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[阅读小分队] 【每日阅读训练第四期——速度越障23系列】【23-01】科技

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发表于 2013-8-6 04:56:37 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
晚到的作业~~

又到新的一期了  

希望大家继续加油!


Part I: Speed

Could Discovery Lead to End of Sunburn Pain?
Aug. 5, 2013 — The painful, red skin that comes from too much time in the sun is caused by a molecule abundant in the skin's epidermis, a new study shows.

【Time1】
Blocking this molecule, called TRPV4, greatly protects against the painful effects of sunburn. The results were published the week of Aug. 5 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) Early Edition online. The research, which was conducted in mouse models and human skin samples, could yield a way to combat sunburn and possibly several other causes of pain.
  
"We have uncovered a novel explanation for why sunburn hurts," said Wolfgang Liedtke, M.D., Ph.D., one of the senior authors of the study and associate professor of neurology and neurobiology at Duke University School of Medicine. "If we understand sunburn better, we can understand pain better because what plagues my patients day in and day out is what temporarily affects otherwise healthy people who suffer from sunburn."
  
The vast majority of sunburns are caused by ultraviolet B or UVB radiation. In moderation, this component of sunlight does the body good, giving a daily dose of vitamin D and perhaps improving mood. But if people get too much, it can damage the DNA in their skin cells and increase their susceptibility to cancer. Sunburns are nature's way of telling people to go inside and avoid further damage.
  
Liedtke worked together with a multi-institutional team of researchers: Elaine Fuchs, Ph.D., a professor at Rockefeller University and an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and skin biologist; and Martin Steinhoff, M.D., Ph.D., professor of dermatology and surgery at the University of California in San Francisco who is known for his studies on sensory function of skin in health and disease. Together, they investigated whether the TRPV4 molecule, which is abundant in skin cells and has been shown to be involved in other pain processes, might play a role in the pain and tissue damage caused by UVB over-exposure. TRPV4 is an ion channel, a gateway in the cell membrane that rapidly lets in positively charged ions such as calcium and sodium.
(Words:320)


【Time2】
First, the researchers built a mouse model that was missing TRPV4 only in the cells of the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. They took these genetically engineered mice and their normal counterparts and exposed their hind paws -- which most resemble human skin -- to UVB rays. The hind paws of the normal mice became hypersensitive and blistered in response to the UVB exposure, while those of the mutant mice showed little sensitization and tissue injury.
  
Next, they used cultured mouse skin cells to dissect the activities of TRPV4. Using a device engineered by Nan Marie Jokerst, Ph.D., a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Duke's Pratt School of Engineering, the researchers showed that UVB caused calcium to flow into the skin cells, but only when the TRPV4 ion channel was present.
  
Further molecular analysis uncovered the entire sequence of events in this pathway, with each event affecting the next: UVB exposure activates TRPV4, which causes the influx of calcium ions, which brings in another molecule called endothelin, which triggers TRPV4 to send more calcium into the cells. Endothelin is known to cause pain in humans and also evokes itching, which could explain the urge sunburned patients feel to scratch their skin.
  
To test whether these findings in mice and mouse cells have human relevance, the researchers used human skin samples to successfully demonstrate increased activation of TRPV4 and endothelin in human epidermis after UVB exposure.
  
To see if they could block this novel pain pathway, the researchers used a pharmaceutical compound called GSK205 that selectively inhibits TRPV4. They dissolved this compound into a solution of alcohol and glycerol -- basically, skin disinfectant -- and then applied it to the hind paws of normal mice. The researchers found that the mice treated with the compound were again largely resistant to the pain-inducing and skin-disrupting effects of sunburn. Similarly, when they administered the compound to mouse skin cells in culture, they found that it stopped the UV-triggered influx of calcium ions into the cells.
  
"The results position TRPV4 as a new target for preventing and treating sunburn, and probably chronic sun damage including skin cancer or skin photo-aging, though more work must be done before TRPV4 inhibitors can become part of the sun defense arsenal, perhaps in new kinds of skin cream, or to treat chronic sun damage," said Steinhoff, co-senior author of the study.
  
"I think we should be cautious because we want to see what inhibition of TRPV4 will do to other processes going on in the skin," Liedtke added. "Once these concerns will be addressed, we will need to adapt TRPV4 blockers to make them more suitable for topical application. I could imagine it being mixed with traditional sunblock to provide stronger protections against UVB exposure."
(words:461)
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130805152420.htm
   
   
Sunshine Could Benefit Health and Prolong Life, Study Suggests
May 7, 2013 — Exposing skin to sunlight may help to reduce blood pressure, cut the risk of heart attack and stroke - and even prolong life, a study suggests

【Time3】
Researchers have shown that when our skin is exposed to the sun's rays, a compound is released in our blood vessels that helps lower blood pressure.
The findings suggest that exposure to sunlight improves health overall, because the benefits of reducing blood pressure far outweigh the risk of developing skin cancer.

Heart disease and stroke linked to high blood pressure are estimated to lead to around 80 times more deaths than those from skin cancer, in the UK.
Production of this pressure-reducing compound - called nitric oxide - is separate from the body's manufacture of vitamin D, which rises after exposure to sunshine. Until now it had been thought to solely explain the sun's benefit to human health, the scientists add.
  
The landmark proof-of-principle study will be presented on Friday in Edinburgh at the world's largest gathering of skin experts.
Researchers studied the blood pressure of 24 volunteers who sat beneath tanning lamps for two sessions of 20 minutes each. In one session, the volunteers were exposed to both the UV rays and the heat of the lamps. In the other, the UV rays were blocked so that only the heat of the lamps affected the skin.
  
The results showed that blood pressure dropped significantly for one hour following exposure to UV rays, but not after the heat-only sessions. Scientists say that this shows that it is the sun's UV rays that lead to health benefits. The volunteers' vitamin D levels remained unaffected in both sessions.
  
Dr Richard Weller, Senior Lecturer in Dermatology at the University of Edinburgh, said: "We suspect that the benefits to heart health of sunlight will outweigh the risk of skin cancer. The work we have done provides a mechanism that might account for this, and also explains why dietary vitamin D supplements alone will not be able to compensate for lack of sunlight.
  
"We now plan to look at the relative risks of heart disease and skin cancer in people who have received different amounts of sun exposure. If this confirms that sunlight reduces the death rate from all causes, we will need to reconsider our advice on sun exposure."
(words:348)
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130507195807.htm
     
   
Brain Games Versus Nature Documentaries
Brain games may not be as effective at boosting mental capacity as people hope.
Rachel Kaufman
for National Geographic News
Published April 15, 2013
  
【Time4】   

It seems brain-training games—online tests, quizzes, games, or flash cards designed to improve attention, memory, creativity, and concentration—are everywhere. But do they work? A recent study published in the journal PLoS ONE says … maybe not.

When researchers tested employees of the Australian Taxation Office to see if brain games boosted their mental capabilities, it turned out that workers who watched nature documentaries instead fared better on tests measuring language skills (as well as quality of life and self-esteem).
Cate Borness, a graduate researcher at the University of New South Wales in Sydney,Australia, tested 135 Australian public-sector employees on their productivity, stress, cognitive functions, and overall quality of life to get baseline performance levels.

Then she and her colleagues randomly assigned them to either a test group that underwent 16 weeks of short brain-training sessions using Happy Neuron software, or a control group that spent 16 weeks watching short nature documentaries and answering brief questions about them (to prove they'd watched the videos). The short clips were taken from National Geographic’s video website.
(words:231)

  
【Time5】
Nature and Language
"We didn't find a huge impact in terms of the cognitive training program," Borness said. But, oddly enough, the group that watched the documentaries left the study with statistically significant benefits.
   
The nature video group said that their stress had gone down, their quality of life had increased, and—according to tests that Borness and her colleagues gave both groups—their language skills had improved.

That could be because the videos and short questionnaires were language-based, Borness said. "You're listening to a video and then answering questions about it."
  
The brain-training games, on the other hand, were designed to improve multiple measures of intelligence and cognitive function; only about 20 percent of the games emphasized language skills.
  
One such game involved users having to fit words into boxes such that the last letter of a word was also the first letter of another word. The language-game players did see a slight increase in their language skills, but not nearly as much of an increase as the video watchers.
  
In the paper, Borness speculates that this could be because the games focused on language only a fifth of the time, with other games dedicated to memory, attention, reasoning, and more. Yet those games didn't produce any measurable effects in the test population.
  
Brain games like these could still be useful for some people, Borness said. "The product may be questionable in its efficacy, [but] I think part of the problem is not doing enough of it to have an effect." However, she added, "we haven't figured out what is 'enough.'"
Despite the results of the study, Borness says she herself is still a user of brain-training games. "I think they're fun. I'm one of those people who can't do nothing, so I get on my phone and play games."
(words:306)
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/03/130410-brain-games-neuroscience-culture-science/


   
    Part II: Obstacle

Small but deadly
The biggest extinction in history was probably caused by a space rock that changed the climate
Jul 27th 2013 |From the print edition

【Time6】
AS EVERY schoolchild knows, the dinosaurs were wiped out in an instant, when a rock from outer space hit what is now southern Mexico. That happened 66m years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period. Well-informed schoolchildren also know that this mass extinction was neither unique nor the biggest. The geological record speaks of four others since animal life became complex at the beginning of the Cambrian period 541m years ago.
  
What neither these clever schoolchildren nor anyone else knows, however, is whether these extinctions had similar causes. But evidence is accumulating that the biggest extinction of all, 252.3m years back, at the end of the Permian period, was indeed also triggered by an impact. Nevertheless, though the trigger was the same, the details are significantly different, according to Eric Tohver of the University of Western Australia.
  
When the dinosaurs vanished they were accompanied by more than 70% of the other animal species on Earth. At the end of the Permian, the extinction figure was more than 80%. And just as the Cretaceous slate-clearing permitted the rise of a hitherto obscure group called the mammals (including, eventually, one now referred to by biologists as Homo sapiens), so the Permian clearance permitted the rise of the reptiles, one branch of which turned into Tyrannosaurus, Diplodocus and all the other names familiar from childhood.
  
The idea that an impact caused the Permian extinction has been around for a while. As at the end of the Permian, as at the end of the Cretaceous, huge volcanic eruptions had been going on for hundreds of thousands of years. These may have weakened the world’s ecosystems, making them vulnerable to an external shock. But the abruptness of both extinctions indicates that the coup de grâce was administered by something else, and in the case of the Permian some fragments of meteorite of the correct age, found in rock in Antarctica, suggest that, as with the Cretaceous, that something was an asteroid or a comet. What was missing from the story, though, was a suitable crater.
   
Fracking hell!
Last year Dr Tohver and his colleagues thought they might have found it. They redated a hole that straddles the border of the states of Mato Grosso and Goiás in Brazil, called the Araguainha crater, to 254.7m years, with a margin of error of plus or minus 2.5m years. Previous estimates had suggested Araguainha was 10m years younger, but Dr Tohver has put it within geological spitting distance of the extinction date, which itself has a margin of error of plus or minus 200,000 years.
  
Which would all be fine and dandy, except most people think Araguainha is too small to be the culprit. It is a mere 40km (25 miles) across. The Chicxulub crater in Mexico, which did for the dinosaurs, is 180km in diameter, and it may have been paired with an even bigger impact in the Indian Ocean. (This could have happened if the incoming object was a comet that broke up in a close encounter with the sun.)

Dr Tohver, however, has an answer to this criticism. His latest paper, just published in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, describes the rock in the area in which Araguainha resides.
  
After an extensive geological survey, he and his team discovered that a sizeable amount of this rock is oil shale. Any hydrocarbons in the crater would certainly have been vaporised. More intriguingly, the researchers calculate that the impact would have generated thousands of earthquakes of up to magnitude 9.9 (significantly more powerful than the largest recorded by modern seismologists) for hundreds of kilometres around. In effect, it would have been the biggest fracking operation in history, releasing oil and gas from the shattered rock in prodigious quantities.
  
The upshot, Dr Tohver believes, would have been a huge burp of methane into the atmosphere. Since methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, that burp would have resulted in instant global warming, making things too hot for much of the planet’s animal life. Presto! The Permian mass extinction is explained.
Determining whether this was really what happened will take a lot more digging, of course. Even now, there are those who think the formation of the Chicxulub crater was a coincidence, and that what did for the dinosaurs was actually the volcanoes, so Dr Tohver will have to work hard to convince the sceptics. If he does, though, he will have proved himself a great geological detective, for he will have been responsible for solving one of the biggest puzzles in palaeontology.
(words:752)
http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21582243-biggest-extinction-history-was-probably-caused-space-rock-changed

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发表于 2013-8-6 16:25:46 | 显示全部楼层
之前看见貌似是神猴的贴说要克服默读的,但是我觉得挺难的。想知道默读的话是不是仍然可以看很快?



hi~ 百合倒影
谈谈自己关于默读的感受哈,这个问题也困扰了我很久...
首先,我认为默读是会影响读速的,我认为最快的阅读法是扫读,完全是用眼睛去读文章,具体来说就是意群读法,一句话用仅仅用眼睛扫一遍很快抓住关键词(比如主谓宾或者一些正负情感的词),从而明白这句话的核心内容然后继续,完全没有在心里发音这个过程。

另外,克服默读的确很难,因为默读是我们大多数人的安全区,拿到一篇文章潜意识里就想着默读。以我自己为例,我现在是处于默读与扫读胶着的状态,简单的文章扫读会比较多一些,难的文章默读就会多一些...

至于该如何克服,我认为首要的是要在思想上跳出默读这个安全区,即逼着自己提速,当速度变快之后,默读无法满足速度上的需要从而强迫自己开始扫读(当然,必须要保证一定程度的理解,否则这种扫读就没意义了...),建议可以从简单的文章练习,找找感觉,慢慢进入状态。不过我感觉要真正达到高端水平,还需要漫长的练习,我认为我现在也就是很弱的初级水平吧...  

个人看法,欢迎讨论哈~~
发表于 2013-8-7 19:38:35 | 显示全部楼层

另外,扫读的话,虽然能看见关键词,但似乎总是缺乏把握整句的能力
我不知道是不是因为我扫的时候很容易只看见名词
而缺乏关注动词和形容词的原因
就是说,如果是扫读,读完知道说了什么东西
却很难以知道作者的态度和倾向

Jay会有这个问题吗?


hi,hemodata~
我感觉我的状况和面临的问题和你有些不同...

先说说我现在的状况吧:我在扫句子的时候会着重抓主谓宾以及连词,我认为主谓宾的话可以理解句子的意思,连词可以给我一个关于接下来句子逻辑内容的预判,比如一句话结束之后,下一句开头有一个although,那么我在读下一个句子之前心里会先想作者肯定要准备反驳前文了,带着这个预判去接着扫下一个句子,我觉得有这种预判之后读句子会更轻松一些。

当然,我在扫读时候的问题主要是过多的生词和长难句,前者导致无法理解句子意思,后者导致扫完一遍分析不出基本的句子结构,然后不得不再放慢速度回视...

我认为只要能够抓住主谓宾读出句子的核心内容,那么作者的态度和倾向应该是可以把握的吧...



发表于 2013-8-6 06:20:37 | 显示全部楼层
TIME1 01:42
W published an article showing that people can treat the sunburn by T4 and UVB causes sunburn.

TIME2 02:46
Description of the process of the experiment and the prospective of this result.

TIME3 01:54
A recent study suggests that moderate sunshine can help to reduce the risk of high pressure,which can cause heart disease and stroke.
--->Description of the experiment
--->further research on the balance of the benefit of reduced heart disease and risk of skin cancer.

TIME4
00:55
Brain games may not have the same function as we already thought.

TIME5 01:24
Intro of a kind of brain game and the reson why we cannot decide its effect.

obtacle 06:36
1.BG infor --> suggest the biggest extinction of animals: PM
2.Question:Whether causes of these disasters are the same;even if causes are the same,the details differ.
3.Details:the charasteristic of the PM :  extinction of dinosours accompanied with the rise of other animals
4.Analysis of whether impactis the cause of PM---Lack a crater.
5.Dr T and his team discovered the crater--> criticism--> Prove his theory in an essay
6.The author's comment

发表于 2013-8-6 06:23:21 | 显示全部楼层
谢谢change~~

1.37
intro of TRPV4
the stuff in skin which makes it possble for skin to be hurted under the sun.

3.32
first, two experiences to show whether the TRPV4 cause the hurt
further,one experience to show TRPV is relevant to **

2.38
an experience shows that TRPV4 help reduicng blood pressure so that it helps reducing the rate of heart disease and **

1.05
insdead of the brain game, it might be nature documentaries can improve our brain level.

1.58
it is more helpful for our lanuage learning to watch nature documentaries than play brain games.
but we can still play brain games.
we still haven't found a enough way to improve our brain.

4.29
(未完)

发表于 2013-8-6 06:45:12 | 显示全部楼层
iamyingjie 发表于 2013-8-6 05:38
Change辛苦了。

不是吧。这个沙发来的也太容易了。我都不好意思了。


yingjie  每天都这么早来小分队啊 我6点起都像要了我的命啊
1    2:45 The discovery of molecular TRV4 which is a ion channel
     The discovery will help to understand how to cure pain in other place of the body in molecular
2    3:29 the design of the research to find hoe TRV4 works
     Also they test that human and mouse share the same pathway
     After they use drug to inhabit TRV4 ,it stopped the UV-triggered influx of calcium ions into the cells
3    2:18 exposure to UV can prevent high pressure ,and the benefits to health of sunlight will outweigh the risk of skin cancer
4     1:21 brain game on newspaper or books can not help improve mental capacity
5     1:37 brain games work on some people
       But the games can bring fun to us
Obstacle
  4:26  In the world at least 4 times extinction ,even they share similar reason but the results iare different
下面的连不起来 障碍有两个——类似古生代 表示时代的词不认识 ,另外文章引用观点太多 中途逻辑断了

发表于 2013-8-6 06:52:47 | 显示全部楼层
01:53 Researchers have recently uncovered way to protect human skin from sufferring from sunburn by blocking TRPV4.

02:41 Through experienments on mice and human skin sample researchers figured out how sunburn processes pain. More research is needed to modify this protecting way.

02:08 Researchers found that exposure to sunlight decreases the blood pressure, therefore reduces the possibility of heart diseases. That is because UV rays in sunlight can decrease blood pressure.

01:10 Researchers found that brain-training games may not function as improving people's memory, creativity and concentration.

01:34 The group watching videos saw a significantly improvement in member's language skills, while the group taking brain-training games didn't.

04:37 The trigger of several extinctions in the earth's history is an impact, though every extinction has different details. The largest extinction. Permian clearance permitted the rise of mammals and reptiles. At the end of Permian, volcanic eruptions made the ecosystem vulnerable to an external shock.The crater called the Araguainha may account for the impact causing the extinction.


感觉写的好菜鸟= == == =
发表于 2013-8-6 06:57:47 | 显示全部楼层
首页XD~

time1: 1'31" blocking TRPV4 can effectively protect against the pain of excessive sunburn that can cause cancer

time2: 2'45" UVBrays-->TRPV4-->flow of calcium ions-->endothelin(causes pain and itching)-->more calcium

time3: 2'03" the benefits of exposure to sunlight outweigh the risks
               UV rays in sunlight reduce blood pressure but don't affect vitamin Dlevels

time4: 32" brain-training games may not take effect

time5: 1'22" both video-watching group and brain-training group had improved their language skills
               but only a few brain-training games focus on the language skills

obstacle: 3'56"  以前好像在一个综合写作里看到过类似话题的
       the biggest mass extinction of the four was caused by an impact
       the long-missing suitable crater was found
       although the crater is too small, there would have been a biggest fracking operation and release hydrocarbons from the crater
       burst of methane-->globing warming-->mass extinction
      
另……只有我一个人把fracking hell看成……那啥了么【揍


发表于 2013-8-6 08:11:53 | 显示全部楼层
1-1:47’
The passage explained that why sunburn hurts and how TRPV4 works to protect people from sunburn.
2-1:24’
Various Experiments were implemented on mouse to test how TRPv4 works to protect people from sunburn. Further investigations used TRPV4 on human skin samples to verify its use. However, we still need lots of experiments to see whether TRPV4 will have other processes going on the skin.
3-1:52’
The benefits of reducing blood pressure far outweigh the risk of developing skin cancer. Experiments implemented verify the benefits of sunlight. Further considerations about the relationship between all cause of heart disease and exposure to sunlight may affect people ‘s attitude to sun exposure.   
4-00:47’
Several experiments demonstrated that brain games may not as effective at boosting mental capacity as people hope.
5-1:26’
The language skill of control group had improved because the video and short questionnaires were language based. While the brain games were designed to improve multiple measures of intelligence and cognitive function and only 20 percent of the game emphasized language skill. Although brain games do not have much function, it is still popular among people.
Obstacle 4:17
People have different speculations about the cause of dinosaur extinction. While some think that an external shock-a comet or an asteroid may be the culprit.
Dr T has discovered the possible hole that previous studies had an error of its original years.
However people doubted that the hole may be too small to trigger the extinction.
Dr T discovered that a sizable amount of this rock is oil shale and explained the subsequent consequences of the crater would trigger the extinction.
However Dr T ‘s theory still need further investigations.
发表于 2013-8-6 08:34:15 | 显示全部楼层
1:45 The researchers found the way to protect the gainful effects of sunburn by blocking the molecuule TRV4, which is invovled in many pain processes.
2:58 They made an experiment to demostrate that the TRp4 is the important channel to induce painful material to send to skin cells but whey need more research no know what other effects may exist when they inhibit the TRP4 then they can use this new medicine to protect against UVB expousure.
2:10 The benefit of exposure to sunlight outweighs the risk of developing skin cancer, because is can lower the blood preseure.
0:51 Brain training games are seem to not effective in improving attention and other capabilities.
1:40 Brain games could be useful for some people when they play enough games.
4:29
发表于 2013-8-6 09:12:03 | 显示全部楼层
23-01
1 320 1min24
Why the researcher want to know about the cause ofpain-proper amount of UVB does good to health-what is TRPV4
2 461 2min43
Removed TRPV4 mice team and control team to UVB-find theinside circle to cause pain among TRPV4, calcium, endothelin- test again whileusing GSK205 to block the pathway- the result may be in commercial use
3 348 1min53
The research showed exposure to sunlight can reduce the rateof skin cancer. New found-the UV rays help to lower the blood pressure andheart attack possibilities.
4 231 58s
The brain-training game is probably not as efficient asreading to improve the brain capability.
5 306 1min32
The brain games have multiple focuses. Though theimprovement of language-skill didn’t improve as we thought, we can’t just saythe game is useless. Probably just because we have no way to measure the wholecapability of the brain.
Obstacle 752 3min40
Why dinosaurs died suddenly-Dr T’s new finding about thesize of a crater- may questioned by others-explains for critics-still need moreinvestigate.
发表于 2013-8-6 09:15:11 | 显示全部楼层
新的一期 必须跟上了 文史,科技完全弱项了
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