【语法知识点练习】语法干货总结练习，天天练，天天学，天天进步

人间烟火Sue

思路：同位语

Ajournalist的同位语为NellieBly's exploits错误

B正确

C改变原句结构

D同C

E同C

重要20. Retail sales rose 0.8 of 1 percent in August, intensifying expectations that personal spending in theJuly–September quarter more than doubled that of the 1.4percent growth rate in personal spending for the previous quarter.

(A) that personalspending in the July–September quarter more than doubled that of

(B) that personal spending in the July–September quarter would more than double

(C) of personalspending in the July–September quarter, that it more than doubled

(D) of personalspending in the July–September quarter more than doubling that of

(E) of personalspending in the July–September quarter, that it would more than double that of

人间烟火Sue

思路：

A: that 指代personal spending ，带入之后发现多余;  doubled 时态错误， 只是预测，还没发生；expectations表达将来预测的含义，用同位语从句更能体现时态的精准，而且需要使用虚拟 would ；

B: correct；Would在这里表示expectation的内容没有实现。个人的花费在7到9月份的，将会使前几个季度的个人花费的1.4%的增长率变成两倍多， 这里double是动词！

C.that不引导非限定性定语从句；整个句式awkward，that为同位语从句引导词与of平行共同修饰expectations，其实没有必要先说一遍topic再接着详述，像B一样直接详述即可；

D: Of短语无法明确表明expectations的核心内容，应该用同位语从句；句子结构不简洁，并且意思没有B清晰

E:that不引导非限定性定语从句，；，that为同位语从句引导词与of平行共同修饰expectations，其实没有必要先说一遍topic再接着详述，像B一样直接详述即可；

总结：

保留对位指代的that of,去除没必要的that of

1优先选择一个that从句而不是介词短语的先行词: hypothesis, idea, hope,expectation, suggestion, belief, discovery, evidence, indication, and report==> that是同位语！

2限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句--from海词

一，限制性定语从句：

限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、修饰的作用，关系代词有that,which,whom,who,whose以及关系副词when,where等，没有明显的逗号把从句与主语分开，表达的意思为被修饰词的一个定语。

例句：

Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting?

Where is the book which I bought this morning?

二，非限制性定语从句：

作用相当于一种插入语或者对先行词的一种解释，和先行词之间只有比较松散的关系，文字中常常用逗号将其与主句分开，用法其实与限制性定语从句极为相似，只是不能用that做修饰词。

例句：

This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet.

English is an important subject, which every students shouldstudy well.

The building, in front of which sat a boy, was a school.

21. Thecommission has directed advertisers to restrict the use of the word “natural” to foods that do notcontain color or flavor additives, chemical preservatives, or nothing thathas been synthesized.

(A) or nothing that has been

(B) or that has been

(C) and nothing that is

(D) or anything that has been

(E) and anything

人间烟火Sue

思路：

A nothing和not 造成双重否定，此时应该用anying

B that指代了food , 语法和逻辑都不合理；并且flavor additives, chemical preservatives,中间应该有连词

C and和or 意思不同，根据逻辑应该是or，这种天然的食物不包含三个中的任意一种

D bingo

E and和or 意思不同，根据逻辑应该是or，这种天然的食物不包含三个中的任意一种

总结：关于否定句：

A) not和nothing会造成双重否定，要注意，此时应跟anything   

B) 否定句中， not caused by A,B and C (意味不是由A,B,C的组合而引起的) 而 not caused by A, B or C(意味着不是由A或B或C任何一个引起的)

22. Plantsare more efficient at acquiring carbon than are fungi, in the form of carbon dioxide, and converting it toenergy-rich sugars.

(A) Plants are moreefficient at acquiring carbon than are fungi,

(B) Plants are moreefficient at acquiring carbon than fungi,

(C) Plants are moreefficient than fungi at acquiring carbon,

(D) Plants, moreefficient than fungi at acquiring carbon,

(E) Plants acquirecarbon more efficiently than fungi,

人间烟火Sue

思路：

A同位语就近修饰了名词fungi in the form …..不合逻辑

B:比较对象有歧义 ，carbon than fungi, ，好像在说 植物吸收碳比吸收fungi更有效，改变了原意；这里主语比较最好补出谓语动词，如果是介宾短语比较那最好补出介词；;  同位语就近修饰了名词fungi in the form …..不合逻辑

C:bingo！ 正确的比较形式 ，避免了歧义； 将介宾 部分放到了 两个主语比较之后，因为这里是主谓比较，没有宾语，所以可以不用补出are;

D：选项， 成分残缺，没有动词。

E：比较对象错误 ，好像在说 植物吸收碳比吸收fungi更有效，改变了原意；这里主语比较最好补出谓语动词； ，

同位语就近修饰了名词fungiin the form …..不合逻辑  ； acquire 和 未划线部分的converting不平行

总结：句末未划线部分有平行提示，一定作为优先判断选项对错的点！！！！

同位语:                                                                                      

A)修饰前方紧邻名词，一般不会出现跳跃结构【a phenomenon这样抽象的同位语指代整句句意除外】，但可以指代前方紧邻的整个名词短语  B)a phenomenon这样的同位语，优于which这个破介词，尤其当指代前面整句话时                                                                                             

C)同位语双方一定要是可以同位的结构                                                   

补充：同位语的数可以和被修饰的东西数不一致，但主句谓语仍要和主句主语一致，不和同位语一致。           

23. The Iroquois were primarily planters, but supplementing their cultivation ofmaize, squash, and beans with fishing and hunting.

(A) but supplementing

(B) and hadsupplemented

(C) and even thoughthey supplemented

(D) although theysupplemented

(E) but withsupplementing

人间烟火Sue

思路：翻译：易洛魁族人主要以耕种为主,尽管他们也以鱼猎来补充他们玉米,南瓜,豆子.的耕种

A:but 链接一个分词 和一个句子，不平行 ； The Iroquois were primarily planters，这里面的were是系动词。而but the Iroquois were supplementing这里面的were是助动词.两个were功能不同，不可共用，后面那个were不可以省略。而且就算这么补了，时态确实也不对,weresupplementing表示他们的补充行为到现在还没结束 ；

B  原文含有一个转折的概念，不能随便去掉或者换掉；如果主句和分句主语相同，并且以and ,but ,before等连接，如果句子逻辑上存在先后顺序，主从句都用一般过去时即可，不必用过去完成时了强调这种先后顺序。除非有明确的时间标志词表达先后顺序。

C：and even though 两个连词，后面要两个动词，这里句子残缺

D： bingo ，一般过去时的平行，逻辑合理；

  

E：的but with连用，awkward，这里不是介词的平行 ； but是连词，连接句子和介词短语 ，不平行

总结：用and/but连接的句子，一般不用改变时态，这里并不强调时序动作。

同理，相同主语的两个动作用and/but连接，不必改变时态。除非有明确的时间标志词表达先后顺序

宗旨是，如果不需要强调时序，就不要用过去完成时。

24. Ascontrasted with the honeybee, the yellow jacket can sting repeatedlywithout dying and carries a potent venom that can cause intense pain.

(A) As contrasted withthe honeybee,

(B) In contrast to thehoneybee’s,

(C) Unlike the stingof the honeybee,

(D) Unlike that of thehoneybee,

(E) Unlike thehoneybee,

人间烟火Sue

思路：此题单纯的考比较和 idiom ,真实考试时不会有这样的弱弱题

A :As contrasted with 不是习语：习语是in contrast to/with X ,Y。。。。。  X Y 需可比

B：honeybee’s和the yellow jacket不能比较

C:string和the yellowjacket不能比较

D:THAT无指代对象；.that ofthe honeybee和the yellowjacket

1.

E:unlike 一般都是出现在句首表比较

potent ['pəutənt] adj. 有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的

总结：

1.标准书面语中，like/unlike后只加名词(不一定具体名词)表比较，不能加不定式短语,分词短语(prep 1-54 unlike cooking withspeices错),句子或介短。（后面接这些东西的时候unlike要改为whereas等等）。

2.like/unlike是严格的硬梆梆比较，比较对象必须严格对等，中间不能插入任何成分比如介词短语

25. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledgeover the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth toadulthood, are now drawing solidconclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.

(A) Neuroscientists,having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brainand its development from birth to adulthood, are

(B) Neuroscientists,having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development frombirth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

(C) Neuroscientistsamassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth toadulthood over the past twenty years, and are

(D) Neuroscientistshave amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brainand its development from birth to adulthood,

(E) Neuroscientistshave amassed, over the past twenty years, a wealth of knowledge about the brainand its development from birth to adulthood,

人间烟火Sue

思路：

A:bingo ; having dong 被逗号隔开后可以作定语修饰名词，无逗号不行；需要清晰的看清两句的因果关系，通过having amassed ,导致了Neuroscientists are now drawing。Having done发生在主句动作之前；如果产生了时间断层，绝对不可能伴随动作。【也应注意，出现过去和现在的情况，重点肯定是在现在的情况上】

B选项，having…只是一个形容词性的部分，没有和and are相对应的第一个并列的谓语;；over the past twenty years错误的修饰了adults

C选项，同B，没有和and are并列的动词；over the past twenty years 错误的修饰了adults；

D选项now drawing在这里不能做伴随，出现了时间断层；不可能变积累知识，边归纳结论。肯定是积累了一定的知识以后归纳出来的结论，在过去十年积累知识给以后作铺垫 ; 不能做状语，那只能作定语，在这里可能做了adulthood的定语，不合逻辑  ;此外主从交换，改变了原句强调的重心

E ：have amassed 这个动作发生在 over the past twenty years ,are drawing 发生在now ,出现了时间断层，不可能一个是另一个的伴随；谓语是完成时态，那么既然已经完成了，drawing就无法再做其的伴随，所以只剩下做定语的功能，作adulthood的定语；状语over the past twenty years 位置笨拙，要么提到句首去，要么像 A一样；

总结：

此题如果把A选项的 having 放在主句之后，错误！因为这里是做定于，而不是表伴随状语！！

1.现在分词在句尾用逗号隔开，必须要注意的一点是这个结构从来都没有失去过“做定语”的功能，只是优先做状语而已，即优先修饰到前面主句的主语和谓语。

2.【, V-ing】小结：

A)逻辑主语=句子主语，此时表伴随动作

B)逻辑主语=主句全句，此时表结果状语

C)前方为主系表结构，不表伴随、不表结果，只是对前句的补充说明

如果产生了时间断层，绝对不可能伴随动作。【也应注意，出现过去和现在的情况，重点肯定是在现在的情况上】

3.having done短语中所表达的内容发生在主句动作之前

4.When havingdone 结构一定错错，因为不应该有 when。单是 Having done 就够了。Have 有很多地方与正牌动词不同，When 后就不能用 having 了。原因是 having done 是过去，而 when 是当时，所以有冲突。

26. Tropical bats playimportant roles in the rain forest ecosystem, aiding in the dispersal ofcashew, date, and fig seeds; pollinating banana, breadfruit, and mangotrees; and indirectly help produce tequila by pollinating agave plants.

(A) pollinating banana, breadfruit, and mango trees; andindirectly help produce

(B) pollinating banana, breadfruit, and mango trees; andindirectly helping to produce

(C) pollinating banana, breadfruit, and mango trees; andthey indirectly help to produce

(D) they pollinate banana, breadfruit, and mango trees;and indirectly help producing

(E) they pollinate banana, breadfruit, and mango trees;indirectly helping the producing of

人间烟火Sue

思路：大平行。A，B，and C

A 应为helping

B 正确

C helping，且多了they，没必要

D helping

E helping to produce，动词优于名词。

27. None ofthe attempts to specify the causes of crime explains why most of the peopleexposed to the alleged causes do not commit crimes and, conversely, why so manyof those not so exposed have.

(A) have

(B) has

(C) shall

(D) do

(E) could

人间烟火Sue

思路：.此题考平行：Alleged 所谓的  specify  vt 详细列出

释义：没用任何一个去具体化犯罪动机的尝试解释到为什么大部分有所谓的犯罪动机的人没有犯罪，相反地，为什么很多没有犯罪动机的人却犯罪了。

donot commit crimes是句子的谓语，与之对应的是do，指代了commit ,省略了crimes

ABCE 形式均不对等

总结：HelpingVerbs=> do,be,have                                                           

A)如果用Helping Verbs替代主句Working Verb,被Helping Verb替代的词，一定在前句中出现过。==>即be动词对be动词, do对实意动词, have对完成时    

B)有时, Helping Verb是用来替代主句中某个被强调的动词的(不是Working Verb)，此时，被替代的动词形式应该与Helping Verb一致。

C)在比较结构(或对比结构)中，时态发生变化了，后句be动词绝对不能省略。 ==>反向考点：be动词省略了，意味着前后时态一致。

28. Invirtually all types of tissue in every animal species, dioxin induces theproduction of enzymes that are the organism’s trying to metabolize, orrender harmless, the chemical that is irritating it.

(A) trying tometabolize, or render harmless, thechemical that is irritating it

(B) trying that itmetabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritant

(C) attempt to try tometabolize, or render harmless, such a chemical irritant

(D) attempt to try andmetabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritating it

(E) attempt tometabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritant

人间烟火Sue

思路：

A：当动词try 有同意名词attempt时，不用动名词形式 . trying可以用作名词，但通常很奇怪。尤其是跟在所有格后边。（OG原解释）;the chemical that is irritating it  不简洁，it 不能指代organism；

B当动词try 有同义名词attempt时，不用动名词形式 ; trying可以用作名词，但通常很奇怪。尤其是跟在所有格后边。（OG原解释）；tryingthat it metabolize, 不符合习惯， try to do 是习语

C attempt和try的意思重复了；such无指代，前面并没有出现过a chemical irritant；

D attempt和try的意思重复了 ；the chemical irritating it，不简洁， it不能指代所有格organism；

E: the chemical irritant 是形容词后置， = thechemical that is irritant ;这里or render harmless 相当于插入语；

总结：. 所有格是很挫的指代对象==>除非代词也是所有格形式。

有同义名词就不要用动名词，尤其是在所有格之后。此外，避免所有格！

29. EmilyDickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a periodbeginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyoneelse.

(A) Dickinson werewritten over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brotherand ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering

(B) Dickinson werewritten over a period that begins a few yearsbefore Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and endedshortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber

(C) Dickinson, writtenover a period beginning a few years beforeSusan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and that endsshortly before Emily’s death in 1886 and outnumbering

(D) Dickinson, whichwere written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage toEmily’s brother, ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, and outnumbering

(E) Dickinson, whichwere written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage toEmily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber