【Native Speaker每日综合训练—28系列】【28-08】科技

捉妖

Official Weibo:http://weibo.com/u/3476904471

大家好，今天的speaker说压力影响人的食量，speed说压力影响狗狗摇尾巴的方向
来看看我们的小伙伴和小狗伴是不是压力有点大~~

Part I：Speaker

Overeating Due to Stress?  
If you over-eat or under-eat as a reaction to stress, don't worry, your body may compensate to balance you over time. Christie Nicholson reports
[Rephrase 1]

[Dialog, 1:31]


Transcript hided

  Stress can make some people (me included) lose our appetite. Other folks find comfort in food. But such behaviors may actually even out in the long term. Because researchers find that people who change eating patterns when stressed out may actually make up for those not-so-healthy impulses during easier times. So finds a study in the journal Psychological Science.

Volunteers for the study self-identified as either “munchers” or “skippers”. Each person had to interact with another person via video chat, with the intention of meeting them later. After each video interaction participants received a message either stating that their partner decided not to meet them, or that they were excited to meet them. As a control, some participants were told the study had just been canceled. Then the researchers offered ice cream to everyone—as much as they wanted.

The munchers who got rejected ate more ice cream than did those in the control group, and the skippers who were rejected ate less. All as you’d expect.

But here’s the twist: Among the participants who received positive feedback, the munchers actually ate less than the control group. And the skippers ate more.

So even stress eaters are sometimes less-eaters. Unless they’re always stressed out.

—Christie Nicholson

Source: Scientific American
http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=overeating-due-to-stress-13-11-17

捉妖

Part II：Speed

Wag the dog: When left vs. right matters
by Bethany Brookshire 4:49pm, November 1, 2013  

[Time 2]
Most of us see a wagging dog’s tail and think it’s got to be a good sign. Wagging = welcome, right? Especially if it’s the kind of wag that’s knocking over small items.  But it turns out that not all wags are equal, and some are a lot more welcoming than others.  

When I walked into my college biology course freshman year, we started out with a discussion of symmetry. Most animal are built with some symmetry, either radial or bilateral — radial like a starfish, bilateral like a human. Symmetry means things, like health or attractiveness. But it turns out that asymmetry can mean things too. And an asymmetrical behavior might mean some important things for dogs.

Marcello Siniscalchi of the University of Bari Aldo Moro in Italy and colleagues decided to look at asymmetry in dog wags. They noticed that sometimes, dogs wag more to the right, usually when seeing their owner or something else happy. They wag more to the left when they see something like a dominant or unfamiliar dog. So the wag itself could represent the emotional state of the dog doing the wagging.

But can the dogs seeing the wagging (the wagees) tell the difference? In a paper published October 31 in Current Biology, the authors found that they can. They used videos of a real dog or the silhouette of a dog wagging to the right (the wagging dog’s right, by the way) or to the left, and examined 43 other dogs as they watched (OK, they started with 56, but 13 didn’t pay attention), to see how the wagee reacted. The observing dogs wore a vest to monitor their heart rate, and were videotaped so behaviorists could look at their behaviors afterward.

When shown a right wag or no wag, the viewing dogs showed more relaxed behaviors and appeared low stress. But when shown a left wag, the viewing dogs showed higher levels of stress, with tails tucked down, legs braced, whining, all the way up to running away. Other dogs showed increase alertness, scanning the area, tail up, and ears forward. They all showed higher heart rates as well, and many salivated, a sign of stress. A left wag is not a welcoming wag!
[372 words]

[Time 3]
The question left now is … what do dogs do with this information? They show more signs of stress, but how do they then behave? Do they back off? Approach with caution? Get ready to attack? Also, we’ve now seen what this means for the dog observing the wag, the wagee, to use the technical term. But what does this mean for the wag-ER? What makes a dog exhibit a left or a right wag? Is it a real reflection of emotional state as hypothesized? And is it an honest signal? Can a dog FAKE a wag, to, say, look less or more dominant?

In addition, are there other aspects of the wag that are different? Is it more than just left vs. right? For example, is the right wag more “open” and relaxed, with bigger movements (characteristic of a relaxed dog), than the left wag, which might be more “tense,” and have smaller movements? This may not be the case in the video demonstration, but in real life, is there a difference, and does that contribute to how other dogs respond?

While the wagee’s were all different breeds (from Jack Russell to Rotweiler), the stimulus dog shown in the video was only a single dog. A bigger dog, it’s a little Shepherd-like. I wonder how the reactions might change if the dog were smaller, or how they change when two dogs are radically different sizes?

What’s interesting is that the findings from the paper are completely opposite to previous findings when scientists used a robotic dog! Makes me wonder if the dogs in that study knew a fake when they saw one.

The authors suggest that the difference in tail wag is a left brain/right brain issue. They back this up with neuroanatomy, referring to the ruprospinal tract, a tract of nerves that controls voluntary movements. In both humans and dogs, this tract “decussates” or crosses on its way from the brain to the spine. The authors hypothesize that this cross means a lefty-wag would be “right brain,” while a righty-wag would be “left brain.” Which fits with a previous behavior hypothesis that the “left brain” in dogs is associated with approach behavior while the “right brain” is associated with withdrawal behavior.
[373 words]

[Time 4]
But I feel like this might be more complicated. First off, it doesn’t just take one side of your muscles to wag (if you are the type of animal that wags). If you’re contracting the muscles at the base of the tail on the right (so you’ll wag right), you relax the ones on the left. If course, you can get a right LEANING wag with more muscle action on the right, so that doesn’t invalidate the hypothesis, but it does mean you’re dealing with something more than “right brain” and “left brain.” But there’s also the issue that fear-related behaviors and reward-related behaviors are associated with activation on BOTH sides of the brain. You don’t just get activity in one amygdala. Finally, dogs are clearly capable of complex social interactions, something that requires a lot of higher processing. It takes a lot of thinking to figure out which signal you want to pass on to other dogs, and to “decode” that signal. The two “sides” of the brain are always going to work together to a greater or lesser extent. It would be interesting to see the processing going on while a dog makes a left or a right wag.

Regardless of how it happens, which way the dog wags could be important for both how we approach dogs, and how we work with dogs when trying to do things like socialize them with other dogs. When you see a dog next time, look closer. Is that tail going to the right or left? If left, you could be in for a less friendly reception than you anticipated.
[269 words]

Source: Science News
https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/scicurious/wag-dog-when-left-vs-right-matters

Americas’ natives have European roots
by  Ed Yong 20 November 2013

The oldest known genome of a modern human solves long-standing puzzles about the New World's genetic heritage.

[Time5]
The 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the Siberian village of Mal’ta have added a new root to the family tree of indigenous Americans. While some of the New World's native ancestry clearly traces back to east Asia, the Mal’ta boy’s genome — the oldest known of any modern human — shows that up to one-third of that ancestry can be traced back to Europe.

The results show that people related to western Eurasians had spread further east than anyone had suspected, and lived in Siberia during the coldest parts of the last Ice Age.

“At some point in the past, a branch of east Asians and a branch of western Eurasians met each other and had sex a lot,” says palaeogeneticist Eske Willerslev at the University of Copenhagen, who led the sequencing of the boy’s genome. This mixing, he says, created Native Americans — in the sense of the populations of both North and South America that predated — as we know them. His team's results are published today in Nature1.

In 2009, Willerslev’s team travelled to Hermitage State Museum in St. Petersburg, where it had arranged to collect a DNA sample from one of the Mal’ta boy’s arm bones. “We hoped that he could tell us something about the early peopling of the Americas, but it was a complete long shot,” he says.

The team found that DNA from the boy's mitochondria — the energy-processing organelles of living cells — belonged to a lineage called haplogroup U, which is found in Europe and west Asia but not in east Asia, where his body was unearthed. The result was so bizarre that Willerslev assumed that his sample had been contaminated with other genetic material, and put the project on hold for a year.
[289 words]

[Time6]
Ancient ancestry
But the boy’s nuclear DNA — the bulk of his genome — told the same story. “Genetically, this individual had no east Asian resemblance but looked like Europeans and people from west Asia,” says Willerslev. “But the thing that was really mind-blowing was that there were signatures you only see in today’s Native Americans.” This signal is consistent among peoples from across the Americas, implying that it could not have come from European settlers who arrived after Christopher Columbus. Instead, it must reflect an ancient ancestry.

The Mal’ta boy’s genome showed that Native Americans can trace 14% to 38% of their ancestry back to western Eurasia, the authors conclude.

“The distribution of genetic lineages 24,000 years ago must have been quite different from what we see today,” says Jennifer Raff, an anthropologist and geneticist from the University of Texas at Austin. “It would be very interesting to see what other genomes from this time period look like.”

Willerslev’s team suggests that after the ancestors of Native Americans split off from those of east Asians, they moved north. Somewhere in Siberia, they met another group of people coming east from western Eurasia — the people to whom the Mal’ta boy belonged. The two groups mingled, and their descendants eventually travelled east into North America.

New origins
“We already had strong evidence of Siberian ancestry for Native Americans; this study is important because it helps us understand who the ancestors of those Siberians might have been,” says Raff.

This new origin story helps to resolve several peculiarities in New World archaeology. For example, ancient skulls found in both North and South America have features that do not resemble those of East Asians. They also carry the mitochondrial haplogroup X, which is related to western Eurasian lineages but not to east Asian ones.

On the basis of these features, some scientists have suggested that Native Americans descended from Europeans who sailed west across the Atlantic. However, says Willerslev, “you don’t need a hypothesis that extreme”. These features make sense when you consider that Native Americans have some western Eurasian roots.

“There remains some debate about whether there was a single expansion of human groups into the Americas or more than one,” says Theodore Schurr, an anthropologist from the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. “The data from this paper support a single-migration scenario,” he says, but still allows for several sequential ones from the same intermingled Siberian gene pool.
[407 words]

Source:Nature
http://www.nature.com/news/americas-natives-have-european-roots-1.14213

捉妖

Part III： Obstacle

“One Coin for all your cards.” Image courtesy of Coin.

Soon, You Might Pay for Everything With a Coin
Posted By: Natasha Geiling — In the News,Personal Technology
[Paraphrase 7]
Let’s be honest, paying with change is a nuisance. Coins are heavy and cumbersome, and it’s nearly impossible to count them quickly. Some people think coins are such vestigial organs of an old payment system that there are campaigns to stop minting pennies and nickels altogether. As more and more people use credit and debit cards instead of cash, it appears as though coins will increasingly become a thing of the past—except for one Coin, which might completely change the future of how we pay for things.

Coin, a San Francisco-based start-up, announced its first product earlier this month—a credit card sized device that purports to simplify your life (and wallet) by acting as a kind of all-in-one card. With Coin, you can store up to eight different cards—from credit to debit to gift to loyalty cards—on a single device, and toggle between them using a circular button. Coin works just like any other card with a magnetic strip, and can be swiped or even inserted into ATMs.

To load various cards onto the Coin, users need to have a smartphone (currently the model works for iOS and Android mobile systems) and a Square-like attachment to swipe your cards, provided with a Coin purchase. After users download the Coin app onto their phones, they simply use the attachment to swipe their cards and then take a few pictures of the cards—the Coin stores the information, displaying the last four digits of the card number along with the expiration date and the CVV. The makers of Coin say that this makes Coin less susceptible to forms of credit card theft where people take pictures of a card, because the complete credit card number isn’t shown. You can still use your individual cards even after uploading them into Coin—something that might be useful at a bar, where you’d need to give the bartender a card to keep your tab open.

In the interest of security, Coin also sends out a low-energy Bluetooth signal when the card is a certain distance from your phone. So, if you absentmindedly leave your Coin somewhere, you’ll receive a message alerting you. You can also configure your Coin so that if it loses contact with your phone for a period of time it deactivates. It’s a way to protect against your card being stolen or lost—and though some have worried that it’s a double edged-sword, since the times you find yourself without phone battery might be the most important times to have access to cash, Coin has added a security feature that deals with this issue. If your Coin deactivates for any reason (your phone dies, you lose your phone, etc.), you can unlock the card manually, by tapping a “Morse-code-like” password on a button.

Coin CEO and founder Kanishk Parashar learned some key lessons from his previous start-up attempts, which centered around peer-to-peer payment apps that attempted to create seamless mobile payment experiences. Parashar found that even though the apps were fairly well received, it was too difficult to encourage users to pay in a way so outside of their normal habits.

“When we released these apps, we got decent traction, but a month or two in we weren’t getting any payments coming into the system,” says Parashar. He realized that there just wasn’t enough critical mass to inspire users to change their normal payment habits. “The existing solutions are already pretty good. [Any new product] needs to be able to interact with infrastructure that already exists,” Parashar explains.

So he went back to the drawing board and created Coin, which he thinks can more seamlessly integrate into the way we conduct transactions.

Some tech writers are concerned that by trying to integrate itself into existing infrastructures, Coin doesn’t go far enough. As Will Oremus at Slate writes:

To me, the only real problem with Coin is that it feels like a stopgap technology, like those CD-changer cartridges that were popular for a little while before everyone switched to mp3s. Replacing eight cards with one may lighten your load by an ounce or two, but is that enough to convince people to take the leap of faith involved in adopting a new payment system?

Over at The Verge, however, Ellis Hamburger praises Coin’s potential universal appeal. “It could end up being very useful for everyone from design nerds to moms and dads,” he writes, “because the value it offers is obvious: on the surface, it takes eight pieces of plastic and turns them into one piece of plastic.”

Coin isn’t the first product to combine multiple cards in one place; in 2010, Dynamics Inc. released a product known as Card 2.0, which worked much like Coin, allowing users to input multiple credit and debit cards onto a single device (Card 2.0 had no related app). Its release was met with much excitement from the tech community, and it won both the first prize and the people’s choice award at DEMO, a conference held in Silicon Valley for start-ups. But Card 2.0 didn’t quite catch on, because consumers could only obtain them through financial institutions. When it came time to release Coin, Parashar made sure to cut out the middleman and market to individuals.

“First and foremost, we went directly to the consumer,” says Parashar. “When you try to change something that is core to a consumer, like paying for things, what you have to do is bring a full solution that replaces the way they did things. Basically, Coin is going to be a lifestyle, and I feel like that resonated with consumers.”

For the next few weeks, early-birds can pre-order a Coin for $50, before the price is raised to $100. Parashar estimates that early-buyers will recieve their Coins in summer 2014.

Parashar acknowledges that, as with any new technology, Coin will be subject to scrutiny, but he welcomes feedback as a way to improve the user experience.

“Anytime there is a new technology that comes into play, there’s always some level of scrutiny. A lot of new products come out and there’s always a lot of analysis about it. First and foremost, we need to technically meet challenges,” says Parashar. “The bottom line is that when you build a product that everyone loves, there’s going to be a good result.”
[1056 words]

Source:Smithsonian
http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/ideas/2013/11/soon-you-might-pay-for-everything-with-a-coin-2/

kimwang53

最近总有前排~~谢谢捉妖
speaker
people who change eating patterns when stressed out may actually make up for those not-so-healthy impulses during easier times.

speed
1.54
dog's wags have different meanings.
right wags mean that they are happy while left wags mean the opposite.
1.46
the difference in tail wag is a left brain/right brain issue. a lefty-wag would be "right brain" which is associated with approach behavior. a righty-wag would be "left brain" which is associated with withdrawal behavior.
1.18
it might be more complicated. three reasons.

小鱼上树

妖妖我来了

28-08

Speaker

Changing eating patterns under stress may be actually goodfor our bodies.

2 372 2min02

3 373 1min40

4 269 1min04

Dog wag- right relax, left stressed- the dog’s react whenthey saw another dog wagging left or right- more questions- can they fake it-can they tell it’s a fake dog- each side of brain controls different emotions-but wag related to different side of muscle- things getting complicated- butleft wag is definitely not a friendly sign

5 289 1min08

6 407 2min

sherlock1992

thx, 妖姐~   By SH

---

28-08
Speaker:
stress->lose appetite
b. make up during ez. t. in the long run.
R: muncher vs. skipper->munchers(rej) ate more than control g. vs. skipper less ; less muncher(positive.) ate less.-> sometimes, unless always stre. out.

Speed:

掌管 5        00:02:19.59        00:09:42.26
掌管 4        00:01:44.43        00:07:22.67
掌管 3        00:01:37.39        00:05:38.23
掌管 2        00:01:59.71        00:04:00.84
掌管 1        00:02:01.12        00:02:01.12

Obstacle-6'00''

nuisance: a person, thing, or situation that annoys you or causes problems.

1.disadvantage of traditional coins->a new coin
2.intro. a new credit card device.
>Instruction for use & the feature of security
3.the motivation behind creating Coin
>pre.apps fail b/c outside of ppl normal habits.
now, C can tie tightly with infra.
4.Coin is more handy compared with the elder.
>consumer-centered, a lifesytle.
5.welcome scrutiny->improve the user experienec.

叶晴豆

挤挤，挤到前面~
1:49
1:43
1:27
1:30
2:23
Obstacle 6:21
introduce special Coin---change our way of paying
explain Coin---a credit card sized device ---store up to eight different cards---inserted into ATM
to swipe--- smartphone and a Square-like attachment
security---Bluetooth signal :send message(a certain distance); deactivates: manally tapping “Morse-code-like” password
create Coin---peer-to-peer payment apps too difficult to encourage users ---not enough critical mass ---more seamlessly integrate into the way we conduct transactions.
problem---stopgap technology---not enough eo convince people
praise---takes eight and turns into one
won't use middleman to sale Coin---Card 2.0's failure---Coin directly to the consumer
subject to scrutiny---welcome feedback---technically meet challenges

疏离无罪

占~~~~回到首页的感觉真好，感谢妖妖。
作业补完好开心

Speaker: People who change eating patterns when stressed out may actually make up for those not-so-healthy impulses during easier times.

01:52
The wag of dogs can expres their emotions.A right wag or no wag may show more relaxed behaviors and appeared low stress. a left wa may show higher levels of stress.

01:46
The aim of the wag and the difference between left and right wag.The authors suggest that the difference in tail wag is a left brain/right brain issue.

01:07
There may be some more complex explainations.But which way the dog wags could be important for both how we approach dogs, and how we work with dogs.

01:36
The 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the Siberian village of Mal’ta shows that native american may come from europe and west asia.

01:46
The DNA of the boy shows that ancestry of native american may be part of europeans and west asians.Europeans and west asians mingle with east asians at Siberian.

05:30
Main Idea:A new kind of devices called Coin,which can make our payment much easier.
Introduce the Coin and how it works.Coin can combine 8 cards into it with the help of mobile phone app.And the security is guaranteed.
The CEO of the coin has suffered several failures in early start-ups and he knew what is important to comsumers now:the easier access to comsumers to use it and inspiration that can change people's normal habits.
Some people think that the Coin is just a a stopgap technology such as CD-Changers.But others think it has a bright future.
The  CEO thinks that their product went directly to consumers and the Coin may become part of the lifestyle.

Dora7

啊啊啊~~首页！
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TIME2：2'44''77
the author do a research about the symmetry
find that dogs wag tails to express different emotions
relax ← →stress

TIME3：2'58''31
give many questions and hypoth;other different aspect
left/right brain decided right/left wag

TIME4：1'30''01
call the pervious hypoth into question :maybe more complex,two sides of brain work together
point:dog wags in which way

TIME5：2'26''99
mix genome of east asia and eurasians
but in 2009new findings that the dna from S was found in europe and west asia--＞ W imply that sample maybe contaminated

TIME6:2'13''41
however,nuclear dna prove they from west asia .
and author conclude that: 14% to 38% of their ancestry back to western Eurasia
genetic maybe different between 24000years ago and today

OBSATCLE:7’33‘’21
--old coin
--new COIN :store with 8 cards and new functions
--ues the coin with phone app
--about the security and deacticates were solved by the makers,don't worry
--consider the consumers payment habits--＞maybe a stopgap tech
--ELLIS :usefull and value obvious
--become lifestyle

ChrisCD

嗯，没记时间，今天的还是比较简单。。。mark一下吧。