ChaseDream
搜索
返回列表 发新帖
查看: 10632|回复: 75

[阅读小分队] 【NativeSpeaker每日综合训练—26系列】【26-02】科技

  [复制链接]
发表于 2013-10-8 19:52:43 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
Official Weibo: http://weibo.com/u/3476904471

大家好!胖胖翔来了!今天是国庆长假之后的第一个工作日,大家打起精神~ 今天的主题是Mars. 另外,Speaker的内容比较分散,今年的Nobel Prize 物理奖得主是研究“上帝粒子”的,等到下次各种文章出来了,我会分享给大家的!
Part I:Speaker
Rephrase1
Article 1
The 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: Rothman, Schekman and Südhof



[Dialog, 18:25]

Source:
http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=the-2013-nobel-prize-in-physiology-13-10-07

Part II:Speed
Time 2
Article 2
U.S. shutdown threatens launch of NASA's next mission to Mars

(CNN)
-- The effects of the U.S. federal government shutdown are threatening to ripple out into the solar system.
NASA's next mission to Mars, due to launch next month, is in danger of being delayed.

"We are just inside of seven weeks to launch and we are shut down," Bruce Jakosky, the head of the mission, said late Wednesday.
The project, known as Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN), aims to put a spacecraft in orbit around the Red Planet to study how it lost much of its atmosphere and became a desolate world.

Scientists find evidence of supervolcanoes on Mars
MAVEN is currently scheduled to take off from Kennedy Space Center in Florida on November 18 and has a 20-day launch window.

If it misses that opportunity, the team will have to wait more than two years for their next chance to launch, according to Jakosky, a planetary scientist at the University of Colorado, Boulder.
Large parts of the U.S. government began shutting down early Tuesday, and there is so far little sign of a solution to the political crisis that caused the stoppages.

The shutdown has already had an effect on preparations for the Mars mission, with a launch dress rehearsal and mission readiness review canceled this week, Jakosky said.

The mission has some margin for delays in its schedule, he said, but "every day is gold. We hate to give up margin days."

Water discovered in Martian soil
When the shutdown started to become a real prospect, MAVEN scientists began talking to NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland in the hope that their project would be exempt, Jakosky said.

But it wasn't.

Opinion: Shutdown a huge waste and cost to science
If the paralysis drags on, the setback to the project could be more than just a 26 month wait for the next launch window.

"The MAVEN mission is studying the sun's impact on the Mars upper atmosphere," Jakosky said. "Launching in this window places them at a solar maximum, for the greatest impacts of the sun's effect on Mars' upper atmosphere. The next window, if they are forced to launch, would put the spacecraft's arrival at solar minimum."

字数[364]
Source:
http://edition.cnn.com/2013/10/03/us/shutdown-mars-mission/index.html?iref=allsearch


Time 3
Article 3
Massive Undersea Volcano Is World’s Largest
A broad, 4-kilometer-tall feature on the seafloor about 1500 kilometers east of Japan is the world’s largest volcano, a new analysis suggests. At its tallest point, Tamu Massif (at lower left and center in main image; oblique view in inset) lies more than 2 km below the ocean’s surface. Unlike most volcanic seamounts, which are steep and typically no more than a few tens of kilometers across, the gently sloping Tamu Massif covers 310,000 square kilometers—about the same as the British Isles, or the base of Mars’s Olympus Mons, the solar system’s largest known volcano. (Its base is shown in dark purple at lower right, for comparison.) The massif’s slopes are exceptionally shallow, often less than 1°, thanks to lava that flowed freely before hardening. Researchers think the Tamu Massif is a single volcano because rock samples (labeled dots) have similar chemistry, and seismic surveys show that broad layers of rock emanate from the center of the feature. Today, Tamu Massif sits far from the edge of the Pacific tectonic plate and is presumed dead, but 145 million years ago the caldera plumbed the intersection of three tectonic plates, the researchers note today in Nature Geoscience. They haven’t finished dating rock samples drilled from the peak, but it’s possible that the entire seamount could have been formed in a million years or less.

字数[224]
Source:
http://news.sciencemag.org/earth/2013/09/scienceshot-massive-undersea-volcano-world%E2%80%99s-largest

Time 4
Article 4
Mars crater may actually be ancient supervolcano
New research suggests the Eden Patera basin on Mars could have been formed by an explosive volcanic eruption, not the impact of a large object.
A research project led by Joseph R. Michalski, Senior Scientist at the Planetary Science Institute, has identified what could be a supervolcano on Mars – the first discovery of its kind.

In a paper published Oct. 3 in the journal Nature, Michalski and co-author Jacob E. Bleacher of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center describe a new type of volcanic construction on Mars that until now has gone unrecognized.

The volcano in question, a vast circular basin on the face of the Red Planet, previously had been classified as an impact crater. Researchers now suggest the basin is actually the remains of an ancient supervolcano eruption. Their assessment is based on images and topographic data from NASA’s Mars Odyssey, Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft, as well as the European Space Agency’s Mars Express orbiter.

In the Nature paper Michalski and Bleacher lay out their case that the basin, recently named Eden Patera, is a volcanic caldera. Because a caldera is a depression, it can look like a crater formed by an impact, rather than a volcano.

“On Mars, young volcanoes have a very distinctive appearance that allows us to identify them,” Michalski said. “The long-standing question has been what ancient volcanoes on Mars look like. Perhaps they look like this one.”

The researchers also suggest a large body of magma loaded with dissolved gas (similar to the carbonation in soda) rose through thin crust to the surface quickly. Like a bottle of soda that has been shaken, this supervolcano would have blown its contents far and wide if the top came off suddenly.

“This highly explosive type of eruption is a game-changer, spewing many times more ash and other material than typical, younger Martian volcanoes,” Bleacher said. “During these types of eruptions on Earth, the debris may spread so far through the atmosphere and remain so long that it alters the global temperature for years.”

After the material is expelled from the eruption, the depression that is left can collapse even further, causing the ground around it to sink. Eruptions like these happened in ages past at what is now Yellowstone National Park in the western United States, Lake Toba in Indonesia and Lake Taupo in New Zealand.

字数[371]

Time 5

Volcanoes previously had not been identified in the Arabia Terra region of Mars, where Eden Patera is located. The battered, heavily eroded terrain is known for its impact craters. But as Michalski examined this particular basin more closely, he noticed it lacked the typical raised rim of an impact crater. He also could not find a nearby blanket of ejecta, the melted rock that splashes outside the crater when an object hits.

The absence of such key features caused Michalski to suspect volcanic activity. He contacted Bleacher, a volcano specialist, who identified features at Eden Patera that usually indicate volcanism, such as a series of rock ledges that looked like the “bathtub rings” left after a lava lake slowly drains. In addition, the outside of the basin is ringed by the kinds of faults and valleys that occur when the ground collapses because of activity below the surface. The existence of these and other volcanic features in one place convinced the scientists Eden Patera should be reclassified.

The team found a few more basins that are candidate volcanoes nearby, suggesting conditions in Arabia Terra might have been favorable for supervolcanoes. It is also possible massive eruptions here could have been responsible for volcanic deposits elsewhere on Mars that have never been linked to a known volcano.

“If just a handful of volcanoes like these were once active, they could have had a major impact on the evolution of Mars,” Bleacher said.

Project funding was provided by the NASA Mars Data Analysis program.

字数[253]
Source:
http://earthsky.org/science-wire/mars-crater-may-actually-be-ancient-supervolcano

Time 6
Article 5
Clues to Life May Change Selection of Next Mars Rover Site
Yesterday's announcement of methane on Mars--a possible byproduct of life--could influence where NASA's next rover touches down, according to an agency official. One possible target is Nili Fossae, a once-water-rich area that had been in contention until its relatively high altitude put the kibosh on it.

The years-long landing site selection process--open to any planetary scientist--had whittled down a list of sites to seven and then to four, all with the guidance of mission engineers. All of the finalists showed signs of once-flowing water or water-altered minerals. Nili Fossae was a favorite for its clays, which are products of water alteration. Scientists were to pass a single recommended site up the management chain for a final decision this spring by NASA Associate Administrator Edward Weiler.

At yesterday's press conference, NASA's Mars program lead scientist, Michael Meyer, explained that Nili Fossae had been axed because its high altitude made landing problematic. But that was before NASA had to delay the Mars Science Laboratory, a classically ambitious mission whose high-tech instruments and landing system pushed its launch date back to late 2011. It was also before the methane discovery placed Nili Fossae close to one of three sources of the gas. "Adding potential landing sites is possible," said Meyer. "Nili Fossae is not ruled out."

字数[217]
Source:
http://news.sciencemag.org/2009/01/clues-life-may-change-selection-next-mars-rover-site

Part III: Obstacle


Paraphase7
Article 6
More than 100,000 want to go to Mars and not return, project says
(CNN) -- More than 100,000 people are eager to make themselves at home on another planet. They've applied for a one-way trip to Mars, hoping to be chosen to spend the rest of their lives on uncharted territory, according to an organization planning the manned missions.

The Mars One project wants to colonize the red planet, beginning in 2022. There are financial and practical questions about this venture that haven't been clarified. Will there be enough money? Will people really be able to survive on Mars? But these haven't stopped some 30,000 Americans from signing up.

You can see some of the candidates on the project's website, but they're not the only ones who have applied, said Bas Lansdorp, Mars One CEO and co-founder.

"There is also a very large number of people who are still working on their profile, so either they have decided not to pay the application fee, or they are still making their video or they're still filling out the questionnaire or their resume. So the people that you can see online are only the ones that have finished and who have set their profiles as public," Lansdorp said.

The entrepreneur did not specify how many have paid the fees, completed their profiles and configured them as private.

The application process
Anyone 18 or older may apply, but the fee depends on a user's nationality. For Americans, it's $38; if you're in Mexico, however, it's a mere $15.

The company said it sets the price based on the gross domestic product per capita of each nation. "We wanted it to be high enough for people to have to really think about it and low enough for anyone to be able to afford it," Lansdorp said.

For the first crew, the Mars One mission will cost $6 billion, Lansdorp said. The idea is for it to be funded by sponsors and media that will pay for broadcasting rights of shows and movies documenting everything from the astronauts' training on Earth to their deployment and colonization of Mars.

Out of the applicants, Mars One said it will select a multicontinental group of 40 astronauts this year. Four of them -- two men and two women -- are set to leave for Mars in September 2022, landing in April 2023.

A one-way ticket to Mars -- apply now
Another multicontinental group of four will be deployed two years later, according to the Mars One plan. None of them will return to Earth.

The astronauts will undergo a required eight-year training in a secluded location. According to the project site, they will learn how to repair habitat structures, grow vegetables in confined spaces and address "both routine and serious medical issues such as dental upkeep, muscle tears and bone fractures."

"What we want to do is tell the story to the world," Lansdorp said, "when humans go to Mars, when they settle on Mars and build a new Earth, a new planet. This is one of the most exciting things that ever happened, and we want to share the story with the entire world."

How will Mars be colonized?
Each lander that Mars One sends will be able to carry about 5,511 pounds of "useful load" to Mars, he said. After eight missions, more than 44,000 pounds of supplies and people are expected to have arrived. The capsules themselves, whose weight is not included in that number, will become part of the habitat.

Food and solar panels will go in the capsules. Earth won't be sending much water or oxygen though -- those will be manufactured on Mars, Lansdorp said.

Astronauts will filter Martian water from the Martian soil. "We will evaporate it and condense it back into its liquid state," he said.

"From the water we can make hydrogen and oxygen, and we will use the oxygen for a breathing atmosphere inside the habitat. This will be prepared by the rovers autonomously before the humans arrive."

It sounds like terraforming, a process in which the conditions of a planet are modified to make it habitable, but Lansdorp said it isn't.

"We will create an atmosphere that looks like the atmosphere on Earth, so you could say that we are terraforming the habitat. But to terraform the entire planet, that's a project that will take hundreds and hundreds of years," he added.

A dangerous mission
In spite of the risks of space travel, the Mars One founder said he is convinced of the viability of the project. However, some space travel experts have said the risks are far too high to carry out these manned missions to Mars, a distance that humans have never traveled.

Radiation is a big concern. NASA does not allow their astronauts to expose themselves to radiation levels that could increase their risk of developing cancer by more than 3%.

To maintain the radiation exposure standards that NASA requires, the maximum time an astronaut can spend in space "is anywhere from about 300 days to about 360 days for the solar minimum activity. For solar maximum, in ranges anywhere from about 275 days to 500 days," said Eddie Semones, NASA spaceflight radiation officer.

A round-trip journey to Mars could expose astronauts to the maximum amount of radiation allowed in a career under current NASA standards, according to a recent study by scientists at the space agency. Mars One is planning a one-way journey, which doesn't negate the problem, and being on Mars could expose astronauts to even more radiation, depending on how long they stay and what the shielding conditions are like.

Radiation damages cells' DNA, which can lead to cell death or permanent changes that may result in cancer. However, "there's no convincing human evidence for excess abnormalities in offspring of radiation-exposed adults," Semones said.

While orbiting the Earth, astronauts get exposed to greater concentrations of cosmic background radiation than here on Earth in addition to charged particles trapped in the upper atmosphere and from the sun, said Robert J. Reynolds, epidemiologist at the University of Texas Health Science Center.

As a spacecraft moves into deep space, the people on board would be exposed to even more cosmic radiation and solar particles, which is "fairly dangerous," Reynolds said.

Interestingly, according to Reynolds, astronauts' risk of dying of cancer is lower than that of the general public because they tend to be in shape, eat well, don't smoke and receive careful monitoring from doctors. Of course, none of them have been to Mars.

Semones emphasized that NASA does not study the health effects of Mars colonization and that it's focusing on shorter recognition missions of the surface of Mars. "We're not looking at colonization of Mars or anything. We're not focusing our research on those kinds of questions."

Can it be done?
Mars One isn't the only group hoping to make history by sending people to the red planet. The Inspiration Mars Foundation wants to launch two people -- a man and a woman -- on a 501-day, round-trip journey to Mars and back in 2018 without ever touching down.

501 days in space with your spouse: Could you handle it?

At this time there is no technology that can protect astronauts from an excess of space radiation. "The maximum number of days to stay with our standards is on the order of 500 days. So any mission that would exceed 500 days would not be doable," Semones said.

Reynolds agreed: "At this point it's completely infeasible to try to send someone to Mars unless we can get there faster or we develop better shielding for a spacecraft."

NASA is working on engines intended to cut the travel time to Mars by the 2030s, but those systems won't be ready for many years, Chris Moore, NASA's deputy director of advanced exploration systems, told CNN this year. In the meantime, Moore said engineers could try to limit travelers' exposures by designing a spacecraft in such a way that it provides more protection.
But Mars One founder Lansdorp insisted his group will get people landing on Mars by 2023.

"The risks of space travel in general are already very high, so radiation is really not our biggest concern," he said.

If that all sounds good, you can still sign up.

But remember: You can never go home again.

字数[1380]
Source:
http://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/09/tech/innovation/mars-one-applications/index.html?iref=allsearch  

本帖子中包含更多资源

您需要 登录 才可以下载或查看,没有帐号?立即注册

x
发表于 2013-10-8 20:00:27 | 显示全部楼层
沙发,来的早不如来的巧,感谢PPX

02:06
The MAVEN will be delayed because of the government shutdown.If this delay happens,MAVEN scientists will wait almost two years for the next window.

01:25
The largest volcano in the world lies near Japan.Some details about it.

02:42
A new study thinks that the basin on Mars was formed by the eruption of a supervolcano rather than by the impact of a large object.Scientists are studying this new kind of volcano structure.

01:11
Describing the procee that scientists reach this theory.

01:37
Taling about the clues used by scientists to determine the landing site on Mars.

07:14
Main idea:a program that will send people to Mars in 2022 and they will not return.
More than 100000 want to attend this program,whose application is easy and cheap.
Astronauts will trained to learn how to live on the Mars before the program begins.The company described the life on the Mars and the risk that may happen to the astronauts.The life on Mars will be really tough.People will face many deangerous factors,expecially radiation.The trip to Mars will take about 500 days,making this travel really dangerous because of the limited technolo
发表于 2013-10-8 20:44:04 | 显示全部楼层
地板,来得早不如来得巧,感谢PPX

____________________
Obstacle
08:30
The Mars One project and questions about it
发表于 2013-10-8 21:38:46 | 显示全部楼层
Time 2      1:10.82
The project MAVEN,which aims to put a spacecraft in orbit around the Red Planet to study how it lost much of its atmosphere and became a desolate world. The shutdown of the American goernment results in mission of opportunity to launch, so that the team will have to wait more than two years for their next chance to launch
Time 3      0:51.31
Scientists found the volcano as the solar system’s largest known one, but the formation time is still unknown.
Time 4      !:21.44
The caters on Mars previously had been classified as an impact crater. But recently research shows that the the basin might be a volcanic caldera.
Time 5      0:51.72
More information of the research is proveded that the absence of some key features caused researchers to suspect volcanic activity. And a few more basins that are candidate volcanoes nearby make the suspection more likely to be accurate.
Time 6      0:47.73
The methane on Mars could influence where NASA's next rover touches down. Nili Fossae was a favorite for its clays, which are products of water alteration which is close to one of three sources of the gas.
Time 7      4:34.69
It talks about a project for people who hope to spend the rest of their lives on another planet to apply for a one-way trip to Mars. There are financial and practical questions about this venture that haven't been clarified in the project. The life there is not easy. And the most dangerous aspect is the radiation. In spite of the risks of space travel and other problems, the extremly long travel is completely infeasible to try to send someone to Mars unless we can get there faster or we develop better shielding for a spacecraft. Overall, the trip has many risks and one can never go home again.
发表于 2013-10-8 21:48:56 | 显示全部楼层
艾玛抢首页思密达

Time2 2'00 US government shutdown threatens the launch of NASA mission.
发表于 2013-10-8 22:07:46 | 显示全部楼层
首页,来的早不如来的巧,感谢PPX
呼唤小鱼姐~

2.18
1.39
2.37
1.54
1.50

9.15
many people want to live in Mars, and there are still many people considering whether they want live in another planet
the qualification to apply for the project
another project is to colonize Mars without coming back
how to make a live in Mars
=>air, water, food
the most dangerous risk is the radiation, you will have a high probability to have cancer
we are not sure whether mission can be done or not. but if you think it is good, you can still sign up.
发表于 2013-10-8 22:43:54 | 显示全部楼层
Time 2, 1:56.54
The effects of the U.S. federal government shutdown are threatening NASA’s next mission to Mars. If scientists miss that opportunity, the team will have to wait more than two years for their next chance to launch.
Time 3, 0’58.36
Time 4, 1’50.62
The research suggests that basin on Mars could have been formed by an explosive volcanic eruption, not the impact of a large object.
Time 5, 1’07.76
Time 6, 1’15.30
Time 7, 07’20.79
More than 100,000 people are eager to make themselves at home on Mars. However, the risks of space travel are very high, so radiation really not the biggest concern. Overall, the trip has many risks and one can never go home again.
发表于 2013-10-8 23:04:59 | 显示全部楼层
T2 3`09  364
The shut down effect the NANS `s plan to visit Mars.  This visit has many missions. NASN has hold a hope ever.  However, this will not accomplish.

T3 2`21 224
The biggest volcano is found. It is as tall as the volcano. And its slop has been introduct. People cannot estimate when it conformed.
T4 2`57
The expert think that it is a supervolcano.
T5 2`29
Something that Tdoesn` have cause experts to suspect the real of Volcano activity.
T6  
The former discovery of mars has found the water. Recently, they find another signal to reveal that there is a life water.
Obstacle
Many people want to go to Mars. The conditions that volunteer have to have. During the colonized the mars , they will be many difficulties. What are the ways they could use to colonized the mars. These people can handle this life on mars or not.  
Main idea :many people want to go to mars ,even they won`t go back again.
发表于 2013-10-8 23:09:51 | 显示全部楼层
TIME2 02:18
The US federal government shutdown is threatening to delay the NASA's next mission to Mars.
TIME3 01:52
An itroduction of the world's massivve volcano:highest point,width,slope and formation.
TIME4 03:57
A recent project identified  a suoer volcano on Earth.---How this supervolcano has been found: images,topography data,magma,and materials expelled from erruption
TIME5 01:50
M suspected that the terrain is not an impact crater,but a volcano--the team found more
TIME6 01:42
The discovery of methane on Mars is the clue of life in Mars---influence the selection of landing site
OBSTACLE 07:59
Many applicants apply this program--the application fee--how to colonize Mars--the risk and dangers of this program
发表于 2013-10-8 23:35:24 | 显示全部楼层
what the....居然一下子就到二环了TUT 占座!
您需要登录后才可以回帖 登录 | 立即注册

Mark一下! 看一下! 顶楼主! 感谢分享! 快速回复:

手机版|ChaseDream|GMT+8, 2024-3-29 18:18
京公网安备11010202008513号 京ICP证101109号 京ICP备12012021号

ChaseDream 论坛

© 2003-2023 ChaseDream.com. All Rights Reserved.

返回顶部