【Native Speaker每日综合训练—28系列】【28-16】科技

zxppx

Official Weibo: http://weibo.com/u/3476904471
大家好! 胖胖翔来了! 最近看了一部电影《Front of the Class》，男主角患有Tourette Syndrome，找了两篇文章和一个视频分享给大家。虽然我从来没有见过这样的人，但是如果以后遇到他们，希望能够尊重他们！speaker的演讲者，就是电影中的主人公的原型，是讲他在一次课堂上的经历！

Part I：Speaker

【Rephrase1】
Article 1
Brad Cohen Speaking

[Dialog, 6: 39]


Source:
http://www.7262.com/player/html/aHR0cDovL3d3dy50dWRvdS5jb20vcHJvZ3JhbXMvdmlldy9xZHdyRW41Sm1LYy8%3D.htm

zxppx

Part II：Speed

【Time 2】
Article 2
Tourette Syndrome in Secondary Schools: The Real Picture

Dec. 2, 2013 — Secondary school can be a stressful enough time for any teenager, but for those living with Tourette Syndrome (TS) their neurological condition can present a whole new set of challenges.
Now a study led by researchers at The University of Nottingham has given a unique insight into the impact of TS on secondary education by talking to parents, teachers and, for the first time, the young people themselves.
As a result of the study commissioned by the national charity Tourettes Action, and funded with £335,751 by the Big Lottery, the powerful words of young people with TS are being used to train teachers on how to recognize and respond to the condition.
Professor Georgina Jackson, who led the research in the University's Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, said: "This study is the first to address the experiences of young people with TS from their own point of view.
"TS is often seen purely in terms of the tics that affect many with the condition but for these children there is often an awful lot going on inside their heads too, often related to anxiety over how to control their visible symptoms.
"Like any teenager, they are keen to fit in and the quality of their school experience and the development of friendships at this important stage of their life can have a huge impact on how they adjust to living with the condition in adulthood."
TS is an inherited neurological condition affecting as many as one in 100 school-age children. The condition is characterized by tics -- involuntary, uncontrollable and repeated sounds and movements -- which start in early childhood and peak from the age of 11 through the teenage years.
These tics can change in type, severity and frequency and can be temporarily delayed with effort -- meaning that pupils with TS can present a changing picture and there may be periods when their tics become more severe and disruptive in the classroom.
This can pose a challenge for teachers, many of whom have little experience of the condition, in recognizing TS symptoms rather than perceiving a child to be deliberately disruptive or 'naughty'.


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【Time 3】


The study recruited 35 young people with TS through Tourettes Action and through mainstream secondary schools in the East Midlands, West Midlands and Yorkshire.
Academics interviewed each young person, one or both of their parents and one or two members of staff from their school -- which included teachers, teaching assistants and Special Educational Needs Coordinators (SENCOs).
They were asked to talk in detail about how having Tourette syndrome affects them in school, including their classwork, behavior and relationships with others.
The three challenges more frequently reported by the young people were problems concentrating in class, unhelpful responses by school staff and teasing and bullying by other students, such as name-calling and mimicking tics.
Some also reported that homework, examinations, writing, anxiety and managing anger were additional challenges for them. For example, severe movement tics involving the hands can cause difficulties with completing homework and with handwriting. Vocal tics, such as making sounds or saying words out loud could sometimes attract unhelpful responses from school staff, such as being told off.
The young people reported significantly more victimization than normal but relatively few staff were aware that their students were being teased or bullied.
The results of the study have been used to devise a new training package for secondary schools, which covers the basics of TS, its symptoms and how it's diagnosed as well as common misconceptions -- for example TS does not affect IQ and is not a learning disability but can be a barrier to learning.
It goes on to explore the issue of tics and outlines the social, emotional and economic impact of TS and the challenges facing those with the condition. Quotes given by the young people in the study are used to illustrate what it is like to have Tourette Syndrome in school and to help staff to better understand the day-to-day reality of the condition.
Most crucially it also offers practical guidance to staff on supporting pupils including better communication with pupils and parents, greater recognition and respect for the management strategies that pupils use to control their condition and greater awareness of when teasing and bullying may be taking place.
In addition, it also advises not to punish pupils for behavior which they cannot help.
The academics have delivered the training package to around 80 school staff to-date and are currently recruiting more schools interested in taking advantage of the resource.
It will also be used by Tourettes Action to update the information materials on their website which are aimed at children, their families and their teaching staff.


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Source:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/12/131202094138.htm


【Time 4】
Article 3
Tourette Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders in Children

Dec. 17, 2012 — More than one in every ten schoolchildren suffers from a transient tic disorder, and 1% have a particular type of tic disorder known as Tourette syndrome. In this issue of Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, Andrea G. Ludolph of the Universitätsklinikum Ulm and her coauthors report on the available modes of diagnosis and treatment for these disorders.
Tic disorders usually take a benign course; in about 90% of patients, the tics regress spontaneously in adolescence. Specific treatment is indicated only if the tics are severe or cause evident psychosocial stress. On the other hand, 80% to 90% of all patients with Tourette syndrome have comorbid disorders such as attention deficit—hyperactivity disorder, depression, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive disorder. These comorbidities often impair patients’ quality of life more than the tics themselves do, and their treatment is, therefore, a priority.
At present, tics cannot be cured, nor is there any treatment aimed at their cause, which remains unknown. Moreover, there is no available treatment that can improve all of the potential symptoms of Tourette syndrome simultaneously while also treating all of its comorbidities. Atypical neuroleptic drugs are the agents of first choice in the treatment of tics, but, before any drug treatment is begun, all patients should first undergo a trial of behavior therapy, whose beneficial effect has been documented by sound scientific evidence. The state of the evidence regarding pharmacotherapy for Tourette syndrome is still poor.


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Source:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121217110647.htm


【Time 5】
Article 4
Humans are becoming more carnivorous

Study reveals global shift towards animal-based diet — a bad omen for the environment.
The fast-growing economies of China and India are driving a global increase in meat consumption, cancelling out decreases elsewhere, according to a comprehensive study of global food consumption
The work, published today in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, takes a detailed look at what people eat, as well as trends from one country to the next. It is also the first time that researchers have calculated humanity's trophic level, a metric used in ecology to position species in the food chain.
The metric puts plants and algae, which make their own food, at trophic level 1. Rabbits, which eat plants, occupy level 2. Foxes, which eat herbivores, sit at trophic level 3. Cod, a fish that eats other fish, claims level 4. Polar bears and orcas, which have few or no predators and eat other mammals with gusto, hold the top positions — levels up to 5.5.
The study, led by Sylvain Bonhommeau, a fisheries scientist at the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea in Sète, estimates that humanity's global median trophic level was 2.21 in 2009, which puts us on a par with other omnivores, such as pigs and anchovies, in the global food web. “We are closer to herbivore than carnivore,” says Bonhommeau. “It changes the preconception of being top predator.”


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【Time 6】

Moving up
The study also looked at how eating patterns have changed over time. The researchers calculated the human trophic level for 176 countries for each year from 1961 to 2009 using a data on 102 types of food — from animal fat to yams — compiled by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
Over 50 years, an increase in fat and meat consumption has moved us further up the food web, with the global median human trophic level increasing 3% — or about 0.06 — during the period.
“It seems like a small difference, but when you think about how it’s calculated, it’s big,” says Thomas Kastner, an environmental scientist at Alpen-Adria University in Vienna, who was not involved in the study. An organism’s trophic level is calculated by summing the trophic levels of the foods in its diet and the proportion in which they are consumed. “A change by 0.1 means you are eating considerably more meat or animal-based foods,” says Kastner.

Regional differences
But changes were not uniform across the globe. Countries such as China and India, where hundreds of millions of people have lifted themselves out of poverty — and often out of diets that involved little more than rice — have shown marked increases in their trophic level. However, places such as Iceland, Mongolia and Mauritania, where traditional diets are mostly based on meat, fish or dairy, have seen their trophic levels decline as they diversified their daily fare.
Calculating human trophic levels reveals our place in the ecosystem and can help scientists to understand human impact on energy consumption and resource strength. Calorie for calorie, the environmental impact of producing meat — in terms of everything from carbon emissions to water use — is typically many times larger than that of producing vegetable foods. Furthermore, a 2006 FAO study found that the livestock industry is directly or indirectly responsible for 18% of global greenhouse-gas emissions — a larger share than all modes of transport combined. “If we all increase our trophic level, we’ll start to have a bigger impact on ecosystems,” says Bonhommeau.


字数[345]
Source:
http://www.nature.com/news/humans-are-becoming-more-carnivorous-1.14282

zxppx

Part III： Obstacle

【Paraphase7】
Article 5
Many teens try alternatives to cigarettes
Product types vary dramatically among ethnic groups

Tobacco use is a very dangerous habit. Public-health officials are particularly concerned when teens experiment with tobacco because it can lead to a lifetime of addiction — and life-threatening disease. Yet despite knowing tobacco’s dangers, huge numbers of teens continue to experiment with it. The good news: Teen tobacco use in 2012, including cigarettes, dropped slightly from the year before. The bad news: Their use of many other tobacco products rose during the same 12 months.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC, in Atlanta, Ga., asks large numbers of teens each year about their tobacco use. The most recent results, for 2012, show that cigarettes accounted for more than half of the tobacco use reported by the 26,650 students surveyed.

Slightly more than one in every 18 middle-school students reported using tobacco in the past 30 days, CDC found. Among those in high school, the rate was far higher — nearly one in every four teens. CDC scientists reported their findings Nov. 15 in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.

Every day, another 3,800 U.S. teens smoke their first cigarette, according to a second recent report. Released in 2012 by the U.S. Surgeon General’s Office, it notes that more than 1,000 teens each day transition to becoming daily smokers.

“The vast majority of Americans who begin daily smoking during adolescence are addicted to nicotine by young adulthood,” according to Kathleen Sebelius. She’s Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, based in Washington, D.C. Her department runs the Surgeon General’s Office, CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

By 2010, daily smoking among school kids had dropped to an average of 7.3 percent —from 16.8 percent in 1999, the recent Surgeon General’s report finds.

The new CDC survey shows this trend is continuing, although it’s slowing. Fourteen percent of high school students reported smoking cigarettes last year. Among middle school kids, cigarette smoking dropped last year to 3.5 percent (it had been 4.3 percent the year before).

What may surprise many people: Teens have been turning to a wide range of cigarette alternatives. And over just one year, there has been a sharp rise in the number of teens who use many of these other tobacco products.

Flavored smokes . . .
The fastest growth has been in teen use of electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes. These battery-powered devices disperse nicotine and other chemicals in an aerosol (a spray) that users inhale. Depending on the brand, e-cigarette aerosol sprays can contain flavorings that can be especially attractive to teens (such as fruit, mint and chocolate).

Between 2011 and 2012, e-cigarette use almost doubled among U.S. teens, CDC finds. Use remains low among all age groups: In the previous 30 days, just 1.1 percent of middle-school students and 2.8 percent of high-school teens reported using e-cigarettes. However, some two to three times as many students have tried e-cigarettes, even if it wasn’t recently. That’s according to a second new report by CDC, which was released on Sept. 6.

Because e-cigarettes don’t burn tobacco, many people — including kids — view them as safe. They aren’t. CDC notes that many e-cigarettes disperse chemicals that can irritate the lungs, that damage genes or that research has linked with causing cancer in animals.

Especially troubling, FDA does not regulate who can use e-cigarettes or what can be in them. FDA does regulate the minimum age of 18 for cigarette buyers (some states have raised it to 19). FDA also makes it illegal for manufacturers to advertise cigarettes to underage teens. But in most states, CDC finds, there is no legal minimum age for buying or using e-cigarettes.

As of 2012, the CDC estimated that 1.78 million school kids have at least tried e-cigarettes.

Getting hooked by hookahs?
Teen experimentation with hookahs has also been rising. A type of water pipe, hookahs allow people to inhale smoke that is cooler and potentially less irritating to the throat and lungs than cigarette smoke. A 2010 survey found that 17 percent of U.S. high school seniors had used hookahs in the past year. (Boys were somewhat more likely than girls to have tried them.) Hookah use can be twice that high among college students, CDC notes.

CDC’s new teen survey finds that 1.3 percent of middle school teens used a hookah in the last month, as did four times that many high school teens. Again, boys were far more likely than girls to have used a hookah in the past 30 days.

Hookah use can be quite social, with the same mouthpiece passed from person to person. Contributing to the impression that these are not as nasty as other tobacco products, hookahs can flavor the tobacco smoke being inhaled, giving it the taste of apple, mint, cherry, chocolate, coconut, licorice — even watermelon. Yet due to how hookahs are used, the smoke they deliver can be as toxic and addictive as a cigarette’s, CDC reports.

In fact, “The volume of smoke inhaled during a typical hookah session is about 90,000 milliliters, compared with 500 to 600 milliliters inhaled when smoking a cigarette,” CDC’s website observes. As a result, hookahs may actually deliver higher levels of toxic chemicals into a user’s lungs.

Cigars attract some groups
The new CDC teen survey found more than twice as many middle-school kids used cigars as smoked electronic cigarettes. Among older teens, cigar use was roughly four times as high as e-cigarette smoking. More than 12 percent of high school teens reported lighting up cigars, including almost 17 percent of boys and more than 8 percent of girls.

Cigar smoking rates were highest among non-Hispanic black high school students. In 2012, 16.7 percent of these teens reported using them in the past month. That is a 42 percent increase from 2011, and twice the rate of three years earlier. In fact, more black high school students now smoke cigars than cigarettes.

By contrast, only about 12 percent of white or Hispanic high-school students smoked cigars in 2012. This was about half as many as reported smoking cigarettes.

What’sa cigar’s appeal? Some are are taxed at lower rates than cigarettes, making them cost less. Moreover, the new CDC report says, cigars can be “legally sold with certain flavors that are banned from cigarettes.” This may boost their popularity among teens.

An epidemic
Tobacco use by children is now “epidemic” within the United States and the world, the U.S. Surgeon General’s Office notes. Teens who use cigarettes and other tobacco products will usually continue to smoke into adulthood. Among those adult smokers, half are projected to die 13 years earlier than nonsmokers.

However, studies suggest that people who don’t use tobacco before age 18 probably never will. So this gives public health officials a strong motivation to keep teens from experimenting with this powerful drug.

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Source:
https://student.societyforscience.org/article/many-teens-try-alternatives-cigarettes

lilacrabbit

辛苦ppx！
掌管 6 00:05:39.17 00:15:08.04
掌管 5 00:02:00.17 00:09:28.87
掌管 4 00:01:18.51 00:07:28.70
掌管 3 00:01:32.31 00:06:10.18
掌管 2 00:02:27.81 00:04:37.87
掌管 1 00:02:10.06 00:02:10.06
Time2
Introduce TS. The ationl charity T Action takes action by train teachers how to recognize young children with TS.
Young children who have TS were not deliberately naughty.
Time3
By studying the details about TS children daily life in school and home, scientists suppose that the most important key is guidance pupils communication with pupils, teachers and parents, while teacher should not to punish or tease pupils for thier uncontrol behavior.
Time4
To cure tic disorders need trials of behavior therapy associated with drug treatment, but the therapy for TS is still unsound.
Time5&6
A study reports that people from omnivore begun tend to carnivore. Classify the food chain level, human per meat consume has increased during 1961-2009.
meat cosume---livestock industry----responsible greenhouse gas
If human all increase our tophic level, it will has big impact on ecosystem.
OBSTACLE
The amount of tobacco use in student has  increased.
E-cigarette is not safe to, chemicals in which can irritate the lungs.
Some states have not yet set legal with the minimum age of using e-cigarettes.
Teen have experence with hookahs also rising.
Studies suggest that if people don't use tobacco before age 18, they would never use it, probably.

吐吐yeah

今天发的真早~~~谢谢ppx啦~~~

Speaker
The speaker is a patient of TS.He talks about his experience in class(he is not understood by teachers and is made fun of by classmates)
One day, a special educator came to him and planned to educate the other people about TS.After that speech, his life changed.

掌管 6        00:07:02.21        00:15:52.65
掌管 5        00:01:45.68        00:08:50.44
掌管 4        00:01:14.39        00:07:04.75
掌管 3        00:01:23.80        00:05:50.36
掌管 2        00:02:27.27        00:04:26.56
掌管 1        00:01:59.28        00:01:59.28

Obstacle
main idea:Many teens try alternatives to cigarettes.
structure:
1.Teen tobacco use dropped slightly ,but their use of many other tobacco products rose.Teens have been turning to a wide range of cigarette alternatives.
2.e-cigarettes(which are not safe in fact)
3.hookahs(which may actually deliver higher levels of toxic chemicals into a user’s lungs)
4.cigars（cost less and have certain flavors that are banned from cigarettes)
5.Tobacco use by children is now “epidemic” within the United States and the world.
However, people who don’t use tobacco before age 18 probably never will.So it is important to keep teens from experimenting with tobacco.

kimwang53

thx ppx            

speaker (speaker很赞，故事很感人！）
brad cohen, a man who has suffered tourette syndrome, gave a speech about the changing of his life and how he think of it.
4th grade, he learnt he has the disease. 5th grade, he apologized to the class bcuz of it. his mother tried to tell the truth which brad has tourette syndrome, but no one listened.
middle school, teacher didn;t let him learn math.
social life is zero; he has no friend.
one day, a special educator came to him and planed to educate the other students with brad.
after the speech, everyone was educated and accepted brad.
the real problem is people don't want to know the tourette syndrome.

speed
2.00
thoes teenagers who has TS need to face more challenges than others. TS can also pose a challenge for teachers.
2.22
a study recuited TS teenagers, their pairents, their classmates and their teachers showed that people don't know much about TS and they trick with TSs.
the study is helping more TS in many ways.
1.36
there is still no way to cure TS well.
1.22
humans are closer to herbivore than carnivore.
1.58
eating patterns changed a littlle but the amount changed a lot
changes were not uniform across the globe.
If we all increase our trophic level, we’ll start to have a bigger impact on ecosystems

叶晴豆

火速占位，终于占到一环了~（我才不会告诉你们有人偷偷把链接发给我了呢~）
1:58
2:51
1:37
1:40
2:13
Obstacle 8:07
teen tobacoo use fall but other tobacoo products use rose in 2012
high school students use tobacoo more than middle school students use---daily smoking dropped and the trend is continuing---turn to wide range of cigarette alternatives
e-cigarettes: reamins low but double---have no minimum age limits
hookah---diverse flavors; college＞high school in2010 ,boys＞girls；severly toxic
cigars---black high school students＞white; cost less; legally sold
likely continue to smoke into adulthood---13 years less to live

疏离无罪

还有首页么。。。。今天好早，感谢PPX

Speaker:The experience of a Tourette Syndrome patient.And what he did to change the situation and other people's attitude.The speaker seems to be excited.

01:50
A study is made to have a sight on the TS teeneagers on secondary education.They really have much tougher time and challenge.Then describe what TS looks like and the influence of the TS.A program was set to help teachers to recognize TS correctly.

02:20
The study interviewed several teenagers who were troubled by TS.The main three problem they are facins are concentrating in class,unhelpful response by staffs and bullying by other students.More basic knowlege about TS should be added into secondary schools.And staffs should be trained to treat these students correctly.

01:19
Tic disorder is just gentle action of TS.There may be some worse problems.It is still unknown the course of TS and how to treat it.

01:13
A study that divides animal to different trophic levels.Human was 2.21 in 2009,which seems to be close to omnivores.

01:21
Human are consuming more meat now than before.But this is not a global phenomenon.China and India whose main diet were rice consume more and Iceland whose mian diet was meat consumes less.The meaning of this study.

06:14
Main Idea:Teens use other tabacoo products to replace cigarettes.
Using tabacoo is a bad habit.But more and more teens are useing it now.The current situation is that teens use less cigaretts and more other kinds of tabacoo products.
1 e-cigarette Teens viewed e-cigarettes as safe.But it is untrue.And there is no regulations about e-cigarette.
2 hookahs Hookahs are more harmful to human's health.
3 cigars Cigars are cost less and easy to buy,which attracte more teens.
Tabacoo use is damage our health.People who use tabacoo will die 13 year earlier than people who do not use.
People who do not smoke before 18 will never smoke.
感觉我周围的同龄人都不抽烟

olivia瓜瓜

叶晴豆 发表于 2013-12-3 21:29
火速占位，终于占到一环了~（我才不会告诉你们有人偷偷把链接发给我了呢~）
...

刚才做阅读去了，错过首页
Speaker:
The man appeal everyone to learn,to know the Tourette Syndrome and to understand the these person.

In my 4 grade camp summer, i first made some froggy noise, and i am proud of the froggy man award.
when i back to school, i realize  i am different from other students.
I made this voice in the classroom, my teacher cant take it, yell me to stop my noice.
In my 5 grades, my teacher ask me to apologize to every students.
In my middle school,7 grades, the math teacher who know my Tourette Syndrome.
Knowing my Syndrome, he still put me in the back face the blackboard.
Until one day, a special teacher come to our school, he advice educate everybody the Tourette Syndrome.
I was exciting, and got the evryone's applaud.
My life became better .      
Speed:

Time2: 2m

The first study to interview the TS’s view points related the relative, school classmates, teacher and themselves is founded .

The character of TS is the tic,begin the earlier and peak in 11 years old, the school time for children.

Time3: 2m13s

The study interview the TS pupil and the teachers ,teaching assistant stuff. They are asked to describe the challenge for the TS pupil.

And this study educate the teachers to recognize and response the TS symptom.

Time4: 1m15s

1% children have disorder symptom in the school.

This symptom impair the patients quality of life more than than tics.

Behavior therapy is the first step for the treatment for the Ts, although we have not yet cured this disease.   

Obstacle: 7m27s

The teens cigarettes is a serious problem in the middle and high school.

However, study show that recent years, the frequency that students consume cigarettes is declining. Why ?

Because teenager turn to a lot of alternatives instead of cigarettes.

The first is the e-cigarettes  which people think should be healthier.actually, it also emission many harm chemicals.

And there have no any legal limits on sale and purchase of e-cigarettes.

The second is the hookahs.which attract many high school and middle school students.

The high school student is often more than the middle school students to consume the cigarettes in 30 days.and the boy group is often more tan girls students.   

The non-spanic black school prefer the cigars  because of it’s rare legal limitation and lower price.  

The students who consume the cigarettes will addicted when they become adult, but those who in school time dont touch cigarettes will not consume the tabacco all life.  

Prohibiting the cigarettes in school children is significant.      

sherlock1992

好感人的电影，谢谢ppx推荐~
Speeding:
T2-2'24''
T3-2'30''
T4-1'37''
T5-1'26''
T6-2'09''

Obstacle-7'14''