs.
[336 words]

Source: The Week
http://theweek.com/article/index/257266/what-the-collapse-of-the-ming-dynasty-can-tell-us-about-american-decline

Putin and Erdoğan meet in Sochi in 2009.

Photo by Alexey Nikolsky/AFP/Getty Images

Why Turkey Is So Worried About Crimea

Joshua Keating

[Time 5]
Turkey hasn’t had direct control over Crimea since 1783, when the Crimean Khanate, a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, was annexed by Catherine the Great. But because of cultural ties to the region’s Turkic-speaking Muslim Tatar minority, as well as a strategic interest in what’s happening on the other side of the Black Sea, Ankara has been watching the situation closely.

“If the term is appropriate, we are in 'mobilization' to defend the rights of our kin in Crimea by doing whatever is necessary,” Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu said during a visit to Kiev last week where he met with Ukraine’s new government as well as Tatar leaders. Davutoğlu has been active in Crimean affairs before. In 2012 he facilitated talks between Tatar leaders and the Ukrainian government.

While the term “mobilization” may conjure up visions of the Crimean War, when the Ottomans fought Imperial Russia with Britain and France as allies, Turkey’s actual involvement in the crisis is likely to be limited and the government seems to be taking pains to not unnecessarily antagonize Russia.

The two countries have a particularly awkward relationship at the moment. Russia is Turkey’s largest supplier of natural gas, and over the past decade trade between them has increased sevenfold and Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan have met more than 30 times.

At the same time, the two are essentially fighting a proxy war in Syria, with Russia as the primary international patron of Bashar al-Assad and Turkey supporting the rebels—although it has backed away from the support a bit recently.

And while there’s still virtually no chance of military confrontation between the two, the fact that the naval power balance in the Black Sea has tipped heavily in Turkey’s favor in the past few years is likely part of the reason why keeping its fleet at Sevastopol is such a priority for Russia.

As Semih Idiz of Al-Monitor writes, Crimea “continues to hold an important part in Turkish nationalist lore” and the permanent reannexation of Crimea by Russia, particularly if there’s any backlash against the Tatars, could be a another political blow for Erdoğan, who has bigger problems on his plate right now. But like the Western leaders he’s allied with on this issue, he's not really sure what he can do about it.
[412 words]

Source:
http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_world_/2014/03/06/black_sea_blues_why_turkey_is_so_worried_about_crimea.html

枣糕兔

Part III: Obstacle

Pope Francis at St. Peter’s Square on March 5. The pope’s popularity raises a theological question:

Is it good for the Catholic Church if the pontiff is a superstar?

(Andreas Solaro/AFP/Getty Images)

Pope Francis wants you to get over him

Michelle Boorstein  |  March 8

[Paraphrase 7]
If you’ve posted inspiring Pope Francis quotes on Facebook, if you’ve devoured every article about him, if you’re banking on him to revolutionize a tradition-heavy, 2,000-year-old institution by force of personality, Francis has a message for you:

Stop it. Just stop it now.

“Depicting the pope as a sort of Superman, a star, is offensive to me,” Francis told the Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera in an interview published Wednesday. Mythologizing and idealizing him, he said, is a kind of “aggression. . . . The pope is a man who laughs, cries, sleeps calmly and has friends like everyone else. A normal person.” (His legions, of course, responded to this by sharing his words and praising their divine wisdom.)

While the pope may have sounded like a celebrity hounded by paparazzi, Francis was in fact tapping into a matter of debate among Catholic theologians: Is it good for the church to have a rock-star pope?

Since becoming pope almost a year ago,  Francis has been working in symbolic and concrete ways to tame the office, rein in the sway of the Vatican and reduce the image of the pope as a sort of divine king. Except he’s stuck in a loop — the more he strives to seem like a regular guy, the more he is praised and beloved as a revolutionary pope.

It began in the first moments of his papacy. Catholics were struck when Francis introduced himself on the balcony of St. Peter’s as simply “the bishop of Rome” — the lowliest of a pope’s multiple titles. (His predecessors often used the more imposing Vicar of Jesus Christ or Supreme Pontiff. Even in the Vatican’s official directory, he is listed as “Francis / Bishop of Rome.”) That same night, he rode back from St. Peter’s with the other bishops on the bus, and within days he had decided to live not in the papal palace but in a guesthouse with other priests — solidifying his desire to remain just one of the guys.

Francis has also begun unprecedented power-sharing moves, including creating a “G8” team of heavy-hitting cardinal advisers and expanding the role of the Synod of Bishops — the key body that connects the world’s bishops with the pope. In a formal teaching last fall, Francis made major news when he called for a “conversion of the papacy” and said bishops’ conferences — the national bishops’ groups in different countries — should have “genuine doctrinal authority.”

A pope can serve as a unifying, clarifying figure for Catholicism, but as the church becomes more diverse and more global, many theologians believe it’s dangerous to put too much weight on one man. A superstar pope can undercut the role of local bishops, for instance. In November, Catholic lawmakers in Illinois advocating for same-sex marriage argued against local church leaders; on the state House floor, they cited Francis’s “who am I to judge?” line from last July. Others worry that overemphasizing the pope leads to lazy faith — Catholics concluding that they’re in good standing if they agree with whatever they interpret the pope to have said — or that a clerical pyramid with a super-pope up top discourages people from taking initiative or risks.

“This is the paradox of modern Catholicism: It’s a much more global church — and Francis is really the first pope who has become global — but a church that is more visible because of the papacy,” said Massimo Faggioli, a theology professor at the University of St. Thomas in Minnesota. “What the pope is trying to do is reverse this dynamic, to use his voice, his authority to make the church less monarchical.”

The origins of the superstar pope lie in the First Vatican Council in the late 1800s, when bishops formalized papal infallibility, which holds that under certain rare circumstances, the pope’s teachings are free from error and can’t be debated. Catholics had been wrestling for centuries with kings and political rulers across Europe who meddled in picking bishops, and the council was seeking to protect what it saw as a church under siege. Elevating the pope was an effort to fight back.

The following decades saw big personalities in the Chair of Saint Peter. John XXIII, who called the modernizing Second Vatican Council in the 1960s, became an icon, particularly to liberal Catholics. The skier-actor-humanitarian-Cold Warrior John Paul II became one of the most influential figures of the 20th century, making the notion of a global church real. He traveled widely and created World Youth Day, when millions of elated young Catholics from across the globe could mingle. The papacy transcended the faithful, and John Paul became a global media figure.

In the 1980s, when the U.S. bishops publicly argued against nuclear armament and said deterrence was immoral, Vatican authorities worried about an end run around the pope, not to mention church teachings on just-war theory. The American bishops were called to Rome and later “issued a careful limited acceptance of nuclear deterrence,” said Christopher Ruddy, a theologian at Catholic University. “It was worked out.”

Yet John Paul II himself worried about his ballooning role. In 1995, he wrote an encyclical saying that the papacy, with all its historical baggage and modern authority, could be seen as a stumbling block to ecumenism, or inter-Christian relations. If the pope couldn’t better honor the authority of other bishops, he implied, how could Catholics ever come together with other parts of Christianity?
[968 words]

[The rest]
Of course, the trouble for Francis is that the more humble he appears, the bigger he becomes. Just in recent weeks, he has been praised for opening to the public the elaborate gardens at the pope’s summer retreat, calling for priests to stop envisioning themselves as “peacocks” and “crusaders,” and even inadvertently letting loose an Italian swear. (He just misspoke.) “It only makes me love him more,” religion columnist Cathleen Falsani posted on Facebook of the accidental profanity.
At issue in the theological debates over the papacy are how to keep a truly global church unified, how to balance the Vatican’s authority with that of bishops to carry out church teachings, and how much leeway laypeople have to make decisions about parish life and about their own conscience. While the Second Vatican Councilspoke about empowering the laity and making bishops somewhat more equal to the pope, most historians feel that central control has become tighter than ever. Indeed, papal power has been reaffirmed even under the cloud of recent clergy sex-abuse scandals, which many believe have eroded the Vatican’s moral authority.

“I think the goal, as Francis sees it, is not to undercut papal authority but to say: The church is stronger if everyone takes up responsibility that should be theirs — if laypeople and religious and bishops and everyone are more active, instead of people just sitting around waiting for orders,” said Catholic University’s Ruddy. “But what’s the role of the pope in this? Have we just loaded so much onto what the pope is that it is both unmanageable for any one person and is also not really an accurate understanding of what the papacy is?”

Now Francis may be even transcending the superstar status that John Paul II attained — and embracing the affection so apparent for him in global social media. And some, particularly conservative Catholics, worry that Francis’s collaborative style may be opening the church up to trouble. In calling a meeting of top cardinals in Rome this fall to discuss family issues — including whether to liberalize access to communion for Catholics who divorce and remarry without first getting an annulment — he may be giving reform-minded Catholics hopes that could end in disappointment and more division.

It is far from Rome, in the places Catholics live and worship, that the real impact of Francis’s efforts will be seen. In an 11th-grade Christian ethics class last week at DeMatha Catholic High School in Hyattsville, a student said he’d turn to the pope for advice because “he is the closest person to God.” His teacher, Julie Penndorf, was quick to clarify: “God doesn’t love the pope more than God loves you. This is an area where the church has moved in a positive direction. The pope is human.”
[495 words]

Source: The Washington Post
http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/pope-francis-wants-you-to-get-over-him/2014/03/07/d86acd3e-a486-11e3-a5fa-55f0c77bf39c_story.html

guagua13

沙发  谢谢兔兔～

Speaker
galaxy clusters are massive and very hot. most of the universe's matter is not made up of atoms, but dark matter. dark matter doesn't like to interact much, except through gravity.
dark energy: why is the universe expanding at an ever increasing rate? how does the dark energy affect the universe at the largest scales?
we can learn more about the universe by tracking galaxy clusters.

Speed
time2 2:04:24 330
The stagnation (萧条，停滞) of the Ming Dynasty may carry important lessons for the US.
time3 2:49:80 384
Americans are geographically illiterate and are turning away from science, technology, and math fields.
time4 2:11:13 336
America shows signs of falling into the high-level equilibrium trap and risks becoming a stagnant superpower.
time5 2:23:22 412
Explains why Turkey is worried about Crimea.

Obstacle
paraphrase7 5:52:20 968
The more Francis strives to see like a regular guy, the more he is praised and beloved as a revolutionary pope.
Many theologians believes that it's dangerous to put too much weight on one man: can undercut the role of bishops and lead to lazy faith. John Paul II said that the papacy could be seen as a stumbling block to ecumenism.
the rest 3:24:16 495
The goal is not to undercut papal authority but to make everyone take up responsibilities.
The church has moved in a positive direction stating that the pope is human.

铁板神猴

居然比我还快！
-------------------------------------------
Speaker

What we can learn from galaxies far, far away
huge collection of stars of galaxies. useful as labortary,

1st type - very big, cluster

2nd - very hot, false color blue, hot gas is the answer, great speed means great temperature

3rd - very small, made of dark matter, bullet cluster possibly discover in the fture, small and big

4nd - very strange, the dark energy,up but ever increasing rate, horribly complicate, big pieces(glusters of galaxies), solutions of today's questioins are complicate, work it out by studying the universe.

Speed

What the collapse of the Ming Dynasty can tell us about American decline
Time 2
the Ming China was a real centre of the world in the past but the isolationism made it passed by the Europe. The USA should avoid becoming Ming China again.

Time 3
The United States is hardly isolationist. But Americans need to go out, to change the isolated attitude, to respect science again. and the path is really Ming-like.

Time 4
patent system, Ming, ignoring facts better in other countries, get used to thinking so and now it requires a change in USA.

Why Turkey Is So Worried About Crimea
Time 5
Turkey has had a control on Crimea, but now it really relies a lot on Russia's energy supplys. They have a really complicated cooperation on economy yet antagonism on politics. Right now Turkey with other western allies does not know what to do on the Crimea crisis.

So where is the time 7, laugh to crying... haha~

Obstacle

Pope Francis wants you to get over him
Paraphrase 7

Pope said idealizing him was a kind of aggression to himself. Is it good for the church to have such a rock-star pope?

a revolutionary pope, claimed himself as just a bishop of Rome, conducted a lot of power sharing.

some worried too much power focusing on the Pope will do bad on the global church.

The pope is trying to use his own voice to reverse the monarchy in Church.

The rock-star pope has its own history and John Paul the pope himself wrote he worried too much power of one pope own.

The more humble Francis appears, the bigger he becomes. Increasing leeway of laypeople or called laity is actually improving the power of the church.

Now Francis may be even transcending the superstar status that John Paul II attained through global social media. People start to think the pope is a human.

xiaofan0205

你们都是夜猫子啊！

Speaker:
The man is talking about galaxy clusters in the universe. There are four type of galaxy clusters, the first is very big, there are massive stars in the universe; the second is very hot, there are a lot of hot gases with great speed, and great speed means great temperature; the third is very small, the most matter in the universe is the dark matter; the forth is very strange, the dark matters have dark energy. And study of the universe can help us to solve problems in our life.

Time2: 2'06"
Ming China was by far the greatest nation on the planet, and The United States now is just like the Ming China.

Time3: 2'29"
The United States likes the Ming China in many aspect, such as the isolationism, the unhealthy attitude that the world is almostly entirely American, and the disrespect of science.

Time4: 2'03"
It is the "paradox of development" that Ming allow itself to become isolationist, stagnant, and backward-looking, and American shows signs of falling into this trap.

Time5: 2'44"
Turkey is worried about Crimea, not only because of cultural ties to the region's Turkic-speaking Muslim Tatar minority, but also because of a strategic interest. Turkey and Russia have a particularly awkward relationship at the moment.

Obstacle: 7'36"

Pope Francis asks people to stop treating him as a superstar because he thinks it is offensive to him.
Francis thinks that the pope is nothing but a normal man, but the more he strives to seem like a regular guy, the more he is praised and beloved as a revolutionary pope.
This is the paradox of modern Catholicism: It's a much more global church, but a church that is more visible because of the papacy. Therefore, is it good for the church to have a rock-star pope.

lilacrabbit

辛苦兔兔

掌管 6        00:03:14.71        00:18:59.62
掌管 5        00:06:02.39        00:15:44.90
掌管 4        00:02:13.54        00:09:42.51
掌管 3        00:02:17.14        00:07:28.96
掌管 2        00:03:12.51        00:05:11.82
掌管 1        00:01:59.31        00:01:59.31

MAGGIEHE1993

占座~~~~~~~~~~谢谢楼主~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

---

Speaker: The speaker talked about what we can learn from the galaxies far, far away. The first thing is probing the very big.
         The next thing is probing the very hot. The third thing is the very small, the dark matter. The forth is the very
         strange, the dark energy.


time2: 1min 49"
       Ming China was by far the greatest nation on the planet for most of the 15th and 16th centuries. But is was surpassed
       later by Europe due to isolationism. The writer stated that it is a lesson that should be learned by the United States
       nowadays.


time3: 2min 32"
       The writer stated a phenomena that few Americans study in foreign countries.
       The second problem similar the Ming China is that Americans are geographically illiterate and have the tendency to think
       that they are the entire world.
       Another likely reason for the Ming's decline was disrespect of science and America shows uncomfortable signs of trading
       the same path. The writer stated that today Americans tend to avoid hard mental work and many Ph.D.students leave America
       due to their restrictive immigration system.


time4: 1min 51"
       The writer pointed out that Americans are spending less of our GDP on research and development than their counterparts in
       East Asia and North Europe. America has shown signs of falling into a trap that when a country thinks it's in a golden age,
       it stops focusing on progress. The writer warned that America should try at all cost to avoid "Ming America".


time5: 2min 20"
       Foreign Minister of Turkey stated that Turkey will defend the rights of their kin in Crimea when necessary. Turkey and Russia
       have a particularly awkward relationship at the moment.


Obstacle: 6min 44"
       The writer cited the word of Francis that depicting the pope as a sort of Superman is offensive to him. Francis wants to
       remain just the same as other guys but this behavior has just made him more popular. Francis has also begun unprecedented
       power-sharing moves that national bishops' groups in different countries should have genuine doctrinal authority.
       Many theologians believe it's dangerous to put too much weight on one man. But Massimo Faggioli thinks what the pope is
       trying to do is reverse this dynamic and to use his voice and authority to make the church less monarchical.
       The origins of the superstar pope.
虽然都是信耶稣基督，但是天主教的世界真心不懂啊。。。。

yinghua9122

半夜抢座的你们，大凶残了。。。。。。

speaker
这个小伙的声音也太好听了吧，稍微查一下，我天，天才啊！！
At 17, Henry Lin won an Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award for his mathematical models of distant galaxy clusters.
main idea:  the cluster of stars or galaxies.
1. four major types.  big,  hot,  small, strange.
2. why studying cluster of galaxies are useful.

time2 2'22
we can compare US with the Ming dynasty of China. Ming China is the greast nation in the world about 15th century, has advanced technology, powerful military, stable and peaceful society. But it collapse 17 century just because it heavily banned oceanic trade, restricted communication with other countires, and always thinks itself is the center of the world.

Time3 3'16
1. many foreigners come to America to study, while few Americans study aborad.
2. the attitude of own country. Just like the Ming chinese, Americans now think that their oun county is the entire world.
3. don't value the fundamental technology, like the math, science and other hard mental work knowledge.

Time4 2'04
America is going to fall into a trap that people think they are the best in any places and fields, of course, they ingore the weakness of theirselves. it's time to wake up from the dream.

Time5 3'09
Turkey are keeping closely watch on Crimea. not just because of the cultureal ties, but also because of the strategic interest. the ralationship between Turkey and Russia has a little strange.

jokerking

spk: galaxy clusters are useful for science reaserch like a massive laboratory. 4 types of clusters : 1. big and isolated star. attract each other by gravity. 2. hot gas. high speed lead to high temperature. 3. components of universe are not atoms but dark matter. it is very small particles form the visible things. 4. strange things in the universe - dark energy.  下面的小盆友们都是天才吗。。。 还有学龄前儿童。。。
spd: 1.49   2.27   2.03(无病呻吟一下 进步的社会是因为一直有智者在思考如何进步  并且这种想法可以付诸实践而不是被刻意打压）
       2.14   SPD部分少了一篇~
ob :  7.56
legions of pope F think he is a superman, but F himself think pope is just a normal person.-- he try to behave humble but get into a loop-the more he strives to seem like a regular guy, the more he is praised and beloved as a revolutionary pope.--many theologians believe it’s dangerous to put too much weight on one man.Others worry that overemphasizing the pope leads to lazy faith .--John Paul II was one of the most influential figures of the 20th century, he said that papacycould be seen as a stumbling block to ecumenism.-- the trouble for Francis is that the more humble he appears, the bigger he becomes. F's goal is not to undercut papal authority but to make everyone in church active.--Now Francis may be even transcending the superstar status that John Paul II attained. wether good or not for church's unifying, pope is regarded as a human gradually.