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[阅读小分队] 【Native Speaker每日综合训练—32系列】【32-04】 科技

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发表于 2014-2-12 01:24:55 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
Official Weibo: http://weibo.com/u/3476904471
大家好!胖胖翔来了! 想和电脑谈恋爱吗?记得曾经有部电影就是讲一个由电脑创造的女演员,获得了各种奖项,最终仍然只是一个程序。In addition,热爱我们的海洋吧,不仅赐予我们美味的食物,还能调节气候~

Part I:Speaker



【Rephrase1】
Article 1
That's Just Like 'Her': Could We Ever Love A Computer?



[Dialog, 6: 02]








Source:
http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2014/02/10/274763621/thats-just-like-her-could-we-ever-love-a-computer

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发表于 2014-2-12 22:22:03 | 显示全部楼层
Lisauce 发表于 2014-2-12 12:58
想问问NN们speed部分是完成整个部分在写还是每完成一个time就写,还有是写结构比较好还是复述比较好呢?觉 ...

Hi, Lis, 我不是NN,不过有些经验可以和你分享
Speed是看完一个Time就写的,因为Speed就是考验短篇的阅读速度,我自己大概是150 words/min,有些NN可以做到200~250/min

至于复述什么内容其实没有定式,结构和内容均可,我自己的变化是这样的:一开始跟小分队时,我的复述大多以结构为主,原因是文章细节不太明白,且较重视结构;现在在对文章的表述有了更好的理解之后,我的复述大多以文章中心意思为主,而且我会比较偏向去找文章的main idea和主旨句,因为RC里往往第一道就是主旨题。
所以我觉得做小分队的目的就是在看懂文章的意思基础上,再结合RC的题型和惯用的问法来考量自己(特别要注重文章的逻辑,这也是GAMT的考察核心),这样会事半功倍。复述也可以此为指导

至于复述时用英文写会比较困难,建议可以从摘录文章核心句子开始,因为你阅读的文章本身就是很好的写作学习材料

希望这些可以对你有所帮助
发表于 2014-2-12 22:33:18 | 显示全部楼层
lastak 发表于 2014-2-12 21:11
2:33,11 ocean keep earth cool for decades,but strong wind will bring the warmth back
2:42,59 beauty  ...

Hi, Lastak童鞋,如果觉得Obstacle整篇看下来非常难理解,我自己的做法就是一段一段来读,根据文章自己本身的逻辑结构,分段进行。以本篇文章为例,一开始作者将HIV是影响了CD4 T-cells,但我们并不知道是如何影响的;然后Greene's team找到了答案,是CD4 T-Cells里的一些Sensors导致的,而这些Sensors就叫IFI16,并且是以一个很激烈的方式导致的,这种方式就叫pyroptysis。所有这些都了解清楚之后,作者又问我们能治愈HIV吗?答案是幸运的,可以,就是一种叫caspase-1的蛋白质。最后为了文章的严谨,作者又补充了这种新的治疗方法还需要再论证。
所以,依据文章自身的逻辑来分段阅读,应该会对理解长篇文章有所帮助
 楼主| 发表于 2014-2-12 01:24:56 | 显示全部楼层
Part II:Speed

【Time 2】
Article 2
Pacific Ocean Keeping Earth Cool—For Now




Earth’s average temperature has remained more or less steady since 2001, despite rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases—a trend that has perplexed most climate scientists. A new study suggests that the missing heat has been temporarily stirred into the relatively shallow waters in the western Pacific by stronger-than-normal trade winds. Over the past 20 years or so, trade winds near the equator—which generally blow from east to west—have driven warm waters of the Pacific ahead of them, causing larger-than-normal volumes of cool, deep waters to rise to the surface along the western coasts of Central America and South America. (Cooler-than-average surface waters are depicted in shades of blue, image from late July and early August 2007.) Climate simulations suggest that that upwelling has generally cooled Earth’s climate, stifling about 0.1°C to 0.2°C in warming that would have occurred by 2012 if winds hadn’t been inordinately strong, the researchers reported online yesterday in Nature Climate Change. Both real-world observations and the team’s simulations reveal that the abnormally strong winds—driven by natural variation in a long-term climate cycle called the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation—have, for the time being, carried the “missing” heat to intermediate depths of the western Pacific Ocean. Eventually, possibly by the end of this decade, the inevitable slackening of the trade winds will bring the energy back to the ocean’s surface to be released to the atmosphere, fueling rapid warming, the scientists contend.


Source:
字数[242]
http://news.sciencemag.org/climate/2014/02/scienceshot-pacific-ocean-keeping-earth-cool%E2%80%94-now


【Time 3】
Article 3
Brain Rewards Us for Looking at Pretty Faces




You probably saw dozens of people’s faces today, many more if you live in a city. You may not have been conscious of it, but you were subtly judging every one by its beauty. Your eyes are drawn to more attractive faces, and the almost inescapable result is that more attractive people have advantages in almost every aspect of life, from job interviews to prison sentencing. But what drives us to crave beauty? According to one theory, gazing upon beauty stimulates the brain’s μ-opioid receptors (MOR), thought to be a key part of our biochemical reward system. At least in rodents, stimulating or inhibiting MOR neurotransmission not only tweaks the animals’ appetite for sex or food, but also the strength of their preferences for particular foods or mates. Is our preference for pretty faces driven by the same biochemical reward circuit? To find out, researchers invited 30 heterosexual men to browse a series of female faces on a computer (one pictured). Each man received either a dose of the MOR-stimulating drug morphine, the opioid receptor–inhibiting drug naltrexone, or a placebo. The results, published today in Molecular Psychiatry, suggest that we seek out beautiful faces at least in part because our brains reward us. Not only did stimulating MOR neurotransmission cause men to linger longer on faces that they rated as more beautiful, but the beauty rating also became more extreme, with beautiful faces rated as even more attractive relative to the rest of the faces. Inhibiting MOR had the opposite effects. The findings are yet more evidence that our social interactions are strongly influenced by the invisible hand of evolution, pushing us to find attractive mates. But the question remains, how do we decide which face is attractive in the first place?


字数[293]
Source:
http://news.sciencemag.org/brain-behavior/2014/02/scienceshot-brain-rewards-us-looking-pretty-faces


【Time 4】
Article 4
Weather patterns over Southern Hemisphere have a regular pulse

Atmospheric cycle 20 to 30 days long is first one found outside tropics



Variations in rainfall and storm intensity over a broad swath of the Southern Hemisphere follow a pattern that repeats every 20 to 30 days. The pattern is the first regular atmospheric oscillation found outside the tropics and could help scientists forecast weather and climate changes in the region.

Weather is notoriously chaotic; even the best forecasts are rarely accurate more than a week or two out. In the last century, however, long-term climate patterns have emerged from seemingly disordered data. Most famously, El Niño is a cycle of atmospheric energy over the tropical Pacific Ocean that repeats every two to seven years; the pattern, known since the early 1900s, can cause floods and droughts around the world. More recently, in 1994, researchers found the Madden-Julian Oscillation, which sends storms churning eastward across the tropics on a 30- to 60-day cycle. Until now scientists had not found similar atmospheric oscillations in higher latitudes.

In the new study, David Thompson and Elizabeth Barnes of Colorado State University in Fort Collins looked for an atmospheric oscillation in more than 30 years of satellite and weather data from the Southern Hemisphere. The researchers report in the Feb. 7 Science that between 30° and 70° S latitude, a zone that extends from southern Africa and Australia to the Antarctic coast, storm energy and rainfall are not distributed randomly. Rather, the variables cycle up and down every 20 to 30 days. As a result, if rainfall and storminess over the southern midlatitudes are above average today, they will more likely be below average in roughly two weeks.


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【Time 5】


Thompson and Barnes then analyzed computer simulations of weather and climate. The team found that both simple and sophisticated simulations reproduce the pattern they had teased out of satellite data. Based on such models, the scientists think the oscillation occurs because the sun heats the tropics more than the poles. This differential heating causes a temperature imbalance to build until storms emerge and wipe it out, Barnes says; the entire process seems to take between 20 and 30 days.

Scientists have long known that storms build through this mechanism, but no one’s ever looked for a repeating pattern in the Southern Hemisphere, Barnes says.

“It’s really a comprehensive and complete study,” says Qinghua Ding, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Washington in Seattle. Finding the oscillation in both satellite data and computer simulations, he says, “makes it a more robust result.”

Meteorologist Steven Feldstein of Pennsylvania State University in University Park calls the discovery “a nice, interesting surprise.” He says the team’s explanation for the oscillation is convincing and thinks that with further study the pattern could help meteorologists forecast weather in the Southern Hemisphere.


字数[187]
Source:
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/weather-patterns-over-southern-hemisphere-have-regular-pulse


【Time 6】
Article 5
UK 'absolutely committed' to reducing animals used in research

Government stands by pledge but shies away from hard target as number of experiments rises.



British ministers insisted today that they are still committed to reducing the number of animals used in research, but warned that this might not mean a reduction in the overall number of scientific procedures involving animals.

Science minister David Willetts told reporters in London that the government was “absolutely committed” to the so-called 3Rs of reducing, replacing and refining the use of animals. “This is about the scientific community doing its best whenever possible to reduce and replace the use of animals,” he added. “This isn’t about a numerical target.”

The number of scientific procedures involving animals in the United Kingdom reached a peak of around 5.5 million in the 1970s before dropping to just over 2.5 million in 2000. Since then, however, it has increased to more than 4 million in 2012, and despite the government's promise in 2010 to “work to reduce the use of animals in scientific research”.

Today’s action plan pledges support for the London-based National Centre for the 3Rs (NC3Rs); to encourage data sharing between animal researchers to minimise duplication; and to increase the role of government inspectors of animal research in promoting the 3Rs. For example, inspectors will give more guidance to researchers on alternative lab technique that do not require lab animals.

Norman Baker, the Home Office minister responsible for animal research, insisted that there was no other country doing as much as the UK to reduce the use of lab animals. He said that the government had already backed work — such as developing non-animal tests for detection of toxins in commercial shellfish — that had led to reductions. Had such work not been done, he added, “we would have a higher number than we’ve currently got”.

Echoing Willetts, Baker said it would be “artificial” for the UK to try and set an overall target for the number of animal experiments, given the global nature of science.

UK animal-rights groups criticised today's announcement. The Nottingham-based Fund for the Replacement of Animals In Medical Experiments said it was disappointed by the lack of targets, while the London-based British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection said it showed that the government was abandoning its 2010 pledge.

Mark Walport, the government’s chief scientific adviser, cautioned that the increase in animal-research procedures seen in official statistics was mainly down to an increase in the breeding of genetically-modified animals — whose births are counted as procedures — and not to what might more generally be considered ‘experiments’, which have remained roughly stable at 2 million per year in the past decade. Walport said that scientists were increasingly transparent about their use of animals, and increasingly sophisticated in how they used them.

Vicky Robinson, chief executive of the NC3Rs, welcomed the report and said progress was being made. “Most people are starting to get it [3Rs] isn’t a regulatory tick-box. It’s about how we do the best science,” she told Nature.


字数[479]
Source:
http://www.nature.com/news/uk-absolutely-committed-to-reducing-animals-used-in-research-1.14688  

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 楼主| 发表于 2014-2-12 01:24:57 | 显示全部楼层
Part III: Obstacle



【Paraphase7】
Article 6
The NoisyMass Suicide That Leads to AIDS



HIV is a virus that kills by crippling our defences against other infections. It sends our immune system into a creeping decline. Germs that were once easy to fight off now become debilitating and lethal threats. A simple cold can kill. Tumours start to grow.

This is AIDS. It was formally described in 1981 and now, over 30 years later, we’re finally starting to understand why it happens.

HIV can infect many different types of white blood cell, but chief among them are the CD4 T-cells. These are the bugle-players of the immune system—they mobilise other immune cells, which actively kill viruses and other invaders. HIV prevents these troops from entering the fray, because it slowly destroys the CD4 T-cells.

Only a minority fall to the virus directly. More than 95 percent don’t seem to be infected, but die anyway. This collateral damage is what leads to the symptoms of AIDS; it’s what makes HIV so lethal. If we want to know why this virus has killed 34 million people since its discovery, we need to know why these bystander CD4 cells die… and we don’t. “In many ways, the question of why these cells die after HIV infection has been neglected, and it’s at the heart of what the virus does—it kills CD4 cells,” says Gary Nabel, Chief Scientific Officer at Sanofi.

Warner Greene from the Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology has been trying to solve this mystery for years, and he thinks he has finally cracked it. In two papers, published simultaneously in Science and Nature, his team lays out why HIV kills so many bystander cells and, better still, a possible way of stopping it.

In 2010, Greene’s team, led by Gilad Doitsh, showed that HIV actually tries to infect the bystander CD4 cells, but fails. Ironically, it’s their botched attempt that kills the cell.

During an infection, HIV fuses with a CD4 cell, and releases its genetic material, in the form of RNA molecules. These are converted into DNA, and inserted into the cell’s genome. When the cell divides, it copies its own genes and duplicates the hitchhiking viral DNA too. But in the bystander CD4 cells, which are in a resting state, the process that coverts RNA into DNA repeatedly stalls. Rather than producing the complete HIV genome, it churns out small fragments of viral DNA, and the infection can’t continue.

That’s great, except the cell now has bits of viral DNA floating about. Three years back, the team suggested that some sensor inside the CD4 cells detects this DNA and triggers a self-destruction programme.

Now, Kathryn Monroe at the Gladstone Institutes has discovered the sensor. She used a piece of HIV DNA to fish for molecules in CD4 cells that might stick to it. She caught several bites, but the most enticing one was a protein called IFI16. When Monroe removed this protein from resting CD4 cells, they didn’t overreact to the DNA pieces left behind by the virus’s bungled attempts at infection. They didn’t die.

IFI16 evolved as an antiviral DNA sensor. It’s meant to launch a defensive programme that kills infected cells before they can contaminate their neighbours. But when it comes to HIV, this protective response just kills the host faster. IFI16 turns into a general who gets false intelligence, panics, and pushes the big, red button anyway. “CD4 cell death is more a suicide than a murder,” says Greene.

The cells don’t go out quietly either.

In many cases, cells commit suicide through a gentle process called apoptosis. They shrink and break up into neat parcels, which are tidied away by cleaner cells. They die with a whimper; they don’t leave a mess. Everyone assumed that bystander CD4 cells die in this way.

Instead, Doitsh, together with student Nicole Galloway, showed that they die through a more violent process called pyroptosis. They swell instead of shrinking. Their membranes rupture, and their innards leak out through the holes.

These escaping molecules include interleukin-1 beta (IL1β), which summons more CD4 cells to the site of infection. The result is a massive amount of inflammation, and a vicious cycle—emphasis on vicious. HIV tries to infect a few CD4 cells, which go through pyroptosis in response. Their leaked remains summon more CD4 cells, which also get abortively infected, and also go through explosive suicide. Their deaths summon yet more cells, and so on.

“We think this is the major driver that depletes the CD4 T-cells,” says Greene. “It’s at the heart of AIDS.”

“The two papers provide substantial insights into how HIV depletes CD4 T-cells,” says Dan Barouch from Harvard University. “We didn’t have a clear mechanism for how that happened before, and it’s a central aspect of HIV pathogenesis.”

Greene thinks that pyroptosis (or the lack of it) could explain why HIV usually causes AIDS in humans but its relatives, the SIVs, barely sickens the apes and monkeys that they infect. SIVs can kill CD4 cells directly, but they can’t trigger the same pyroptosis response in other primates. They kill a few cells but the majority survive, and the immune system stays strong. “That’s the evolutionary solution—not to control the virus but to control the host response,” says Greene. “I think if we had another million years, we’d evolve in the same way.”

Thankfully, his team is working to a tighter schedule. They’ve already found a molecule that can stop pyroptosis, at least in lab-grown cells.

The whole messy process depends on a protein called caspase-1. Without it, you don’t get any mature IL1β, and without that, you don’t trigger the vicious cycle of CD4 cell death. Caspase-1 plays many other roles in the body, and several pharmaceutical companies have tried to make drugs that block it, for the purposes of treating other diseases. One of these, VX-765, was developed to treat chronic epilepsy and autoimmune diseases.

Greene’s team showed that it completely prevents HIV from killing the bystander CD4 cells. No caspase-1 activity. No IL1β signals. No inflammation. No mass cell death.

No AIDS? That remains to be seen. These are only lab experiments, after all, and the drug still needs to be tested in actual HIV patients.

Encouragingly, it has already gone through early phase II clinical trials, which means that we know it’s safe and well-tolerated. “Maybe it could be repurposed for HIV infection,” says Greene. He imagines a joint attack: current antiretroviral treatments would target HIV itself, while caspase-1 blockers would stop the patient’s immune system from overreacting to the virus.

Greene is now in talks with the drug’s manufactuer—Vertex Pharmaceuticals—about launching a proper HIV trial. There are other options too—several other caspase-1 inhibitors have been developed, although they haven’t done enough in their respective diseases to justify taking them to market and seeking FDA approval. If Greene can’t get the go ahead for VX-765, he’ll just look somewhere else.

He also wants to see if caspase-1 blockers could have other benefits. Since they target the host rather than the virus, he thinks it’s less likely that you’d get resistance to them. They could also give people more time while they wait for antiretrovirals. “For every 10 people we put on antiretrovirals today, 16 more become infected,” says Greene. “There are 16 million people who should be on these drugs but aren’t, and are progressing to AIDS and dying. Maybe these caspase-1 inhibitors could be used as a bridge therapy while they wait.”

And, in the lab experiments, the caspase-1 blockers also prevented the inflammation that goes hand-in-hand with CD4 cell death. Greene suspects that this inflammation accelerates the ageing process in HIV patients. “It’s why they’re dying of heart attacks, liver diseases, dementia and cancer at an earlier age than anticipated,” he says. “Maybe we could restore their normal lifespan or improve their quality of life?”

Meanwhile, other scientists have discovered more cellular sensors that detect HIV in other types of cells. Nabel’s team showed that a protein called DNPK-1 senses HIV DNA once it has been inserted into a CD4 cell’s genome, which triggers a different self-destruct sequence. But this only happens in the small proportion of CD4 cells where the infection process is truly underway.

Another protein called cGAS can also detect HIV DNA, but in a different group of white blood cells. It’s not found in the CD4 cells that Greene examined.

This baffling variety comes as no surprise to Andrew Bowie from Trinity College Dublin, who studies how the immune system detects viruses. He was the one who discovered that IFI16 is a DNA sensor back in 2010. “Since then, we suspected that these sensors would have very cell-type specific roles in sensing viruses,” he says.

And scientists have made tremendous strides in understanding these roles just this year. The cGAS discovery was announced in February, DNAPK-1 in June, and now IFI16 in December! “We’re seeing a Renaissance of our understanding of the fundamentals of HIV infection,” says Nabel. “The more we know, the better off we’ll be with controlling it.”


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Source:
http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/12/19/the-noisy-mass-suicide-that-leads-to-aids/
发表于 2014-2-12 06:13:12 | 显示全部楼层
沙发???
谢谢楼主!!!

Speaker
bad experince with Siri
when you are lonely, you can easy to get in love with even a device.
compute need to data of emotion histroy,but as facebook, the data has owner...
There is still long way to build nice aritifical intellegence.
Speed
1--01:36
Ocean kepts a warm energy for decede, makes earth' climate 0.1 to 0.2 degree cooler
But finally, maybe in the end of the this decade, this energy will be released, fueling rapid warming
2--01:59
Looking at beauty stimulate the brain MOR.
Experimnet shows that we seek out beautiful faces at least in part because our brains reward us.
Our social interactions are strongly influenced and we are pushed to find attractive mates.
3--01:28
Scientists found some atmospheric oscillations, such as el nino,MJ oscillation, are limited in certain area.
Two scientists who looked for an atomospheric oscillation in more than 30 years data report that in a certain area strom energy and rainfall have kind of cycle up and down every 20-30 days.
4--01:00
Computer simulation reporduce the same pattern.
Scientists valued in this founding
5--02:39
UK release 3R to comprise they will limite the number of animal used in experiment.
The history data shows the opposite trend.
Some scientist said it is aganist the global nature of science.
Animal-right groups criticised the annoucement.
Obstacle--09:21
CD4 cells killed themselves caused leathal end of HIV.
Scientist found this mechnism and are trying to find the way to stop them.
The experiment in lab shows positive result and wait to the human trail.

发表于 2014-2-12 08:11:59 | 显示全部楼层
占~~~~~  楼上貌似重复占楼了  坐等变板凳

Speaker:There are still many steps to build a computer device as that in the movie "her".In human relationships,to be polit is important.To that level,computer need to know the words is positive or negative and can give out voice in different situations.In human relations,we need more than voices.

01:25
The strong wind bring the heat into the deepth of western pacific ocean.And the "missing" heat may back after the wind ends in this decade.

01:35
Experiment shows that our brains reward us when we see beatuiful face,which is evolved from the ancient.

01:22
Many climate cycles was found in the past.A new study found out a new 20 to 30 days' rain fall and storm cycle in hemisphere.

00:56
The inbalanced temperature caused by sun leads to the emergence of strom to cover it.And this process is between 20 and 30 days.

02:29
UK government announced to reduce the use of animals in research.And different comments from science field and animal protection  groups.

09:02
Main Idea:HIV destory human immune system by making cells suicide.
HIV can destory human's immune system mainly by killing CD4 -cells.CD4 plays an important role in immune system but just a little part of the immune systemBut by killing it,HIV can ruin whole system.
IFI16.antiviral DNA sensor in CD4,is a launcher for defence progra.After infected by HIV,IFI16 makes CD4 kill itself fast.
And this suicide process is more violent than that scientists think before.This process is called pyroptosis and can release many infecte mass which can infecte more other CD4.So HIV can just infect a few CD4 and ruin the whole system.HIV is evolved from SIV,which can just kill CD4 not let CD4 suicide.
The study found out a molecule to stop puroptosis called casprse-1.This can help to stop CD4  suicide.But whether this can cure HIV is still unkown.
There are another two finding about HIV last year: DNPK-1 AND cGAS.It seems that scientists are going to know more about the fundmental of HIV infection  process.
发表于 2014-2-12 08:49:12 | 显示全部楼层
首页~Keep Going!thank you PPX~
--
SPEAK
Opinions abt whether we will fall in love with device, & what we can do for that relationship

SPEED
掌管 4 00:03:10.78 00:08:29.28
掌管 3 00:01:23.77 00:05:18.50
掌管 2 00:01:52.57 00:03:54.73
掌管 1 00:02:02.15 00:02:02.15

1. A phnemona that temperature of earth keep steady these years and reasons for that;
   & warning: abnormally strong wind will bring back the missing heat one day and the Earth will be warm finally.
2. Our brain will start reward system when we find beautiful faces, and it will give us preferences for them.
   but still, we have no idea how we decide which is more attractive when we glance at different faces?

3. Variations of stroms and rainfalls form such a pattern that people can forecast weather more accurately.
4. How to form that kind of patterns & comments from every side for this finding.
OVERALL: before--> now new finding--> how it operates--> comments and forecasts

5. Britain Gov new announcement: abandoning number of animals involving in research but not reducing number of researches.
1) new announcement and concreate action plan
2) comments from different sides
3) reactions for comments from government

OBASTACLE
掌管 1 00:08:09.19 00:08:09.19
1. what's AIDS and its mechanicism
2. new development in researching how the virus operates in primate's body?
3. latest research results turns out that commit suiside of C cell leads to death in AIDS.
4. research team is still making a tight schedule for development of AIDS protection.
5. different opinions abt the latest finding
发表于 2014-2-12 08:53:36 | 显示全部楼层
占~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~谢谢楼主~~~~~~~~~涨科学姿势了
time2: 1min 49"
       Scientists have discovered that trade winds around the equator brings the heat in the atmosphere into the Percific
       Ocean but they contend that the absorbed energy will be released to the atmosphere later.

time3: 2min 02"
       Scientists have conducted an experiment searching the connection between MOR and men's response to beauty. The result
       suggests that we seek out beautiful faces at least in part because our brains reward us.

time4: 1min 44"
       Variations in rainfall and storm intensity over a broad swath of the Southern Hemisphere follow a pattern that repeats
       every 20 to 30 days.

time5: 1min 20"
       Thompson and Barnes then analyzed computer simulations of weather and climate. Some scientists' opinion towards this
       analysis.

time6: 3min 03"
       UK government has pleged to reduce the animal use in scientific experiments but it has not set a numerical target yet.

Obstacle: 11min 25"
          A brief discription of HIV and AIDS. HIV is a virus that kills by ctrippling our defences against other infections.
          The heart of what the virus does is it kills CD4 cells.
          Greene and his team have found that HIV virus infect CD4 cells by triggering the cells' suicide process. What's more,
          when CD4 cells die they swell and release more infectious material to other CD4 cells and cause their death.
          Thankfully, the team have already found a molecule that can stop pyroptosis. The whole messy process depends on a protein
          called caspase-1.
          Greene is now in talks with the drug's manufacturer about launching a proper HIV trial.
          Meanwhile, other scientists have discovered more cellular sensors that detect HIV in other types of cells.
          Scientists have made tremendous strides in understanding these roles just this year.

发表于 2014-2-12 09:55:13 | 显示全部楼层
这是还有首页的节奏? 谢谢PPX

Speaker 宅男的梦想
That's just like her: Could We Ever Love a Computer?
We explored love and digital age. After film "Her", someone asked could someone fall in love with device? Humans have an amazing ability to respond to machines. there's absolutely no reason someone couldn't fall in love with a computer's voice. But there are many, many small incremental steps we still have to take to create a machine like Samantha

Speed
Pacific Ocean Keeping Earth Cool - For Now
Time2: 1'57" IPO have carried the missing heat to intermediate depths of the Pacific Ocean, which is estimated to release back at the end of this decade

Brain Rewards Us for Looking at Pretty Faces
Time3: 2'14" But what drives us to crave beauty? μ-opioid receptors (MOR), thought to be a key part of our biochemical reward system

Weather patterns over Southern Hemisphere have a regular pulse
Time4: 1'56" Variations in rainfall and storm intensity over a broad swath of the Southern Hemisphere follow a pattern that repeats every 20 to 30 days.
Time5: 1'18" the oscillation occurs because the sun heats the tropics more than the poles. This differential heating causes a temperature imbalance to build until storms emerge and wipe it out

UK's absolutely committed to reducing animal used in research
Time6: 3'17" UK is committed to reduce animal used in research but lack target

Obstacle
The NoisyMass Suicide That Leads to AIDS
Time7: 12'07"
Why is AIDS so lethal? Because HIV can infect CD4 T-cells. How? Greene's team had cracked it. It’s HIV's botched attempt that kills the cell.
Thankfully, his team is working to a tighter schedule. They’ve already found a molecule that can stop pyroptosis, at least in lab-grown cells.
The whole messy process depends on a protein called caspase-1
发表于 2014-2-12 10:32:26 | 显示全部楼层
thx~越障的AIDS篇非常有趣!希望治愈AIDS的时间已经不远了!!


time:1:19.38
Pacific ocean absorves the heat caused by climate change because of the trend wind.The wave carries heat to intermediate ocean and may bring back heat at the end of this decade to casue immidiate warm.
_____________
time:1:47.05
Researchs find that our brain system reward us to pick out attractive face.
MOR.
The expereiment.
The conclusion:MOR partly influence our choice for beautiful face.
Remaining question:in the first place,how can we decide which is the  beautiful face?
____________
time:1:19.99
Scientists find a pattern in southern hemisphere.This is the first pattern that has been found outside tropics and in higher latitude.
The old patterns people found before.
The new patterns.20-30 days.
____________
time:0:59.46
The cause and the reason:the heat inbalance in tropics and southern hemisphere.
Study before.No one find the pattern.
Opinions from two.Convincing and robust result.May help people predict weather in southern hemisphere.
____________
time:2:25.85
UK is working on reducing the experiment animals.
The new pledge.No numerical target.
The situation.The number in 1970s,2000 and 2012.
The detail of the plan.
The performance:already reduce.
Opinions from three:
animal-rights groups--criticise.no target.
government--make more transparent.
executive of NC3Rs--good plan.
______________
time:9:10.89
How does HIV and AIDS work.
HIV infects CD4 T-cells.These are the key cells that are destroyed slowly by HIV.This is the heart that can explain how HIV works.
HIV try to infect CD4 T-cells,but fail.But this is the key:because of this atempt,CD4 T-cells die.
HIV infects.In the form of RNA--convert into DNA and get into CD T-cells.
CD T-cells detect its DNA and stop its infection.But some part of HIV's DNA remains.
CD T-cells trigger a self-destruction system.Kill infected cells in order to not contaminate healthy ones.
A suicide than a murder:
--old view:die in apoptosis,shrink and don't leave any mess.
--new finding:die in pyroptosis,expose suicide and contaminate other cells.
SIV.Kill cells directly,but no pyroptosis and expose suicide.
How to prevent this progress:reduce a protein C-1(the whole progress should us this protein.)
Without this protein,the progress will not exsit.But whether AIDS will disappear,time need.
The team's goal:a HIV trial using drugs that prevent C-1.
Seeking more benifits from these drugs:
1 patients can use these drugs when they are waiting for the therapy.
2 restore more lifespan and increase life quality.
Other discovery to sovle the mystery of AIDS.


发表于 2014-2-12 11:20:01 | 显示全部楼层
zxppx 发表于 2014-2-12 01:24
Part II:Speed
【Time 2】
Article 2

掌管 6        00:17:47.02        00:35:12.68 Explain how Hiv infect our defence cell CD4 T-cell, and become volunerable to defent the disease. After 30 yesrs since they first discover the disease,Some new discover in curing the HIV
掌管 5        00:05:37.40        00:17:25.65 Uk will band the use of animal involve in experiment.
掌管 4        00:01:41.41        00:11:48.24 Thompson and barnes analysed the data, and presice the range in 20~30days.
掌管 3        00:03:09.20        00:10:06.83 Weather pattern over southern hemisphere have a regular pulse in roughly two weeks.
掌管 2        00:03:37.66        00:09:57.63 There is a reation when we watch the attractive face, which influence us to make disition.
掌管 1        00:03:19.96        00:03:19.96 Pacific ocean makes cool wind to blow to the south, and than bring the energy to worm western pacific ocean.
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