以下是引用番茄笑了在2005-6-16 6:51:00的发言：看了前人的讨论，知道: it is hoped 表客观，ETS prefer。 hopefully 表主观，gmat中一般为错误选项（白勇说的） 但有哪位高人能解释一下，it is hoped 的正确使用方法？应该放在句子哪个位置？什么时候比较适合使用？等等！ 另外，它在句子中到底应该翻译成什么意思？被希望的？ An unusually strong cyclist can, it is hoped, provide enough power to set a new distance record for human-powered aircraft in MIT’s diaphanous construction of graphite fiber and plastic. 这样翻译对吗？一个异乎寻常强壮的单车手希望可能提供足够的力量来打破。。。的记录。 万分感谢！
其实关于hopefully是否为非正式用语，欧美英语界一直有所争论，现在似乎还没有定论。在《The Columbia Guide to Standard American English》中说，hopefully is a sentence adverb that has raised the hackles of some conservatives, but probably its overuse has made most of the trouble; it had been a perfectly good sentence adverb for generations before the recent objections were heard. Those who don’t like it usually urge that I hope that or It is hoped that be used instead, but hopefully is in fact Standard, just as are most other sentence adverbs!
由此可见，Columbia认为hopefully也为正规用法，只是不能过度滥用（令人疑惑）！
而《The American Heritage® Book of English Usage》中则清楚地描述了老美们对于这个词汇地痛苦挣扎过程，在Usage Panel中，由1968的44％的支持率下降到1986的27％支持率，综而观之，反对的呼声还是高于赞成的声音,而且也很难解释为什么一些人们现在不喜欢hopefully了。
不过最后有提到，hopefully位置的不同引起歧义的问题（但他也认为改变一下hopefully的位置就可以避免歧义，而不一定要用it is hoped)，如Hopefully, the company has launched a new venture, 你可以理解为hopefully既有可能是描述说话者，也可以是描述公司，解决的办法是改为The company has launched the new venture hopefully或者We hope that the company has launched the new venture，我想或者改成It is hoped that the company has lauched the new venture.
hopefully as sentence adverb. If you use hopefully as a sentence adverb (as in Hopefully the measures will be adopted), be aware that many people find the usage unacceptable, including a large majority of the Usage Panel. It is not easy to explain why people dislike this use of hopefully. The use is justified by similar uses of many other adverbs: Mercifully, the play was brief. Frankly, my dear, I don’t give a damn. And though this use of hopefully may have been a vogue word when it first became frequent 30 years ago, it has long since lost any hint of jargon or pretentiousness for the general reader. The wide acceptance of the usage reflects popular recognition of its usefulness; there is no precise substitute. Someone who says Hopefully, the treaty will be ratified makes a hopeful prediction about the fate of the treaty, whereas someone who says I hope (or We hope or It is hoped) the treaty will be ratified expresses a bald statement about what is desired. Only the latter could be continued with a clause such as but it isn’t likely.
continued objections against hopefully. You might expect that people would have warmed to hopefully once the usage became well established. But instead they appear to have become more adamant in their opposition. In the 1968 Usage Panel survey, 44 percent of the panel approved the usage, but this dropped to 27 percent in our 1986 survey. There is plenty of evidence to suggest that the panel of the mid-1980s was less conservative than the panel of the 1960s, since it accepted once-condemned usages such as the employment of contact and host as verbs. And 60 percent of that same panel in the 1986 survey accepted the comparable use of mercifully in the sentence Mercifully, the game ended before the Giants could add another to the lopsided score. It is not the use of hopefully as a sentence adverb per se that bothers the panel. Rather, hopefully seems to have taken on a life of its own as a shibboleth.
ambiguity of sentence adverbs. Like other sentence adverbs such as bluntly and happily, hopefully may occasionally be ambiguous. In the sentence Hopefully, the company has launched a new venture, you could construe the word hopefully as describing the point of view of either the speaker or the company. You can resolve such ambiguities either by repositioning the adverb (The company has launched the new venture hopefully) or by choosing a paraphrase (We hope that the company has launched the new venture).
回到正题，就这一问题而言，ETS的出题人还是很遵循语法界的规则，将有争议的问题不列入正确选项之列，这一点可以在语法大全第781题得到清楚地说明，ETS解释如下：
The modernization program for the steel mill will cost approximately 51 million dollars, which it is hoped can be completed in the late 1980’s.
(A) The modernization program for the steel mill will cost approximately 51 million dollars, which it is hoped can be completed in the late 1980’s.
(B) The modernization program for the steel mill, hopefully completed in the late 1980’s, will cost approximately 51 million dollars.
(C) Modernizing the steel mill, hopefully to be completed in the late 1980’s, will cost approximately 51 million dollars.
(D) The program for modernizing the steel mill, which can, it is hoped, be completed in the late 1980’s and cost approximately 51 million dollars.（E）
(E) Modernizing the steel mill, a program that can, it is hoped, be completed in the late 1980’s, will cost approximately 51 million dollars.
Choice A can be faulted because which grammatically refers to 51 million dollars, the nearest noun phrase. At any rate, it is not clear in choices A, B, C, or D whether the modernization program or the steel mil is supposed to be completed in the late 1980’s. In B and C, the use of hopefully for it is hoped still meets with strong and widespread objection from many editors, lexicographers, and authors of usage handbooks. Aside from having an ambiguous which, D contains no independent clause and so cannot stand as a sentence. Choice E is the correct answer for this very difficult question.
与偶之前的引述不谋而合。
In conclusion, ETS 已说明hopefully在GMAT中不是优选答案,应该为it is hoped！而且尽管It is hoped可以放于句首，但在ETS出题中，目前偶发现的都是放在句中做插入语,同样大全112题也是如此，如有哪位发现放于句首的考题，欢迎补充！
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发表于 2004-3-9 21:41:00
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