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楼主: anchoret

[推荐]逻辑Boldface练习题与方法总结

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发表于 2003-8-28 00:10:00 | 显示全部楼层
小安,客气了。
这种题是听头疼的。
还有,大家来分析一下这几个词的准确意思吧:
inconclusion-inference;general principle; premise, general point; general consideration.
做这种题时这些词好像很关键。
发表于 2003-8-28 00:17:00 | 显示全部楼层
小安,客气了。
附上我的答案:1.C 2. B 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.E 7.A 8.D 9.B
其中,3,4与参考答案不一样。
另外,大家来分析一下这几个词的准确意义吧:
conclusion-inference; genenral principle; general point, general consideration, fact-evidence
这些 词作这些题时很关键的,我觉得
发表于 2003-8-28 00:27:00 | 显示全部楼层
1 C,我觉得B不对,因为题目中只提了有一架飞机因乘客使用laptop受到影响,所以conclusion must draw有误。
2 B,第二句话并没有明显的against第一句,所以A不对。
3 B
4 E (但我觉得C也说得过,区分不了)
5 A
6 B 第一句话应该是事实,而不是premise? Premise做假设讲还是做前提讲啊?晕。
7 A
8 D
9 B? (我觉得A也没什么错啊)












[此贴子已经被作者于2003-8-28 0:47:14编辑过]
发表于 2003-8-28 01:46:00 | 显示全部楼层
Good stuff. Thank you, Anchor Man.


[此贴子已经被作者于2003-8-28 1:47:26编辑过]
发表于 2003-8-28 02:12:00 | 显示全部楼层
I think first three question answers should be

#1 E
#2 A
#3 B
 楼主| 发表于 2003-8-28 10:01:00 | 显示全部楼层
以下是引用yoyo700在2003-8-28 1:46:00的发言:
Good stuff. Thank you, Anchor Man.


[此贴子已经被作者于2003-8-28 1:47:26编辑过]



anchor man?????
发表于 2003-8-28 11:28:00 | 显示全部楼层
以下是引用anchoret在2003-8-28 10:01:00的发言:

anchor man?????


发表于 2003-8-28 11:29:00 | 显示全部楼层
请问这些题的来源是哪里啊?是真题吗?
发表于 2003-8-28 12:13:00 | 显示全部楼层
在我上次考试时,前10题中有2个Boldface 连在一起 实在 烦人, 真象这几题, 总有两个choices very confusing. After the test, I checked other websites and found the following:

尽量搞懂推导过程,分别出黑体部分的角色
角色:evidence
conclusion
mid conclusion
argument(evidence --->conclusion的过程)
suggestion


1.BF: 改良基因培养的绿色种子那道(内容及BF部份都和前人叙述一样)
[版本一]科学家们用基因工程的方法培育种子,黑体(这种种子可以不用杀虫剂),但是这种子却很贵,问support :现代人比较重视绿色食物,指不含杀虫剂的, 黑体(所以农民还是有可能选用这种种子的)。
注:我碰到的是变体,是bf,黑体部分如上括号内内容  第一个应该是个claim,用于引出话题。也许是事实,也许不是,无所谓。
第二个是conclusion。
[版本二](科学发展能从某种种子里培育出抵抗害虫的plant), however, ( the seed is very expensive), the cost of the seed and the cost of using new fertilizer will outweigh the advantages of the development. but they still decide to use this development.
我选:前面是对一种发展的预测会带来的影响,后面是the evidence to support the argument the conclusion is against.
机委:此题作为bf题的各种变体几乎都已考到了。

我觉得conclusion是they still decide to use this development.那argument就应该是“能抵抗害虫”---》大家会用
那第二句话,不就应该是削弱argument了的么?
到底怎么回事?想不通

偶觉得做bf的题目,最重要的还是抓住句子里面很关键的关系词,表示转折啊,什么的
上面的however就很明显是削弱argument
就等于support 了(the other argument the conclusion is agianst)
反驳a就等于支持a所反对的

[版本三](科学家们用基因工程的方法培育种子),这种种子可以不用杀虫剂,但是这种子却很贵,所以对农民来说,用这种种子可以不用杀虫剂的好处实际上被此种子较高的成本所抵消了,但是,(现代人比较重视绿色食物),所以科学家的这种方法还是会普及的。
第一个是a development that will result in certain prediction;第二个是the assumption of the prediction。
3版本中,后一个在两个BUT后面,明显是支持结论的,但不知道叫什么,assumption好象也对

[版本四]boldface 科学家们用基因工程的方法培育种子),这种种子可以不用杀虫剂,但是这种子却很贵,(所以对农民来说,用这种种子可以不用杀虫剂的好处实际上被此种子较高的成本所抵消了),但是考虑到现代人比较重视绿色食物,指不含杀虫剂的,所以科学家的这种方法还是会普及的。
要注意二者都不是最终结论,还有,对第二点作者也是承认的。
[版本五](科学家们用基因工程的方法培育种子),这种种子可以不用杀虫剂,但是这种子却很贵,所以对农民来说,用这种种子可以不用杀虫剂的好处实际上被此种子较高的成本所抵消了,但是,现代人比较重视绿色食物,(所以科学家的这种方法还是会普及的)。
第一个是a development that will result in certain prediction;第二个是什么想不起了,不过是c,d中的一个,另一个有些混淆,细心应该没问题。版本五的第二个我个人认为是总结论
我觉得不管是哪个版本,总的题干思路是:
提出某新方法——》新法的好处A(不用杀虫剂)——》又提出新法的一个坏处(成本高)——》再提出新法的好处B(老百姓LOVE绿色植物)——》得到总结论即新法将得到运用。
要注意的是好处B不是总结论成立的必要条件,因为谁也不知道是否还有好处C,假如有,即便好处B不成立,总结论还是可以成立。
2.BF题,题干非常长,是那个测定年代的题,划线部分是(考古学家不用某某方法测定年代)(这个观点是正确的)。我的答案是前者是作者得出的结论的context,后者是作者的conclusion.不知道对否
去年10月的~~:
BF:radiocarbon dating对推测古董年代有用,但埃及学者认为(鉴定纸草AGE用不着这种方法),这是有道理的,因为(大多数都可以从内容判断,误差不超过20年),radiocarbon dating误差100年。 答案也简单。conclusion----evidence
考古
用carbon dating 法可确认古物的年龄,不过历史学家用相关的文献就可以确认其年代, 而且误差不大,所以carbon dating 法相比没有优势。问假设。
对于相关的古物都有较完整准确的资料
3.bf: 保险公司由于被偷车辆的增加利润降低。(保险公司决定增加对安装了防盗设施的车辆的保险)。。。(保险公司将降低保险赔偿)
1为the strategy the argument assess, 2 为conclusion(还有一个选项很混淆,没有完全的把握
1。汽车保险和防盗装置 前面是措施后面是支持这个措施的证据 @
供参考附:我选前一段是提出策略, 后一端是策略的依据.
@我选一是策略,二是结果,也可能是这末做的原因。
@我选了前面是个方案,然后给出方案的评估办法
an insurer got a bad business result for an auto policy because so many thefts. The insurer have no way to deal with the theft, so (decide to give discount to the auto owner whose car equipped with anti-theft device) Therefore, many auto go to buy anti-theft device. (because anti-theft device is useful for ) so the insurer will get a good business.
A.The former is a position the author wants to defend and the later is an evidence to support the position.
B.The former is a position the author wants to challenge and the later is its evidence to oppose to it
第一句话是Strategy,第二句话是Assumption还是Evidence
evidence 只是起加强作用,而assumption是必要条件,也就是如果assumption不成立的话,结论就无法成立。
这种题应该首先搞清楚原来提干的逻辑思路,到底哪里是结论,哪里是论据。
原题的思路是:问题的出现(got a bad business result )——》提出策略(give discount to the auto owner whose car equipped with anti-theft device,这个策略附带一个小结论即many auto go to buy anti-theft device)——》提出原理(because anti-theft device is useful )——》得到结论(insurer will get a good business)。
要注意的是提干的结论是insurer will get a good business,anti-theft device is useful在这里是EVIDENCE,表明策略有用,所以 get a good business,它不是一个ASSUMPTION,因为即便anti-theft device is NOT useful,也不能得出insurer will NOT get a good business(例如说不定小偷最近胆小了,不敢怎么偷了呢)。
如果把题目里的结论so the insurer will get a good business改成so the strategy is useful, 那anti-theft device is useful就是一个ASSUMPTION。
个人体会evidence和assumption都有针对性,题目里往往有好几个结论(大结论和小结论),要分清到底是evidence还是assumption,就要搞清它是针对哪一个而言,可能它对某个小结论是前提,但对大结论却只是evidence,而不是assumption。
(1、就是保险公司(意识到不可能自己去降低偷车事件的发生),那么为了…他们就(采取了装…)后面现原来机经。
我选前一部分是作都排除(rule out a possible alternation)他因,然后提供一个可能有用的办法;

2、BF,保险公司那个,黑体子是insurance company knows it can to prevent the theft, 另一段是insurance company plans to set up 防盗系统。我选的是the first part rules out a possibility, the second part is a strategy that the latter half of the paragraph assesses
3、保险公司由于车辆保险索赔人多而亏本, 所以提出给(那些在车辆上安防盗装置人的保险打折), 因为(装了防盗装置的车辆不会被偷).BF)
4. 有人说人类造成了鹿数量的减少。(但是黑熊也起到了重要作用)。
那个鹿和熊的题的变异。第一句话(即黑体)普遍认为XXX,however, 怎么怎么的,说前面提出的有问题。我选的是E,即要challenge的evidence. ?
附:鹿
有人说人类造成了鹿数量的减少。(但是黑熊也起到了重要作用)。科学家在黑熊的死尸中发现了鹿的尸体,充分表明了黑熊以鹿为食。选项(1)黑体部分是主要论点 就选这个。迷惑选项有黑体部分提供了一个要解释的现象。其他的选项可轻松排除。
bf题:猎人说一直以来说鹿的数量减少是由于过度猎杀是不恰当的,(真正的原因是黑熊的出现很大程度上造成了路数量减少),后面一堆证明说熊是真正的凶手。
如果按照第一个版本的第三种说法来说,个人认为黑体字部分就是论点。
版本二: Boldface英国某地区因为狩猎的增多使(deer的数量急剧减少),同时考察发现以deer为生的bear的数量也急剧减少。因此可以判断,要保护deer的数量,就必须严禁狩猎。
我选的是支持本段的结论。
版本三:开头就提出一个conclusion,说deer由于A到时,《其实another B才是》...问《》的作用。
偶觉得版本二那个是conclusion,版本三太简略了,不太懂,the evidence to challenge the conclusion吗?
5. 科学家的bf题:
传统认为科学家那些creative的发明要在40岁前发明出来。后来however,(有个finding说其实大部分在40岁后)。。。。。然后就说了在40岁后的原因不是因为什么什么 (而是因为什么什么)。我选了第一个是evidence to support the explanation; 第二个是explanation(虽然答案有点怪,但其他的我觉得更怪--水平不足,大家如果碰到还是重新考虑一下比较好)觉得还是第一个是结论,第二个是论据来support
Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. However, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs. Since creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientist’s entry into the field, the study’s finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields. support
版本二:BF: 科学家到了40不再Creatative的哪道
科学家过了40就不creative . 但有证据证明有很多科学家过了40 还能remain creative,但是这些科学家过了40还能creative 的原因是他们入行的时间向后推迟了.
前一句是反对作者观点的证据,后一句是作者补充支持的原因
版本3:
above 40的科学家的creativity 的BF( 我的观点, BF不象gre的BF难辨别, 没什么facts 与evidences, premise, pre-premise的区别等等, 此中题目不需理解详细内容,只要把关键转折词,如however, but, 和标志观点的so, therefore, not别漏掉, 基本好解决)
现象 (Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty) -> Explaination 1 (It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity) -> Evidence 1 (However, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs.) -> Evidence 2 (Since creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientist’s entry into the field) -> Conclusion / Explaination 2 (the study’s finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields).
Explaination 1 是对现象的一种解释,但是是全文所反对的解释。
Evidence 1 是削弱Explaination 1, 支持最后 Conclusion 的。
Evidence 2 是直接支持Conclusion.
Conclusion 是全文结论所在,也是对现象的另一种解释。
evidence----conclusion, 由事实推结论:归纳过程
conclusion---explanation,由结论找解释:演绎过程
"finding说其实大部分在40岁后"这个finding, 应该当作事实来理解(?),所以是evidence。而(因为什么什么)作为explanation似乎没有异议(?)。我觉得,中间缺少conclusion把它们连起来。猜想,就是。。。。。。的话。问题:如何判定"finding说其实大部分在40岁后"到底是个事实依据呢?还是主观色彩浓一点的conclusion?
我觉得判断是否是CONCLUSION也要结合全局的意思来看,一个however就给出了作者真正的观点,而后面的都是在补充解释为什么这个观点成立。所以我认为是conclusion.
scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty.--> evidence 1
it is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. --> mid-conclusion
however, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs. --> evidence 2
since creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientist’s entry into the field, --> evidence 3
the study’s finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields. ---> conclusion
evidence 1 supports mid-conclusion
evidence 2 and evidence 3 together support the conclusion.
the conclusion is contradict with mid-conclusion.
6. 建议把property tax改成收XX, (a system xxx 3%的sale tax xxxx.)但是有critist 反对xxxxxxxx。这些反对是有一定道理的。(whereas,xxxxxx(抱歉,实在想在不起这句话是怎么说的了))。最后好象是说这个计划还是可行的吧。实在记不得了。非常希望后来者补充,
这题我花了足足有五分钟。还是没做出来,先项特别搞,当时弄得我满头大汗。肯定是做错了,马上又给我来了一道BF,
※※附以往机经:
关于funding plan , previously by the tax of property, now by the tax of three percent sale. The critics ( blabla…..their opinion),the author thinks they are right on this points. But……….( the sale will rise substantially).
1、JJ:A市废除property tax(注意没提sales tax)去SUPPORT school,反对者如潮说如何如何(不重要的一些废话),但是这种反对无理,其实sales tax就可以support school了, since
2、一个城市(决定取消property tax , and use sales tax) to fund its education systems. 一堆人提出反对意见,说什末钱不够. (some big chain stores are looking to invest in this city, and the sales tax charged is 6%, is enough for funding the school)
版本一:
政府为了一个问题采取了一个什么政策,(但这个政策不一定是最有效的。)跟着列举了一些缺点。(其他解决这个问题的政策不会比这个政策耗费更多的资源),所以这个政策不必要。
版本二:
Officer said......(many evidence described) so.......(boldface), thus, this conclusion is false (boldface) because....... (many evidence described)
解答:The first is the conclusion the officer opposes, and the second is the conclusion of the officer. @供参考附:第一个黑体是a的结论(或者说b所反驳的),第二个黑体是b的position。
我遇到的是第二个版本,是说政府改变税收政策来解决教育资金的问题。
A城要通过提高3%购物税的方式为当地的中学收钱。批评家说如何如何,黑体(这个结论是有道理的)。但是,一些人ARGUE说,黑体(因为一个大公司要在A城建一大的购物中心,并且可以把邻城的人都吸引过来),所以还是可以征到钱的
非常之长,要有耐心读下去。 a先给出一个什么office的若干表现,(得出其效率低的结论),b(反驳),给出原因。 第一个黑体是a的结论(或者说b所反驳的),第二个黑体是b的position。// I agree that the first BF is the conclusion of A. But don't you think the second BF is the evidence of the B to support b's position, which is "所以还是可以征到钱的"?
我想“which is "所以还是可以征到钱的"?”是指增税后还是可以赚钱。
SHELL找的版本很好玩,有的是增税来融资,有的是减税来融资,而且黑体的部分也不太一样,可见这道题是ETS的至爱啊~
关于GWBUSHmm所讨论的版本, 我认为第一个是the conclusion the officer opposes,第二个是the reasoning to support the officer's policy
7. BF:先说了一堆罗嗦的话,说博物馆怎样保护一种珍贵的油画(博物馆馆长说如果室内温度高,就要。。。。)于是。。。(那么。。。),however。。。。
我的答案是:第一部分是作者要反对的结论的假设条件,第二部分是这个结论。“那么”里是一个要被however反对的结论?
BF: Someone propose a very strict law. BUT THIS DOESN'T HELP TO REDUCE THE NUMBER OF CRIMES. because these people who commits crime twice or more are so old that it is meaningless to put them in the jail. AND IF WE PUT THEM IN THE JAIL,THERE ARE LESS ROOM TO HOLD THOSE YOUNG CRIMINALS,who need more strict laws. 第二题第一个是作者的结论,第二个是加强结论。
8. BF(非常长,满屏) Newton developed new concept and technique, another person *** also written a kind of book that develop the concept and technique independently… Some people argues that……. , and( since ……….. ). The traditional view is false, however. More caution is called for. ( Newton’s book only limited to bla bla…)
I choose: The first is the evidence of the argument the author criticized, the second is the evidence to support the author’s own conclusion. 但是有一个地方不太清楚就是Some people argues that……. 这些人 argue 的是什么,是和作者的观点相同呢还是相反?
9. 环保组织希望农民卖地的那题
※※附以往机经:
版本一:
BF题:环保组织建议买农民地。但农民只会卖给出价最高的房地产商,房地产商会开发土地并影响环保。答案:先说argument要contend to be ineffective的问题,然后说出最后结果
版本二:
boldface:环保专家准备向农民买土地,但竞争不过develper,所以土地还是会被开发。有点像几经,但不全一样, 而且有2个选项巨搞,我徘徊了很久,选了一个其它的选项。
10. 医院是否歧视没有保险的人 (3)
附以往机经:
BF:市政官员:有人批评医院对有无保险的病人区别对待, (这是不对的云云),(因为什么什么)题干很长,但答案很明显。
版本二:
BF: CITY OFFICER: 有INSURE的病人在医院受到的待遇明显比没有INSURE的病人高,这是符合常理的。 有CRITICS说:这种做法UNFAIR。(此句BF) 但是这种CRITICS是不对的(BF) 后面还有内容,没看,不影响做题。 问此两句话分别的作用。 (前一句是 CITY OFFICER 反对的论点; 后一句是提供反对HOSPITAL CRITICS 的CONCLUSION , 大意如此)
我觉得主要搞清楚谁和谁对立。
观点1--待遇高合乎常理
观点2--待遇高unfair
第一句是support 观点2;也是与观点1相对立的
第二句是与观点2对立;也是与观点1同一阵线。
11. 罗马发现一文物
黑体题原来认为A国的文字来源于B国。最近一项研究发现(A国人的字有些是从左往右写的,有些是从右往左写的)。但是我们知道(B国人的字从来都是从左往右写的),所以A国的问题不是从B国来的。
版本二:证明xx是在8世纪出现的,但是实际上xx的出现至少可以提前2个世纪,(文物的文字有从左到右和从右到左的),而8世纪以后的文字都是从左到右的,(罗马人想p人学习文化,用了两个世纪学了他们的从左到右),。。。
the first is the evidence to support the argument, the second is the assumption
另外一个版本:某些考古文物显示,某部落写字时从左到右的顺序是在8000B。C。出现的,significantly, (保存资料显示有从左到右的也有从右到左的,)这种说法关系到对古文物的考察,(因为除非此部落中间有两千年(从左右兼用到发现8000BC的文物)没有用从左到右的资料否则不可能。
Greek 文字起源,说发现的最早的文字记录大概在B.C.1600年,但作者认为SHOULD BE AT LEAST 200YEARS EARLIER THAN THAT DATE,因为书写的方向有左到右,右到左都有,又说PXXXX的文字也是这样的什么什么,接下来的内容我也没整明白,望其他网友补充,这道题我看以后定会常考。
我觉得说它是SUPPORT是从作用来说的,和EVIDENCE并不冲突。
我觉得两个都是EVIDENCE,共同推导最后结论用的。
12. bf新题型:
新题型出在这里,有一道BF,只有一个黑体部分,我在原来的JJ里没见过,不知大家见过没有?不过题不难,选项有点搞,具体如下:
血液含氧量,(给出定义),对人体是很关键的。某某公司生产富氧水(就是含氧气的水),号称对人有好处,可以补充血液含氧量。但这个说法是不对的,《因为人体血液吸收氧气的唯一途径是通过肺》。问下面哪个选项能和以上黑体部分起同样作用?
C)人们在运动时,血液里的含氧量已经足够了
E)那些大牛运动员,他们不喝这个富氧水,一样创造世界记录
这到题目当初有争议的:
BF, 讲的是一种SUPER OXY饮料能提供血液所需要的物质,建议在GYM内销售以配合EXERCISE。 黑体字是:血液所需要的这种物质只能通过肺吸收来提供。 问哪句和黑体字起相同作用。 选人们在运动时产生的这种物质已经超过血液所需要的量了
jj(BF):有人生产出一种新药,可以增加吸氧量,于是就有人说会好卖。问那个可起同样作用:前人机警误导:应是bloodstream里的含氧量就太多吸收不了。
第一个版本的题目,其实不算BF,只是削弱题的变形。E这个答案,涉及特殊人群,不能排除特殊人群本身有特殊情况,所以不如C这个答案好。
而第二个版本,我认为和第一个版本的答案并不冲突,是从两方面来说的,不一定会同时出现,一定要有取舍的话,第二个版本的答案更好。
我上XDF时这道题是在费费的最新题里面的。他讲过这道题的,答案是选C。
因为C是起解释结论的作用,和原文黑体字一样,而E是他因削弱作者反对的结论。
13. Some people are proposing the application of a new type of film on the surface of airplane. The reason for using the film instead of the old style of paint is that while the airplane is in maintaince, nothing can be done before the paint is dried. However (if apply the new film, other tasks can be done at the same time.) It will improve the work cycle. (Especially, the new film is not more expensive than the old paint.) Therefore, the use of such film should be encouraged.
A) The first BF is the benefit cited. the second BF is also the benefit. (WRONG)
C) The first BF is the benefit cited. The second BF is denied the counter argument. (Yes)
结论应该是the use of such film should be encouraged. Counter argument是隐含在题中的,就是more expensive than the old paint。
My understanding is "is not more expensive" doesn't mean it's cheaper. Therefore, it's not always a benefit, if they are the same price.
14. Boldface.一个调查比较M公司的纺织机(mill)生产的纱(yarn)与C公司生产的纱的质量。发现M公司生产的纱不仅缺陷少而且较长。他们发现(M公司在开始生产前对原材料的检验比C公司严格得多),所以他们认为这种treatment造成了差异。After all,(也可能是M公司的原材料本身就比C公司的要好)。我选第一句是evidence支持作者反对的结论。第二句是用来impair该结论的。
观点:材料检验造成差异 第一个:支持,加强 第二个:削弱。
我觉得作者是骑墙派,好象认为两边观点都有道理,并没明确哪一个。两个黑体字部分分别支持两边的观点。
15.BF:A kind of element does harm to worker's eye. (The employer should take measures to control this phenomenon.) The employer refutes that it is not so serious cause when it occurs, it is not late to control it. (But usually it is too late to notice that it has happened.)
Answer. The first is a position the arguer presented. The second is the reason to support the arguer's position.
16. 政府决定减少路边BILLBOARD的数量,但由于(求登广告的数目增加和BILLBOARD的数目减少),。。。。(广告公司的利润不会减少只会增加,)IN ADDITION,大的广告公司会赢利,而小的广告公司会有可能RULE OUT FROM THE MARKET.(我选E,EACH OF THEM IS EVIDENCE OF INTERMIDEATE CONCLUSION TO A FURTHER CONCLUSION)
1是EVIDENCE,2是MID-CONCLUSION。
the second is conclusion rather than mid-conclusion. because it is not related to what is "in addition". 欢迎指正!再说,什么事mid-conclusion 的准确定义啊?
mid-conclusion首先是一个CONCLUSION,它不是客观事实,需要由题目所给出的条件做一定的推论;其次,它不是最终的CONCLUSION,对于最终结论而言,它只是一个条件。
17. BF:去年就业人数增加了。那么,今年就业人数会增加吗?(It is true that 只有在现有企业提供了更多职务或更多企业成立时,就业人数才会增加。)今年,现有企业提供的职位虽然增加,但速度小于去年。(同时,今年新建企业的数量已经减少,而且平均企业需求人数并未明显增加。)所以,今年就业人数不会增加。
The first is the truth that is acknowledged as the basis for the judgment of a criticism, the second is the evidence for the judgment of the criticism.
第一个应该是与总观点“就业人数不会增加”对立的观点把?我觉得不是。应该是一个truth/evidence,作为让步论证的基础。第一个是让步论证用的EVIDENCE,第二个是SUPPORT结论的EVIDENCE。
18. BF, 警察局长说要采用新的政策,因为去年用了新的政策后本市犯罪率大幅下降。他又说,有人反对该提议It is objected by someone 【that there is overall decrease in crime rate in last 3 years throughout the country】and that 。。。好像说应为全国犯罪率下降所以本市犯罪率下降,不是由于新的政策。这段也可能是别的意思,没太读懂。【But if we implement the new policy, it will further decrease the all country’s crime rate, include that of our city.】问两段作用。论点是支持实行新政策。
第一个是驳斥的观点,第二个是支持的观点。//第一个是作者反对的结论的EVIDENCE,第二个是SUPPORT作者的结论。
19. BF题: About the population of a certain ancient village. CENSUS RECORD SHOULD BE COMPLETE DURING 16CENTURY, 但是那个时期正好有一种类似人头税的东西,所以村民肯定会隐瞒实际人口。 THEREFORE THE DECLINE SHOWED IN THE RECORD IS NOT PROPERLY THE TRUE SITUATION AT THAT TIME. 问两部分黑体的关系
两个对立的观点
THEREFORE THE DECLINE SHOWED IN THE RECORD IS NOT PROPERLY THE TRUE SITUATION AT THAT TIME.
The last sentence is absolutely the CONCLUSION and everybody agrees. The problem lies on the role of first BF.

CENSUS RECORD SHOULD BE COMPLETE DURING 16CENTURY. By looking at the "SHOULD BE" in the sentence, we know it cannot be evidence, only a 推测, So, it could be assumption or midconclution, but assumption should support the conclusion (the second BF), it's not. So it can only be mid-conclusion, a 观点 that is contradictive to the final conclusion(Second BF ).

I disagree they are absolutely opposite, but they both are indeed evidences to support. Why census complete + hinding number =>census is not accrate. 我觉得前面的黑体到象是一个让步,意思是本来调查应该是完整有效的。My meaning is the first one is also a support. Why, because census is complete and people hided the number. In other words, if the census is not accurate, even people hided numbers, we can't conclude that the 'THEREFORE THE DECLINE SHOWED IN THE RECORD IS NOT PROPERLY THE TRUE SITUATION AT THAT TIME.'.
  


发表于 2003-8-28 12:23:00 | 显示全部楼层
第五节:句子作用题。
英文标志词:boldface, play roles.
读文章方式:首先分析黑体字部分是evidence还是conclusion,然后通过转折词判断evidence和conclusion间的关系。
例1. The use of nets at beach resorts to protect swimming areas from sharks has been criticized by
environmentalists because the nets needlessly kill thousands of marine animals annually. However, environmentalists have recently discovered that an electrified cable buried beneath the periphery of swimming areas causes sharks to swim away while harming neither humans nor marine life. Hence, by installing such cables, resort communities will be able to maintain tourism while satisfying environmentalists’ concerns.
   The statement concerning what the environmentalists recently discovered plays which of the
following roles in the argument?
(A)    A premise of the argument
(B)    The conclusion of a key term in the argument
(C)    A clarification of a key term in the argument
(D)    A reiteration of the conclusion for the sake of emphasis
(E)    A statement of the position that is being argued against


例2. 证据表明:1喝可乐的人中心肌衰退的比例超过常人。这说明:2可乐导致心肌功能衰退。所
以,3可乐不好。但就算证据正确,由于4喝可乐的人往往在喝之前已经是心力衰竭者,所
以不能说明可乐导致心功能衰退。并且5可乐中含有大量微量元素,所以6喝可乐好。7请喝可乐吧!
1、是支持中间结论2(mid conclusion)的evidence;2、是mid conclusion,支持conclusion3;3、是
conclusion, 4和5也是evidence,它们反对2和3,其实是反对1->2->3的论证(argument,
argument=evidence+conclusion);4、是通过指出A->B本身的错误(类似于flaw)对1->2进行削
弱,而5是通过C->B对2->3进行削弱的。4, 5均支持conclusion6的成立。7和本文的逻辑推导无关,称作suggestion,其位置一般在文章的最后。
例3. 彗星(comet)进入A星球大气层前的颗粒大小没有被观察到。但人们可以根据1comet颗粒上
含有硫磺(sulfa)来推测颗粒大小。Comet颗粒本身一定是不含sulfa的, 2A星球云层含有大量
的sulfa。Comet颗粒必须有足够的大小不被烧光而穿过大气层,才能携带上sulfa。
问题:The boldface in the argument above plays which of the following roles?
A.    Both 1 and 2 support the conclusion.
B.    1 support conclusion and 2 support 1.
答案是:A.



[此贴子已经被作者于2003-8-28 12:25:59编辑过]
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