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[阅读小分队] 【Native Speaker每日综合训练—29系列】【29-08】科技

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发表于 2013-12-16 22:53:57 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
Official Weibo: http://weibo.com/u/3476904471

大家好,科技妖又来了~
speaker说二天痛不如现在痛,缠缠绵绵等着未来的痛最痛
~
再痛也不能盲目节食,Obstacle说大肠菌会快速的反应饮食变化,突然想起吃首页的小菌菌~




Part I:Speaker

Pain Now Is Easier Than Pain Later
Delaying inevitable pain may not be the best route when it comes to decreasing your anxiety. Christie Nicholson reports
[Rephrase 1]

[Dialog, 1:21]


Transcript hided

An upcoming dental appointment can be terrifying. So terrifying, in fact, that the fear of future pain can be a worse experience than the actual pain during the procedure. So finds a study in the journal PLOS Computational Biology.

Volunteers had to choose a date on which they would have hypothetical, painful dental work, and choose another date to get a real electric shock.

Most subjects strongly preferred to schedule the pain (real or theoretical) as soon as possible—they felt that the dread of waiting was just too much to endure. They did not want to wait even though they were told that the shocks would be less intense if they put them off.  

The minority of participants who did choose to delay their pain thought that doing so would reduce their immediate anxiety. Which is the same motivation for those who wanted to get the pain over with sooner.

However, the delaying group suffered increasing levels of anxiety as time wore on.

So, when you have the freedom to choose, the best strategy appears to be to rip off the band-aid, fast. Never dread til tomorrow what you can suffer through today.

—Christie Nicholson

Source: Scientific American
http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=pain-now-is-easier-than-pain-later-13-12-13

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 楼主| 发表于 2013-12-16 22:53:58 | 显示全部楼层
Part II:Speed


For babies, walking opens a whole new world
by Laura Sanders 8:00am, December 12, 2013

[Time 2]
Yesterday, Baby V and I were hanging out in the living room talking about some of her friends. I was running down the list, saying the names of all of her fun pals at day care, her jovial librarian and her enchanting doctor.  When I got to the stuffed animals and said “Teddy,” she jerked her head up and looked toward her room, the big brown bear’s habitat.

I held her hands as she stood and motored toward her room. As we rounded the corner and discovered Teddy, she shrieked with joy and nearly wriggled out of my grasp. I think she might even have her own version of the word: a high-pitched “duh” followed by a lower “dee.” Further experiments to follow.

With these new skills — walking (with two-handed help) and talking (sort of) — Baby V’s world is expanding. Fast.

Compared with her previous nine months alive, these last few weeks have been a whole new kind of crazy. She’s able to not only observe her world, but to change it too. Instead of watching me hide my face with a blanket, she can play peek-a-boo herself, precisely timing the big reveal for maximum hilarity. She’s clearly the boss of her own self.  

A big contributor to this newfound autonomy is her ability to move around. Baby V can zoom around a room on her hands and knees and pull herself up on furniture. She thinks she can walk, and even run, but still needs two big hands to help balance. All of this dizzying motion catapults a baby into a new world, changing the context in which a baby grows and learns, a new study in Developmental Psychology suggests.
[281 words]


[Time 3]
Independent of age, babies who walk earlier have a bigger vocabulary, the study found. Researchers followed 44 babies from about 10 months of age to 13 1/2 months — prime time for walking and talking to emerge. As walking skills increased, so did the number of words a baby could understand and say. Crawlers understood about 75 words. Babies who had been walking for 8 weeks knew more than 100, the team found. Likewise, babies who crawled could produce just over 10 words, while experienced walkers could say about 30.

The results, like most studies of babies, are observations, and can’t explain whether learning to walk actually causes vocabulary gains. But the idea is plausible for several good reasons, the authors write, and my own experience agrees.   

Compared with a crawling Baby V, a walking Baby V moves faster, has a better view and has two hands free (we’re still working on that one). A nimble, roaming Baby V will command more of my verbal attention. She will be able to point at friendly doggies, inviting people to describe the animals. She will be able to go get her favorite book and carry it over to her dad. Her motion will elicit all sorts of interesting new words from adults, like “Get down from that amplifier!”

For Baby V, walking will be what some scientists call a “setting event,” one that propels a baby into a new realm and influences a baby’s growth in lots of different ways. Baby V hasn’t arrived into the walking world quite yet, but she’s beating a path there fast.
[264 words]


Source: Science News
https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/growth-curve/babies-walking-opens-whole-new-world



NASA's chief scientist on Mars, moons and money
by Alexandra Witze 13 December 2013

[Time 4]
Planetary geologist Ellen Stofan joined NASA in August as the agency’s chief scientist, an overarching role in which she advises on the science of all NASA programmes. Nature caught up with Stofan at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, where she was taking in a raft of discoveries, from developments on Mars to the possibility of water on Jupiter’s moon Europa.

Why should NASA send humans to Mars when robots have been so successful?

We’re not sending generic people to Mars — we’re sending scientists to Mars, we're sending explorers. While robotic explorers are important and gain you amazing information, if you think of the ground that’s been covered by the rovers Opportunity and Spirit, or by Curiosity — that could be covered by humans in a fraction of the time. I have a personal bias that if we’re truly going to understand Mars as a habitable planet, it’s going to take human geologists and human astrobiologists on the surface to find that out.

Is planetary science at NASA really in dire financial straits?

Whenever you get more than US$1 billion of US taxpayer money, in my mind the situation is never dire. It maybe is not the programme you would like to execute, but it’s a lot of money. We spend it wisely and we have a very vigorous programme. We just launched the Mars orbiter MAVEN, and we have many missions on the books. With the budget that we have, we feel we are returning significant science.

What has been the best part of the job so far?

Learning about the utilization of the International Space Station and some of the scientific results that have come out of that. But it is a finite asset. Right now it’s only running through 2020, and NASA is looking at extending its life through 2028. Are we making the best case that the space station is a critical asset for this nation? Are we maximizing scientific research there to the best extent that we can? In spring we’ll be launching the first rodent laboratory up to the station, and there will be a lot of exciting stuff going on.
[360 words]


[Time 5]

What has been the worst part?

Probably the budget uncertainty. We are looking at the possibility of another budget sequester in January. A second sequester will have huge effects on the agency. It’s a distraction that’s depressing. This is the greatest space agency in the world, and we can’t plan the way we should be able to.
You have proposed a mission to Saturn’s moon Titan. When is NASA going there?

Not soon enough. One of my focuses coming into the job is to see how we can utilize the assets that we have and the money that we have to try to get as much access to scientific data as we can. These might be small mission lines, infusing new technology to bring the cost down, or looking at problems differently. I was really proud of the concept of going to a sea on Titan. People said it would cost a huge amount of money and we demonstrated that it could be done for far less.

NASA associate administrator John Grunsfeld has suggested that the next call for ideas for a small discovery mission would be in 2015, and for a bigger mission under the New Frontiers Program in 2022. Why so long?

The decadal survey [of community priorities] had hoped for a faster cadence of missions. This is the cadence that’s possible with the current budget.

How can NASA do things differently?

If we’re innovative and if we apply new technologies. One of the big frustrations, which drives up overall mission cost, is launch cost. What if you had a bigger rocket and could cut the travel time to Titan in half?
[274 words]


Source:Nature
http://www.nature.com/news/nasa-s-chief-scientist-on-mars-moons-and-money-1.14350


Mars was habitable longer, more recently than thought
by Andrew Grant 12:00pm, December 9, 2013

[Time6]
The dried-up Martian lakebed where NASA’s Curiosity rover landed last year could have supported microbial life for millions of years, ending as recently as about 3.5 billion years ago. The findings, described in six studies published December 9 in Science, expand what scientists thought was a very brief window of time during which life could have thrived on the Red Planet.

Curiosity, an SUV-sized rover, landed on Mars in August 2012 in a region full of rocks that resemble weathered clays on Earth. In March, researchers announced that minerals in a sample drilled in an area known as Yellowknife Bay had formed long ago in a lake that was neither salty nor acidic. The lake’s water may have been hospitable to bacteria (SN Online: 3/12/13). Now, after finding multiple layers of clays in the area and determining the chemical composition and ages of several samples, researchers are confident that this temperate era was prolonged, perhaps giving simple life a chance to take hold.

Curiosity hasn’t detected complex organic chemicals that are essential for life. But project scientist John Grotzinger of Caltech notes that many of the ancient rocks Curiosity analyzed reached the surface relatively recently, so their molecules haven’t been severely battered by solar radiation. He adds that the rocks are about the same age as the oldest rocks on Earth with signs of life, possibly allowing researchers to compare the planets’ early life-friendly environments.
[235 words]


Source:Science News
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/mars-was-habitable-longer-more-recently-thought

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 楼主| 发表于 2013-12-16 22:53:59 | 显示全部楼层
Part III: Obstacle

Extreme Diets Can Quickly Alter Gut Bacteria
Posted In: Biology | Evolution | Health | The Microbes That Make Us
[Paraphrase 7]
Eat up. This plant-based meal was provided as part of a test of the effects of diet on gut microbes.

With all the talk lately about how the bacteria in the gut affect health and disease, it's beginning to seem like they might be in charge of our bodies. But we can have our say, by what we eat. For the first time in humans, researchers have shown that a radical change in diet can quickly shift the microbial makeup in the gut and also alter what those bacteria are doing. The study takes a first step toward pinpointing how these microbes, collectively called the gut microbiome, might be used to keep us healthy.

"It's a landmark study," says Rob Knight, a microbial ecologist at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who was not involved with the work. "It changes our view of how rapidly the microbiome can change."

Almost monthly, a new study suggests a link between the bacteria living in the gut and diseases ranging from obesity to autism, at least in mice. Researchers have had trouble, however, pinning down connections between health and these microbes in humans, in part because it’s difficult to make people change their diets for the weeks and months researchers thought it would take to alter the gut microbes and see an effect on health.

But in 2009, Peter Turnbaugh, a microbiologist at Harvard University, demonstrated in mice that a change in diet affected the microbiome in just a day. So he and Lawrence David, now a computational biologist at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, decided to see if diet could have an immediate effect in humans as well. They recruited 10 volunteers to eat only what the researchers provided for 5 days. Half ate only animal products—bacon and eggs for breakfast; spareribs and brisket for lunch; salami and a selection of cheeses for dinner, with pork rinds and string cheese as snacks. The other half consumed a high-fiber, plants-only diet with grains, beans, fruits, and vegetables. For the several days prior to and after the experiment, the volunteers recorded what they ate so the researchers could assess how food intake differed.

The scientists isolated DNA and other molecules, as well as bacteria, from stool samples from before, during, and after the experiment. In this way, they could determine which bacterial species were present in the gut and what they were producing. The researchers also looked at gene activity in the microbes.

Within each diet group, differences between the microbiomes of the volunteers began to disappear. The types of bacteria in the guts didn't change very much, but the abundance of those different types did, particularly in the meat-eaters, David, Turnbaugh, and their colleagues report online today in Nature. In 4 days, bacteria known to tolerate high levels of bile acids increased significantly in the meat-eaters. (The body secretes more bile to digest meat.) Gene activity, which reflects how the bacteria were metabolizing the food, also changed quite a bit. In those eating meat, genes involved in breaking down proteins increased their activity, while in those eating plants, other genes that help digest carbohydrates surfaced. "What was really surprising is that the gene [activity] profiles conformed almost exactly to what [is seen] in herbivores and carnivores," David says. This rapid shift even occurred in the long-term vegetarian who switched to meat for the study, he says. "I was really surprised how quickly it happened.”

From an evolutionary perspective, the fact that gut bacteria can help buffer the effects of a rapid change in diet, quickly revving up different metabolic capacities depending on the meal consumed, may have been quite helpful for early humans, David says. But this flexibility also has possible implications for health today.

"This is a very important aspect of a very hot area of science," writes Colin Hill, a microbiologist at University College Cork in Ireland, who was not involved with the work. "Perhaps by adjusting diet, one can shape the microbiome in a way that can promote health," adds Sarkis Mazmanian, a microbiologist at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, also unaffiliated with the study.

But how it should be shaped is still up in the air. "We're not yet at a point where we can make sensible dietary recommendations aimed at 'improving' the microbiota (and the host)," Hill writes. He and others are cautious, for example, about the implications of the increase seen in one bacteria, Bilophila wadsworthia, in the meat-eaters that in mice is associated with inflammatory bowel disease and high-fat diets. Says Knight, "There's still a long way to go before causality is established."

So Hill's best advice for now: "People should ideally consume a diverse diet, with adequate nutrients and micronutrients—whether it's derived from animal or plant or a mixed diet."
[799 words]

Source:Science AAAS
http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2013/12/extreme-diets-can-quickly-alter-gut-bacteria

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发表于 2013-12-16 22:55:05 | 显示全部楼层
thx, 妖姐~

Speak: the fear of future pain can be more terrible than the actual pain during the procedure.

Speed:
1'56''
1'44''
2'27''
1'56''
2'05''

Obstacle-5'31''
Although gut bacteria can affect our health and disease, we can control our body condition through a diverse diet with adequate nutrients and micronutrients.
发表于 2013-12-16 23:25:15 | 显示全部楼层
占~~THX妖姐

Speaker:the fear of a future pain experience will be worse than actual pain.

01:04
The walking and talking opens a new world to babies.

00:44
The scientiifc study and the author's own experience show that babies who walk earlier have a bigger vocabulary.

01:45
An interview of NASA's chief scientist Ellen Stofan.The propose to send a man to Mars.Although the money is reduced,it is not a disaster.Some good programs in NASA.

01:18
The limited budget is the worst problem NASA is facing.They do not have enough money to acclerate current plans.Launch cost is troubling NASA.

01:25
Recent findings on Mars shows that Mars was habitable longer than scientists have thought.

04:46
Main Idea:Extreme diets can quickly alter gut bacteria
Some study shows that gut has effect on people's health.The effect comes from the gut bacteria.And our diet can change the microbial makeup in gut.Another study also shows that gut has some links to diseases.But we need a long time to alter our  microbial makeup by diet which can affect our health.
However a new experiment find a new diet that can alther the gut bacteria quickly.By adjusting diet,one can shape the microbiome in a way that can promote health.But the mechanism is still in the air.
发表于 2013-12-16 23:47:19 | 显示全部楼层
你你,怎么又在我楼上@疏离
29-08
Speaker
the dread of waiting was just too much to endure. thedelaying group suffered increasing levels of anxiety as time wore on. Neverdread til tomorrow what you can suffer through today.

2 281 1min34
3 264 1min19
Baby who can walk will have a better view and expand herworld-have more control and understand more words.
4 360 2min17
Stofan answered some of the most concern about NASA work-whydo we need human on Mars-opinion about the budget-what’s fun about this chiefjob
5 274 1min42
6 235 1min19
Obstacle 799 4min49
bacteria in the gut affect health and disease-a radicalchange in diet can quickly shift the microbial makeup in the gut and also alterwhat those bacteria are doing- by adjusting diet, one can shape the microbiomein a way that can promote health-There's still a long way to go
发表于 2013-12-17 00:19:40 | 显示全部楼层
占座~~~~~谢谢捉妖~
Speed:
Time2:1’00
Time3:1’18
Time4:1’46
Time5:1’16
Time6:1’36
Obstacle:4’21
发表于 2013-12-17 07:22:25 | 显示全部楼层
占楼啦~~~
Speaker: if u have the freedom to choose ,enduring the pain now because suffer increase levels of anxiety as time wore on
7 5:15 scientist was surprise to find that gene profiles conformed almost exactly to what in herbivores and carnivores.So diversified diet with adequate nutrition and micronutrients is necessary
2 1:59  new skills --walking and speaking open a new world to baby.they can control the world byy themselves
3 1:40 the babies who walk earlier have bigger vocabulary because nimble baby will command nore of the verbal attention
4 2:05 we can send robots to Mars since robots have been successful and NASA is not in dire financial straits
5 1:30 scientist find multiply layer of clays in the area and determining the chemical composition and ages of several samples, besides that they also found the rocks about the same age as the oldest rock on Earth
发表于 2013-12-17 08:13:12 | 显示全部楼层
首页   。。         
2013-12-17 29-08
Speaker  never till tomorrow what you can suffer today
2  281  1’36
3  264  1’36  walking can help babies to master more speaking and vocal words than the babies who can not. Walking enable the baby to explore the outside world with his own legs, own eyes and more importantly own ways.
4  360  2’38
5  274  1’49
6  235   1’59 a new finding says that there can be simple life in mars in a longer and more recently time period than we normally though.
7  799  5’38  even a immediate change of diet can influence the but bacteria. Not vary the kind of the bacteria but change the number or magnitude of the different bacteria. Maybe we can control our health by control what we eat. However, the knowledge we have now could not give us the details or methods of how and what specific foods we eat.
发表于 2013-12-17 09:01:05 | 显示全部楼层
谢谢捉妖~

掌管 6        00:04:57.56        00:15:09.85
掌管 5        00:01:43.95        00:10:12.29
掌管 4        00:02:18.73        00:08:28.34
掌管 3        00:02:38.59        00:06:09.60
掌管 2        00:01:56.45        00:03:31.01
掌管 1        00:01:34.56        00:01:34.56
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