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[逻辑小分队] 【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-1】

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发表于 2012-5-10 13:10:35 | 显示全部楼层
今天第一天,在纸上写下了。。不好意思回帖~
发表于 2012-5-10 23:38:42 | 显示全部楼层
来补昨天的作业,由于第一次练习所以晚了,花了很长时间读题错很多。。。但是不怕挫折,一定会天天跟帖修炼的!!大家一起加油!
1.
1)计时:50s
2)逻辑链Situation
Background Information:
Carl is an incompetent detective.
Premise:
He only finished 1/25 of all cases that the police station assigned for him.
Conclusion:
He is much incompetent than other detectives in his police station.
3)推测
1/25 of all cases ≠ incompetent.
Incompetent ≠ worse than any detectives in his station.
Since Carl’s cases are extremely hard and complicated cases which need more time than other cases.
4)选项分析:选A
A.Right. Be assigned the most difficult cases needs more time, so he only solved less percent of the cases.
B.Irrelevant.
C.Relevant but not the direct reason.
D.Irrelevant.
E.Irrelevant.

2.
1)计时:1:40s
2)逻辑链Situation
Background Information:
Fullerenes were first found in the laboratory, and then were found in nature.
Premise:
The synthesis of fullerenes in the laboratory requires distinctive conditions like temperature and pressure.
Conclusion:
It’s a test case for the geologists that they need to evaluate hypotheses about the environment that fullerenes were formed.
3)推测The distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure are might the same as now also in the laboratory.
4)选项分析:选E
A.Irrelevant.
B.Irrelevant.
C.Irrelevant.
D.Irrelevant.
E.Right.

3.
1)计时:57s
2)逻辑链Situation
Background Information:
On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person from injuries of falling costs $11,000.
Premise:
A new relative program can reduce the chances of an elderly person from injuries of falling.
Conclusion:
The cost of the program will be $12,500, but it’s not justified even if the program is desirable.
3)推测The cost of the program doesn’t contain all costs of falling.
4)选项分析:选C
A.Irrelevant. talking about the usefulness of the program
B.Irrelevant. not mentioned
C.Right. The final cost doesn’t include the medicine cost, so it depends on how the person was injured.
D.Irrelevant.
E.Support.

4.
1)计时:1:18s
2)逻辑链Situation
Background Information:
The prairie vole lives together, including two or more litters.
Premise:
Most voles live together from late autumn through winter, but they lives in small groups from spring to early autumn.
Conclusion:
The season variation in group is the reason of young vole’s mortality.
3)推测
Young vole’s mortality can be influenced by many reasons, the most important reason is that the larger the group is the better protection from the mature members can give. Under the better protection, young vole can live longer, and then the mortality of the season is higher than other ones.
4)选项分析:选D
A.Irrelevant. talking about the natality, not mortality
B.Irrelevant. has no contribution to the young vole’s mortality
C.Opposite.
D.Right.
E.Opposite

5.
1)计时:1:08s
2)逻辑链Situation
Background Information:
A dolphin feeding program that it gives dolphins fishes several times a day and the food supplement is doubled compete with the supplement of the wild dophins.
Premise:
The dolphins are benefit from the program that they live healthy and long-lived.
Conclusion:
Their offspring have a lower expectancy than it of the wild dophins.
3)推测The program makes the dolphins healthy, but it makes them losing the abilities to protect their offsprings.
4)选项分析:选E
A.Irrelevant. sharks not only prey on wild dolphins, but also prey on the dolphins under the program
B.Opposite.
C.Opposite.
D.Irrelevant.
E.Right.
发表于 2012-5-14 20:46:40 | 显示全部楼层
Background Information:
Carl is a detective
Premise:
He only solved very little cases assigned to him --1/25 than the other detective in the last 3 years.
Conclusion:
Carl is suit for his job as detective.

3) 推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem):
1.Carl's cases is big and difficult than the other.
2.Carl was illed and had a long time not work
3.too much work assigned to him than any other detective.

4) 选项分析:
选择 A
B NOT MATCH THE SUBJECT
C ABOUT COMPUTER HELP IN DATA ANALYSIS,NOT MATCH THE SUBJECT
D Only can show how bad was him
E NOT MATCH THE SUBJECT


2 Background Information:
fullerences can be formed in the lab with some condition
Premise:
fullerences formed in the same condition as in the lab and in the nature.
Conclusion:
the condition to form the fullerences can give some infomation to geologists about the state of Earth's
crust when fullerence formed

3) 推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem):
1.fullerences formed in the nature is difference with in the lab.
选择 B

3 Background Information:
Emergence treatment for elder people has a fall cost of 11000 dollas.
Premise:
a new treatment can reduce the chance of elder people in the emergence
Conclusion:
this new treatment cost more than emergence treatment in the last year so can not be justified.

3) 推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem):
people want to use this treatment to reduce the chance in the emergence condition.
the death rate will reduce
people want to live more than to cost more.

选D

4 Background Information:
v-mice live together
Premise:
v-mice live in a large group in last fall to winter and a far small group in spring to last fall
Conclusion:
group size is effected by the death of young v-mice during the season changed

3) 推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem):
1.v-mice dead a lot during the last fall to winter due to no enough food and too cold.
2.older v-mice will eat young v-mice.
选E 只有此选项和young v-mice有关

5 Background Information:
a program that feed dolphins by people with small fish will give as half of food as dolphins need
Premise:
adult dolphins are  health and have a long live.
Conclusion:
offsprings feed by people has lower life expectancy than offspring feed by themselves in the wild

3) 推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem):
1.offsprings feed by people  are more easy to be illed and died.
2.offsprings can not feed themselves with another half food and hungry.

选 E
发表于 2012-5-14 21:19:28 | 显示全部楼层
1  30''  remise: Carl solved a smaller percentage of the cases than any other detective on the police force   Conclusion: He is clearly an incompetent detective.
          Weaken: Carl解决的都是大案 别人破不了 选A  BE无关 CD加强           答案A
2   49‘’  remise: laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure  Conclusion: this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.
           Weaken: fullerenes’s temperature and pressure 不能代表Earth's crust‘s。选E   ABCD无关
3  45’‘  remise: 老人们摔倒一次治疗费<那个可以保护老人少摔得费用 Conclusion: 不应该采取那个program
           Weaken:钱不能衡量健康/少摔两次这个钱就合算了 选D A support BCE无关
4、49’‘ Premise: V冬天数目多 夏天数目少 conclusion:季节性的数目变化是因为季节性地young V 减少
      support:young V夏天因为某种原因数目会减少 选E   Asupport BCD无关
5   53'' Premise: 1 beach dophine 每天被喂一半的饭量 2 第一代健康 但是他们的后代没有野生的后代活得长
     conclusion:吃的半饱不利于后代活得长  选E ABCD无关
发表于 2012-5-15 20:23:13 | 显示全部楼层
1st
1.P:他在过去三年办案率很低比其他侦探
C:C是个无能的侦探
2.办案率低→侦探无能
3.削弱:他办的案子都是高难度的费时间的;
4.选A
B:在他成为侦探之前,无关
C: 他所在的警队有更好的设施,无关
D:他以前在其他城市做侦探,办案率照样低,无关、重复条件
E:很多警官都升职了,无关
2nd
B:Fullerenes在自然界发现
P:实验室合成的F需要特定的条件
C:这个发现提供了一个确定当时地壳运动形成F的自然条件
chain:实验室特定条件→实验室合成F==》自然界形成了F→自然界符合实验室特定条



weaken:自然界不是通过合成这种方式形成的;原材料不同,实验室合成F的原料和自然


界根本不同;实验室的合成过程只是自然界的一种而已
A,确定石墨中的F需要很小心,无关:原文已给出确定了
B, “一些”F也被发现在陨石和飞船撞击的碎片,无关
C, 石墨本身含有大量的碳,明显F从之产生,无关或重复条件
D,天然的F排列成未知的晶体结构,bingo
E,石墨形成的条件,无关
3rd
B:老人摔倒的急救措施平均花销11千刀;
P:一个新的治疗项目可以减少老人摔倒的几率;但是花费12.5千刀
C:新的治疗项目不合理
chain:摔倒后急救花费少→合理;治疗后不摔倒花费多→不合理
weaken:治疗后老人以后都不会摔倒;摔倒后的花费不包括后遗症的治疗费;平均急救


费用只是计算了那些生还的老人。。。额;平均急救费用包含了大多数是没多大事儿来


体检的老人,体检费很低;
A,进行了新项目的老人,一些如何另一些如何;无关
B,摔倒发生在哪儿的比哪儿的多;无关
C,摔倒后长期的疼痛医疗费没算在急救费用里;bingo
D, 新的治疗项目如何如何好;无关
E,新的治疗项目费用有增长趋势;加强
4th
B:V是年生的,一群V住在一起,由一个家庭中含2.3个小V构成。V在晚秋到冬季以大群


居,但是从春季到秋季以小群居。
P:这种差异是因为小V在不同季节的死亡率不同导致的。
chain:
explain:秋冬季防止小V冻死所以大群居温度高;秋冬季V的天敌开始活跃大群居防御力


强;
A,春夏季小V的比例高;无关
B,每年V的数量不同;无关
C,V吃的主食在春季多;无关
D, 冬季V的居住环境很差,很冷,取反
E,吃小V的蛇在春季到秋季很活跃,bingo
蛇多→小V少→小群居
题干理解不到位
5th
B:海滩上喂海豚,很多海豚可以在那吃一天食物量的一半。
P:虽然起初得益的海豚是成年的健康长寿的。
C:他们的后代寿命短比野外的海豚。
explain:后代都是要先爹妈学习捕鱼技术的,但是这些成年海豚没机会教;后代由他因导致寿命短了;因为海滩常有海豚导致他们的天敌也被吸引过去,小海豚没跑掉就被吃掉了
A,鲨鱼在海滩以外的水域出现少了比海豚聚集区;如果没E这个可选
B,很多在海滩狂吃的是母海豚;无关
C,海滩上为的鱼和其他地方的一样;无关
D,很多吃海滩鱼的海豚每个月有几次带孩子来;无关
E,吃海滩鱼的海豚比没吃的教孩子捕鱼的时间少了;bingo
发表于 2012-5-18 13:59:04 | 显示全部楼层
1 精炼    计时:44
Background Information:
Premise: 1 out of 25 to any other detective in the last 3 years
Conclusion: incompetent detective
Weaken: other factors-----评价incompetent的标准不仅仅是数量,还有质量
答案:A
分析  
A: 因果型  割裂了因果,有因无果。完成数量少是因为难度大,别人无法完成——削弱,不是能力低,相反,可能能力更强才能完成别人无法完成的。
B:无关,范围无关,当DETECTIVE之前和之后没有联系
C:无关,提供什么工具来完成任务不能说明有无能力。原文中有Carl和other detective的比较,选项无比较
D:反了,加强
E:好像是间接的加强了

2    计时:57
BI:虽然f是最先在实验室里发现的,但是自然中也有
P:实验室中产生f要求特殊环境条件
C:在有f的地方,可以通过f在实验室中产生的特殊环境条件来推测自然环境
削弱:自然和实验室不同,自然和实验室中产生f的机理不同,或f到自然中会发生变化
答案:D
看了选项后发现第一遍理解有误
纠正:
B:f最先在实验室里发现,后在自然中一种罕见的矿物石墨中发现
P:实验室中产生f要求特殊环境条件
C:可以利用这一点来评估关于该处地壳状态的假设
答案削弱:f在一个以前不知道的晶体结构中发现------不了解f产生地的晶体结构,无法利用这一点来估计某地的状况了

3.    计时:51
B:传统急救治疗费用11000
P: 一种新疗法会减少摔倒的可能
C:费用12500所以不能应用
削弱:一次费用多,但次数少,可行
答案:C 是长期过程,不以急救费用来衡量话费,还有后期治疗费

4.  计时:1?40
B:vole群居
P:秋冬大群体,春夏小群体
C:群体大小的季节性变化可以由年轻vole的死亡数来解释
加强:某些原因导致秋冬利于小vole成活,春秋不利于
答案: E

5.    计时:25
P: feed dolphin 所需的一半食物
C:虽然第一代成长很好,后代寿命短于野生的dolphin
解释:第一代捕食能力减弱,没教好后代如何捕食,后代补不到另一半食物
答案:E
发表于 2012-5-18 14:05:48 | 显示全部楼层
第一次交作业,发现思路很混乱,用时也长,看过的转眼又忘了。
其实对于逻辑我一直有一个困惑:
一方面,在读题的时候,有时我们需要抓重点,将不重要或者解题无关的信息过滤掉,这样才能短时内在头脑中有一条清晰的逻辑链。
但另一方面,逻辑题也需要一种精确性,就像daisy版主说的,很多难的题都是从结论的范围和限定条件来考你的,所以我们要注意结论的精准性,就是说我们要注意结论的限定性的词语,还要注意结论、假设和选项之间要表达的事物是否会发生了一点变化。
所以我个人认为这两方面有一点小矛盾,比较困惑。希望后面看到的NN能指点一下啊~~不胜感激……有同样困惑的童鞋也一起分享一下呀~~
发表于 2012-5-24 17:48:31 | 显示全部楼层

第一次加入逻辑小分队,先做了一个

1) 计时:45s





2) 逻辑链

solves smaller assignment, 1 out of 25-> Carl is an incompetent detective



3) 推测: the task is different, or the task assigned to Carl is far more than others.



4) 选项:选A

A:task有差异,并不是carl is incompetent

B:在care became a tetetive之前的事情,无关

C:Carl所工作的police提供给detectives什么样的资源,无关

D: 在此之前的工作情况,超出范围。而且内容本身有strengthen的感觉

E:在过去五年,carl的同事工作的情况,无关



【逻辑链题】

2.

1)耗时:55s

2)逻辑链:

背景信息:fullerenes首次是在实验室被发现;但是在自然界也发现了,在fissure of the rare mineral shungite形成;

推理链: 因为,fullerenes在实验室的合成需要不同温度和压力。结论:这个发现可以成为评估地壳在这些自然的fullerenes形成的事时期的状态的依据

3)猜测不出答案方向

4)选D,但是实际上是排除到最后觉得都不像就选了D



(A)shungite 包含fullerenes无关信息;

(B) Some fullerenes 还被在哪里发现,无关

(C) The mineral shungite其自身也包含碳,无关

(E) Shungite 在什么条件下形成无关



3.1)耗时,30s,

2) the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries for fall 花费11000A new therapeutic program 显著减低老人falling的机会;

因为这个program花费12500——〉所以不可行。

3)猜测答案:实施这个program,在其他方面还可能减低费用

4) 选:C


(A)比较了接受这个program不同时间段的老人的the number of serious falls 区别,无关

(B)比较了在不同的环境下老人falls的普遍程度;无关

(D)讲的是The new therapeutic program是什么样的治疗方法。无关

(E)讲的是the new therapeutic program 的成本组成的问题,以及和其他program比成本的差异方面。无关。

4.

140S

2)推理链:v通常秋冬live in large group, 春夏smaller——〉the seasonal variation in size 因为mortality among young voles

3)加强推测:春夏某种原因(某种春夏的细菌导致很多young voles生病)
4
)选E

A:什么时间段highest proportion of young voles.无关

B: Prairie vole populations 年复一年的变化,无关。陈述一个事实

C: PV broad-leaved plants为食,无关。有点weaken的感觉

D: 冬天PV的居住环境,无关Winters in the prairie voles' habitat

E:正确:are active only from springpv,加强了推理的前提


5.

136s

2) feeding program; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day;

差异点:dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived,但是:their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.
3
)解释猜测:野外捕食锻炼了fish游得速度,遇到捕食者可以快速逃生

4)选E


A: Sharks 在哪里多还是少,无关

B:feed at the beach大多数是哪一类dolphins,无关;

C:The fish given to the dolphins at the beach 和野生被抓捕的鱼是否相同,无关

D: Many dolphins that feed at the beach with their offspring来沙滩的次数,无关

E:捕食技能和生存有关,正确!
发表于 2012-5-24 20:59:36 | 显示全部楼层
1.weaken
1) 计时:30s
2) 逻辑链Situation
Premise:
He solved 1/25 the cases that on the police force in last 3 years
The percentage is smaller than any other detectives
Conclusion:
C is an incompetent detective.
3) 推测:
(1)The cases are more difficult than others.
(2)The quantity of the cases is larger than others.
4) 选项分析:选A
A.符合预测(1)
B. a neighborhood police officer and was highly respected by the residents不能证明C不是个incompetent detective
C. detective都使用computer,不能证明C是好还是不好
D. support,证明C 确实incompetent
E. 无关选项

2.undermine
1) 计时:30s
2) 逻辑链Situation
Background:
Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.
Premise:
Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure
Conclusion:
This discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.
3) 推测:
4) 选项分析:选D
A. support
B. 不能否定前提
C. 无关
D. 答案
E. S本身的形成要求严格条件,但不能就此说明F也需要严格条件形成

3.undermine
1) 计时:30s
2) 逻辑链Situation
Background:
On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.
Premise:
A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling. Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500
Conclusion:
cannot be justified
3) 推测:
$11.000只是treatment的费用
4) 选项分析:选C
A. 只是说明这个program有效果,但是不能证明$12500为什么合理
B. 无关比较
C. 正确答案
D. support
E. support

4.support
1) 计时:30s
2) 逻辑链Situation
Background:
The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters.
Premise:
Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups.
Conclusion:
The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles
3) 推测:
(1)example:in the winter the mortality is high
(2)类比其他一种动物有相同的习性
4) 选项分析:选D
A. contain the highest proportion of young voles没有提到死亡率,反而说幼年比较多,weaken
B. 无关
C. 无关
D. 正确答案
E. weaken,其他解释

5.explain
1) 计时:30s
2) 逻辑链Situation
Background:
A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there..
Premise:
dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived
Conclusion:
their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.
3) 推测:
(1)喂的食物对海豚后代有害
(2)成年海豚捕食能力退化,不能教小海豚捕食
4) 选项分析:选E
A. 不能解释为什么小海豚寿命短了,这样说应该是寿命更长了
B. 同A
C. 同A
D. 无关
E. 同(2)正确答案

第一次发,不知道这样发可以不,有的问题我实在是用英语解释不出来。。。
发表于 2012-5-27 12:58:53 | 显示全部楼层
1.(1) Time: 17s
(2) Category: weaken
(3) Logical pattern:
Premise: Carl solved fewer cases than other detectives
Conclusion: Carl is incompetent
(4) Prephrase: The cases assigned to Carl are more difficult
(5) Analysis:
(A) Because the police chief regards Carl as the most capable detective, she assigns him only the most difficult cases, ones that others have failed to solve. -----------------------Correct. The choice matches with the Prephrase.
(B) Before he became a detective, Carl was a neighborhood police officer and was highly respected by the residents of the neighborhood he patrolled. -----------------------Irrelevant.
(C) Detectives on the police force on which Carl serves are provided with extensive resources, including the use of a large computer database, to help them solve crimes. -----------------------Support the conclusion.
(D) Carl was previously a detective in a police department in another city, and in the 4 years he spent there, he solved only 1 out of 30 crimes. -----------------------Partly support
(E) Many of the officers in the police department in which Carl serves were hired or promoted within the last 5 years. -----------------------Irrelevant

2.(1) Time: 29s
(2) Category: weaken
(3) Logical pattern:
Background: F was found in lab and in nature of S.
Premise: In lab F required distinctive conditions
Conclusion: In nature can determine the state when F occurred.
(4) Prephrase: Synthesized F is different from natural F.-------D

3.(1) Time: 20s
(2) Category: weaken
(3) Logical pattern:
Background: Treatment for falling is $11000 and program can reduce the incidence.
Premise: Program costs $12500
Conclusion: Costs cannot be justified.
(4) Prephrase: The saving for other aspects-------C

4.(1) Time: 44s
(2) Category: support
(3) Logical pattern:
Background: V consists of extended group
Premise: V group is larger from autumn to winter and smaller from spring to autumn.
Conclusion: The variation results from the mortality of young V.
(4) Prephrase: The number of young V is greater from spring to early autumn.--------E

5.(1) Time: 29s
(2) Category: explain
(3) Logical pattern:
Background: Dolphins are given food in a beach
Paradox: Adults are healthy while offspring has a lower expectancy.
(4) Prephrase: Offspring loses the ability to predate food. -------------E
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