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[阅读小分队] 【Native Speaker每日综合训练—31系列】【31-09】科技

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发表于 2014-1-27 22:52:56 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
Official Weibo: http://weibo.com/u/3476904471
Hello 各位,今天起我将为大家带来科技的小分队啦~
马上就要过年了,先提前祝大家新年快乐!
选文章的时候看到好多好多有趣的文章想带给大家,但无奈篇幅有限,挑了我觉得比较有趣的几篇。
首先,是关于3D打印机的,这个能打印食物和枪械的神器东西又有新花样了。然后是关于reflective pavement markers的,原来小小的路标还有不同意思。最后,边走路边玩手机是很危险的。
越障则是霍金大神关于黑洞的新想法。今天的越障有点难,如果觉得看不懂,可以去这里科普下再看,有助于理解结构,虽然看完还是不懂这高深的物理,但是能够理清文章思路就够了。
http://www.guokr.com/question/536183/
P.S.  每逢过年胖三斤,我好想要KIM和二米的礼物啊!!




Part I: Speaker
[Rephrase 1]
Computers Are The Future, But Does Everyone Need To Code?

by NPR STAFF
January 25, 2014 4:00 PM

+



Source: NPR
http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2014/01/25/266162832/computers-are-the-future-but-does-everyone-need-to-code


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 楼主| 发表于 2014-1-27 22:52:57 | 显示全部楼层
Part II: Speed
Article 2:
The World’s First 3-D Printed Book Cover
By Kristin Hohenadel

[Time 2]
There is a lot of talk in design and publishing circles these days about the objectification of the book in a time when words no longer need be contained in discrete physical packages and screenbased reading is becoming the norm. Authors, designers, and publishers hope that a heightened attention to form will encourage people to buy, hold, display, and keep books on the shelves in a world where making books from dead trees is a dying art.

So it was unsurprising but still kind of cool when Riverhead Books released the world’s first 3-D printed book cover earlier this month. The limited-edition printed book sleeve for On Such a Full Sea by award-winning Korean-American novelist ChangRae Lee was designed by Riverhead art director Helen Yentus and produced by Brooklyn-based MakerBot. The design is a 3-D take on Futura typeface, a piece of sculptural typography formed from a corn-based bioplastic printed on a MakerBot Replicator 2 Desktop 3-D Printer. One of 200 original signed, numbered copies—initially  priced at $150—is currently on sale at Amazon for $795. (Amazon is also selling the hardback original for $16.77 and the Kindle version for $12.29.)

It remains to be seen whether 3-D book covers will become commonplace or remain a rarefied exercise in style. But it’s notable that the first 3-D book cover is the casing for a novel, not a coffee table book, and one in which the design is used as an extension of the flat typography on the cover of the book, used to bring a third dimension to the written word.
【262】
Source:Slate
http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_eye/2014/01/17/the_world_s_first_3_d_book_cover_on_such_a_full_sea_by_chang_rae_lee.html

Article 3:
Reflections on Things That Go Bump in the Night
By Mark Vanhoenacker


[Time 3]
Driving along a stretch of American asphalt in the dark of winter, you may notice that the road doesn’t seem to get quite as dark as it used to. One reason? Those little reflective bumps along the pavement. Some of these reflectors come in unsurprising colors—red, yellow, white. What about the blue ones, though? And the green ones? Are they purely an aesthetic choice, or is there a reason behind the color variations?

Brent Johnson, general manager of the well-named Centerline Supply Ltd., in Grand Prairie, Texas, told me that these reflectors are called pavement markers, raised pavement markers, reflective pavement markers, or RPMs.* And it turns out the colors do have meaning.

Red, as usual, is bad. It typically indicates you’re going the wrong way. If you turn around—probably a good idea—the RPMs will likely appear white or yellow to those driving in the correct direction. Yellow (or amber) markers typically show the center line of a road, or the left edge of a one-way road. White markers separate lanes of same-direction traffic and may also appear on the right edge of the road.

Blue RPMs are designed to catch the eye of emergency vehicle drivers as they indicate the presence of a hydrant on the side of the road. Steven Cole, president of the Reflective Tape Store, notes that blue markers are typically placed at the center of the road or on the side. If the hydrant stands at a corner, then each road might have its own marker. Marcia Lozer, a spokeswoman for 3M Roadway Safety, notes that blue RPMs may also indicate emergency entrances onto roads near firehouses—so they’re something even regular motorists might want to notice.
【321】


[Time 4]
Green RPMs have several purposes. They’re most often used on roads around gated communities to indicate access for emergency vehicles. Utility companies may also deploy green RPMs to help them find roadside installations quickly, especially in an emergency. Cole also notes that red and green markers may be placed on private roadways, e.g. around factories, to “restrict or open areas to automobiles and traffic.” And markers of all colors go off-road. Hunters may use them to mark trails; homeowners, to highlight driveways or paths; warehouses, to indicate where pallets should be stacked.

RPMs have some fascinating historical precedents. Every British motorist will be familiar with cat’s eyes, patented in 1934 by Percy Shaw, and named for how feline eyes seem to glow (a consequence of cats’ extraordinary night vision). The value of cat’s eyes to road safety became literally apparent in World War II blackouts (though more recently, cat’s eyes flew off the road and killed a prominent DJ).

Californians, meanwhile, will be familiar with Botts' dots, popularized in the 1960s. These provide tactile feedback to those who drive over them—occasionally known as “driving by Braille,” a term that inspired at least one movie, a band, and a book. They’re not usually reflective, but they’re so beloved that 1997 rumors of their demiseprompted howls of protest and comparisons of Botts' dots to a “loyal, good old dog.”

The modern RPM was born with an initial 1964 patent application, followed by another patent granted in 1986 that addressed the unique design requirements of any object that sits outside for the whole year on a busy road. A reflective marker must exhibit “economy and ease of manufacture, high-quality optical performance, impact resistance, weatherability and resistance to chemicals encountered on the roadway and ability to withstand a wide range of in-service temperatures.” There are also snow-plowable RPMs.
【311】


[Time 5]
The purpose of pavement reflectors is, of course, to save lives. They have been shown to help drivers see lanes better and sooner, especially when it’s raining, and to cut crashes by 0.5 accidents per million vehicle miles. That explains why you’re seeing more and more of them. Jameelah Hayes, a spokesperson for the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, told me that reflective pavement markers are an increasingly big part of how communities invest in road safety.

In browsing images of reflectors, I began to find them beautiful as well as helpful. Partly it’s the sudden detail of the ordinary—we may see thousands of these every day but never look at one up close. And partly these safety devices have the attraction of anything shiny or reflective; Cole notes that some people have used RPMs to create mosaics on buildings and other public art. There’s a simple visual poetry to how we add reflectivity and color to the world around us. RPMs are a minor but clever part of how our species has conquered the night.

And if you think we’ve been a little too successful in our war on darkness, then that’s just one more reason to shout your love of pavement reflectors from the rooftops. I spoke to Paul Bogard, who recently chronicled the scale of modern light pollution in his book The End of Night. Why light whole roads, for entire nights, when each car carries its own lights? Bogard notes that on “many roadways, street lighting is so bright that people forget to turn on their headlights.” On roads where pedestrian safety isn’t an issue, more pavement reflectors “could be a key part of how we reduce energy costs and light pollution.”
【297】
Source:Slate
http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_eye/2014/01/23/what_s_that_thing_a_brief_history_of_reflective_pavement_markers.html

Article 4:
The Science Is Clear: Don't Text and Walk
Being distracted by texting makes people walk more slowly and crookedly, and they are more likely to be hit by cars
By Joseph Stromberg
[Time 6]

You need to get yourself somewhere. You want to send a text message. For most people, the decision to text while walking comes without a moment of hesitation.It's easy to convince yourself—consciously or unconsciously—that you won't be distracted, that you're capable of simultaneously composing your message and minding street traffic with peripheral vision.

But what if this isn't true? What if texting while walking is actually a risk, a danger to be stamped out like texting while driving?

A group of Australian scientists from the University of Queensland recently decided to answer this question with some hard data. To gather it, they took 26 volunteers, strapped reflective markers on them, and digitally captured their movements as they walked about thirty feet while texting "the quick brown fox jumped over the three lazy dogs."

A digital rendering of the average position of one participant while walking and texting, built from data collected by the digital motion capture system. (Image via Schaburn et. al.)The results, published today in PLOS ONE​, showed that compared to their normal gaits, the volunteers walked more slowly and crookedly while texting. They also moved their necks less, keeping them flexed downward.

Does this mean that texting walkers are at greater risk of getting hit by a car? The Australian researchers didn't test this idea, but other scientists have, and their findings show how bad of an idea it is to walking around typing on your phone.

In a 2012 study, a group of researchers observed 1102 people cross busy intersections in downtown Seattle. Texters were nearly 4 times more likely to demonstrate what the scientists called "unsafe behaviors": disobeying a traffic light, straying from a crosswalk or failing to look both ways before crossing. As part of other research, conducted on people inside simulators in a lab, texters were hit more often by virtual cars because of their distraction.
【319】

【The Rest】
It's hard to determine exactly how many people are hit by cars because they're texting while walking, partly because it's difficult to say if a car or pedestrian is at fault in every specific accident. But it's telling that the number of people entering emergency rooms with injuries they sustained by falling, tripping or running into a stationary object while using their phones is steadily increasing.

Does this mean we're about to see an influx of laws that ban texting while walking? In May 2012, police officers in Fort Lee, New Jersey, began issuing $85 jaywalking tickets to people they saw doing it, while legislators in New York, Arkansas and Nevada have proposed laws that would ban it.

But whether or not the government's going to make you stop texting while walking, the science says you should remember what you were taught as a little kid: Look both ways before crossing the street. Instead of down at your phone.

Source:Smithsonianmag
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/scientists-is-clear-dont-text-and-walk-180949421/

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 楼主| 发表于 2014-1-27 22:52:58 | 显示全部楼层
Part III: Obstacle
Article 5:
Stephen Hawking: 'There are no black holes'

Notion of an 'event horizon', from which nothing can escape, is incompatible with quantum theory, physicist claims.
Zeeya Merali



[Paraphrase 7]

Most physicists foolhardy enough to write a paper claiming that “there are no black holes” — at least not in the sense we usually imagine — would probably be dismissed as cranks. But when the call to redefine these cosmic crunchers comes from Stephen Hawking, it’s worth taking notice. In a paper posted online, the physicist, based at the University of Cambridge, UK, and one of the creators of modern black-hole theory, does away with the notion of an event horizon, the invisible boundary thought to shroud every black hole, beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape.

In its stead, Hawking’s radical proposal is a much more benign “apparent horizon”, which only temporarily holds matter and energy prisoner before eventually releasing them, albeit in a more garbled form.

“There is no escape from a black hole in classical theory,” Hawking told Nature. Quantum theory, however, “enables energy and information to escape from a black hole”. A full explanation of the process, the physicist admits, would require a theory that successfully merges gravity with the other fundamental forces of nature. But that is a goal that has eluded physicists for nearly a century. “The correct treatment,” Hawking says, “remains a mystery.”

Hawking posted his paper on the arXiv preprint server on 22 January1. He titled it, whimsically, 'Information preservation and weather forecasting for black holes', and it has yet to pass peer review. The paper was based on a talk he gave via Skype at a meeting at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics in Santa Barbara, California, in August 2013 (watch video of the talk).

Fire fighting
Hawking's new work is an attempt to solve what is known as the black-hole firewall paradox, which has been vexing physicists for almost two years, after it was discovered by theoretical physicist Joseph Polchinski of the Kavli Institute and his colleagues (see 'Astrophysics: Fire in the hole!').

In a thought experiment, the researchers asked what would happen to an astronaut unlucky enough to fall into a black hole. Event horizons are mathematically simple consequences of Einstein's general theory of relativity that were first pointed out by the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschildin a letter he wrote to Einstein in late 1915, less than a month after the publication of the theory. In that picture, physicists had long assumed, the astronaut would happily pass through the event horizon, unaware of his or her impending doom, before gradually being pulled inwards — stretched out along the way, like spaghetti — and eventually crushed at the 'singularity', the black hole’s hypothetical infinitely dense core.

But on analysing the situation in detail, Polchinski’s team came to the startling realization that the laws of quantum mechanics, which govern particles on small scales, change the situation completely. Quantum theory, they said, dictates that the event horizon must actually be transformed into a highly energetic region, or 'firewall', that would burn the astronaut to a crisp.

This was alarming because, although the firewall obeyed quantum rules, it flouted Einstein’s general theory of relativity. According to that theory, someone in free fall should perceive the laws of physics as being identical everywhere in the Universe — whether they are falling into a black hole or floating in empty intergalactic space. As far as Einstein is concerned, the event horizon should be an unremarkable place.

Beyond the horizon
Now Hawking proposes a third, tantalizingly simple, option. Quantum mechanics and general relativity remain intact, but black holes simply do not have an event horizon to catch fire. The key to his claim is that quantum effects around the black hole cause space-time to fluctuate too wildly for a sharp boundary surface to exist.

In place of the event horizon, Hawking invokes an “apparent horizon”, a surface along which light rays attempting to rush away from the black hole’s core will be suspended. In general relativity, for an unchanging black hole, these two horizons are identical, because light trying to escape from inside a black hole can reach only as far as the event horizon and will be held there, as though stuck on a treadmill. However, the two horizons can, in principle, be distinguished. If more matter gets swallowed by the black hole, its event horizon will swell and grow larger than the apparent horizon.

Conversely, in the 1970s, Hawking also showed that black holes can slowly shrink, spewing out 'Hawking radiation'. In that case, the event horizon would, in theory, become smaller than the apparent horizon. Hawking’s new suggestion is that the apparent horizon is the real boundary. “The absence of event horizons means that there are no black holes — in the sense of regimes from which light can't escape to infinity,” Hawking writes.

“The picture Hawking gives sounds reasonable,” says Don Page, a physicist and expert on black holes at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada, who collaborated with Hawking in the 1970s. “You could say that it is radical to propose there’s no event horizon. But these are highly quantum conditions, and there’s ambiguity about what space-time even is, let alone whether there is a definite region that can be marked as an event horizon.”

Although Page accepts Hawking’s proposal that a black hole could exist without an event horizon, he questions whether that alone is enough to get past the firewall paradox. The presence of even an ephemeral apparent horizon, he cautions, could well cause the same problems as does an event horizon.

Unlike the event horizon, the apparent horizon can eventually dissolve. Page notes that Hawking is opening the door to a scenario so extreme “that anything in principle can get out of a black hole”. Although Hawking does not specify in his paper exactly how an apparent horizon would disappear, Page speculates that when it has shrunk to a certain size, at which the effects of both quantum mechanics and gravity combine, it is plausible that it could vanish. At that point, whatever was once trapped within the black hole would be released (although not in good shape).

If Hawking is correct, there could even be no singularity at the core of the black hole. Instead, matter would be only temporarily held behind the apparent horizon, which would gradually move inward owing to the pull of the black hole, but would never quite crunch down to the centre. Information about this matter would not destroyed, but would be highly scrambled so that, as it is released through Hawking radiation, it would be in a vastly different form, making it almost impossible to work out what the swallowed objects once were.

“It would be worse than trying to reconstruct a book that you burned from its ashes,” says Page. In his paper, Hawking compares it to trying to forecast the weather ahead of time: in theory it is possible, but in practice it is too difficult to do with much accuracy.

Polchinski, however, is sceptical that black holes without an event horizon could exist in nature. The kind of violent fluctuations needed to erase it are too rare in the Universe, he says. “In Einstein’s gravity, the black-hole horizon is not so different from any other part of space,” says Polchinski. “We never see space-time fluctuate in our own neighbourhood: it is just too rare on large scales.”


Raphael Bousso, a theoretical physicist at the University of California, Berkeley, and a former student of Hawking's, says that this latest contribution highlights how “abhorrent” physicists find the potential existence of firewalls. However, he is also cautious about Hawking’s solution. “The idea that there are no points from which you cannot escape a black hole is in some ways an even more radical and problematic suggestion than the existence of firewalls,” he says. "But the fact that we’re still discussing such questions 40 years after Hawking’s first papers on black holes and information is testament to their enormous significance."
【1375】

Source:Nature
http://www.nature.com/news/stephen-hawking-there-are-no-black-holes-1.14583


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 楼主| 发表于 2014-1-27 22:54:39 | 显示全部楼层
好久没沙发了,可耻的来自沙一下,顺便提前把作业交了


Speaker:  Public and government all think that people should learn sth about coding,since more works rely on computers and coding ability can make people more easy to find a job.But someone thinks that not everyone need to learn about coding.People just need to work done their own job and let programmers to do this kind of thing.But if you are interested in commend machine,you should learn it and it is easy now to learn coding.

01:36
The world’s first 3-D printed book cover was printed this month..

01:33
The meaning of red,yellow,white and blue RPMs.

01:24
The meaning of green RPMs.Introduce the develop history of PRMs and its historical precedents.

01:36
The aim of RPMs is to save people's life.More than safety issue,RPMs are also created to be art.Moreover, using RPMs to instead road lights many save energy.

01:18
Experiments show that texting while walking is a dangerous behavior and may make you lose your life.

08:41
Main Idea:Hawking's new theory about black hole.
The classical theory about black hole is that nothing can escape from black hole.But Quantum theory enables energy to escape from it.To solve this conflict,scientists require a theory that successfully merges gravity with the other fundamental forces of nature. But it is still unknown.
So Hawking raised his suppose to solve the black-hole firewall paradox.
This problem was raised from a supposed situation that an astronaut falls into the black hole.During the analysis of this situation,the event horizon must turns to a firewall.But the firewall obeyed quantum rules and flouted Einstein’s general theory of relativity.
So Hawking raised a third simple option:The black hole does not have event horizon to catch fire,instead it has an apparent horizon.
Hawking's theory seems to be reasonable but some questions about it are remained.If he is correct,there is some black holes without event horizon in the space while scientists have not dicouvered them.
Several ideas about this theory from othter scientists.

发表于 2014-1-27 22:58:23 | 显示全部楼层
哇 板凳~~~谢谢疏离~~~~以后疏离也加入了咩~~~撒花~~

Speaker:
Computers are going to be a big part of our future.
Code Day--Spent time coding.
But some people think this is going backward and they don't
think everybody need to be a coders.
It is much easier to figure out if the programming is sth you like.

Speed:
Time2:1'13
a 3-D take on Future typeface
Time3:1'05
Those reflectors on roads are pavement markers.
Each color represents different meanings.
Time4:1'14
Green pavement for an emergency.
History of these markers and the  significance.
Time5:1'18
The purpose of these pavement markers:
To save life and attention.
Time6:1'23
Waking while texting is one of those unsafe behaviors.
Obstacle: 9'03
Stephen Hawking wants to redefine his theory about the black holes.
His new work is about fire fighting, which find out the laws of quantum mechanices.
His third option that a black hole could exist without an event horizon came up
And different views about his conclusion.





发表于 2014-1-27 23:06:34 | 显示全部楼层
疏离也加入工作组了么

Speaker
is coding really needed for everyone?
programming is not a secret any more.
Obama: make it, help design it, program it.
Atwood: you don't have to program to do things, it's not for everyone. but if you want to learn how to do it, the resources are there.

Speed
Time2: 1:58:09 262
The world's first 3-D printed book cover was released by Riverhead Books. Will this become commonplace or remain a rarefied exercise in style? We'll see.
Time3: 1:49:98 321
The colors of reflective pavement markers have different meanings.
red: wrong way
yellow: show the center line of a road or the left edge of a one-way road
white: separate lanes of the same-direction traffic
blue: indicate the presence of hydrants
Time4: 2:25:28 311
green rpms have several purposes: indicate access for emergency vehicles or private roadways, used to mark trails, and so on.
rpms' precedents: cat's eyes, botts' dots
design requirements of rpms: ease of manufacture, high-quality optical performance, weatherability, resistance to chemicals, etc.
Time5: 1:49:96 297
rpms help drivers to see lanes better and sooner.
rpms have been applied to buildings and other public art.
rpms might help us reduce energy costs and light pollution.
Time6: 2:23:28 319
Do not text and walk. Australian scientists showed that people walked more slowly and crookedly while texting. The research conducted in Seattle showed that people who walked and texted were hit more often by virtual cars.

Obstacle 11:05:19 1375
the notion of an event horizon: the invisible boundary thought to shroud every black hole, beyond which nothing can escape. event horizons are simple consequences of the theory of relativity. however, quantum theory indicates that event horizon must be transformed into "firewall" that would burn the astronaut to a crisp.
SH: apparent horizon - temporarily holds matter and energy before releasing them. quantum theory shows that energy and information can escape from a black hole. SH's new work is an attempt to solve the balck-hole firewall paradox. black holes can slowly shrink.
Page: accepts SH's proposal but questions whether that alone is enough to get past the firewall paradox. apparent horizon would disappear. SH's approach is not practical.
Polchinski: is sceptical that black holes without an even horizon could exist in nature.
RB: cautious about SH's solution
发表于 2014-1-27 23:11:47 | 显示全部楼层
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
哇哦,莫非是占到了疏离发分队贴的作文帖~
还是首页呢,看来这次作业必须按时完成咯(不想又被主页菌删掉了呜呜呜呜)
------------------------------------------------------------------
掌管 3        00:02:16.96        00:05:35.17
掌管 2        00:01:52.60        00:03:18.21
掌管 1        00:01:25.60        00:01:25.60

发表于 2014-1-27 23:34:54 | 显示全部楼层
Day 2014.01.27
thanks~ 疏离,文章尤其配图好,给你32个赞
We believe in that We can,forever 
Time 2: 2'26"19
The World’s First 3-D Printed Book Cover
Has been excepted for a long time and after compared with other from book such as paper ,electronic ,and it ,may bring a big change to our reading world.
Time 3: 2'27"07
这是国家差异吗,难道我们的叫锥筒?
Introduce a design that is used to notice the drive different by different color ,red wrong way ,yellow center white the rode edge and blue catch the driver's eyes 
Time 4: 3'12"15
The green has serval function and RPM is mess also tell us these design history at past and at present 
Time 5: 2'33"73
The pavement mark is used to reduce the accident and is imply that human being can conquer the darkness,yet some expert also hold opponent opinion as well 
其实今天刚发三分钟就看到了,但是怕没补上还要麻烦主页菌,没了沙发板凳哪怕没了主页也先写作业,剩下的只好明天补
发表于 2014-1-27 23:38:43 | 显示全部楼层
占下来。。。。。。。。。
Time 2:1'35''
Time 3:1'57''
Time 4:1'54''
Time 5: 1'46''
Time 6: 2'09''
Obstacle: 7'09''

写好的东西没保存,全没了,这次作业只能交个时间了。
发表于 2014-1-28 00:04:43 | 显示全部楼层
哇哇,谢谢沙发帝疏离首页

Time2: 1m52s
The first 3D-printed book cover are released this month,and it remain to be seen whether this cover will be common.
这样的书应该很占地吧~~

Time 3: 1 m59s
The bumps in the road is not an aesthetic art, they have special indicative for different color ones.

Time42m29s
The RPM has it’s historical precedent in from the cat’eyes to it’s initial application.

Time5: 1m30s
The PRM is not only keep safety for driver ,but also save the energy.

Time6: 1m53s
The study demonstrate that when people text while working,their wallk speed are limited by the crookedly gesture, and also rise the risk of hitting by car.  

Rest: 58s
Should we yield laws to ban the action of text while walking?


Obstacle10m26s

Hawking published that the black holes do not exist.
In one discussion about the result of one astraunont falling to the black hole, scientists find that the Event horizon is contradict to the quantum theory.
Generallythe relative theory can applied in anywhere the universeand is more prior to event horizon.
Hawking suggests the apparent horizon,rather than the event horizon,and it indicate that anything can escape from the black hole and there have no any singularity in the core of the whole.
Don Page accept hawking’s assumption that the black hole cant exist without the event horizon,but he suspect that the firewall paradox.
Polchinski,and Raphael Bousso, hold causative about the hawking’s solution.






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