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[阅读小分队] 【每日综合训练—60系列】【60-03】科技

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发表于 2015-9-23 00:11:07 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
内容:古月小破烂  编辑:cocoers



Part I: Speaker

Biosciences Get Defense Secretary's Attention
By Larry Greenemeier | September 21, 2015

You might expect the U.S. Secretary of Defense to say the biggest innovations he’s following involve weapons systems or robotics or artificial intelligence. But current Defense Secretary Ashton Carter is looking at biology, especially in regard to how biological science can inform the development of technology to save the lives of military personnel:

“I actually believe that in the era to come it will be the biosciences that will be most consequential for humankind. And like all technologies they’ll be used for good or for ill and our job is to make sure that the uses for good outweigh the uses for ill. But I think if you had to just pick a frontier, you’d have to call that one as the one we will look back on—future Secretaries of Defense, future generations—and say, ‘Were we part of that awakening and that revolution?’ And I hope the answer to that is yes.”

Carter spoke at a recent meeting, called the Wait What? conference, in St. Louis that was sponsored by DARPA, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. DARPA hopes its life sciences research can improve the health and readiness of combat forces, advance battlefield medicine and help understand and treat traumatic brain injury.

Such work would have obvious civilian application as well. As would research into infectious disease. The Defense Department showed just how serious it is about bioscience last year when DARPA launched its Biological Technologies Office. At the Wait What? conference Air Force Colonel Dan Wattendorf, a Biological Technologies Office program manager and a clinical geneticist, talked about ways to head off the spread of infectious diseases: “What we are allowed to do now is identify special antibodies, because of the speed of discovery of these antibodies…add that new antibody to this cocktail. But we still need to make it. If we make it inside a human body we can abbreviate this production process and we would make it inside the human body not by providing the protein—the antibody—but by providing the genetic sequence for that antibody with a synthetic process. The body becomes the bioreactor.”

Out-of-control disease spread can create political instability. So keeping epidemics from happening could be one way a focus on the biosciences helps the military—by keeping it from being called on in the first place.

—Larry Greenemeier

Source: Scientific American
http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/biosciences-get-defense-secretary-s-attention/

[Rephrase 1, 02:36]

Part II: Speed



Enthusiasm for personalized cancer drugs runs ahead of the science
By Asher Mullard| September 17, 2015

[Time 2]
As the costs of genetic sequencing fall, oncologists are starting to prescribe expensive new drugs that target the genetic profiles of their patients’ tumours, even when those treatments have not been approved for the particular cancer involved.

But such 'off-label' use is running ahead of the state of scientific knowledge, suggests the first randomized clinical trial to test the idea. The study, published in Lancet Oncology, found that using personalized cancer drugs off-label provides no benefit over conventional chemotherapy.

“This study is important because many oncologists have already adopted the personalized approach,” says Daniel Catenacci, an oncologist at the University of Chicago, Illinois, who was not involved in the trial. “Why have they abandoned the science?”

Lead author of the study Christophe Le Tourneau, an oncologist at the Curie Institute in Paris, says that he sees such off-label treatments “quite often” in practice. “I understand why it happens: patients want to live and physicians want to offer help,” he says. But Le Tourneau adds that patients whose tumours have genetic alterations that might be targeted by a non-approved drug are better served by entering clinical trials.

Precision treatments

A small but growing number of personalized cancer drugs have been approved for treating particular cancers that involve specific mutations, but oncologists hope that these drugs will also work against related mutations in other cancers. By some counts, more than 30% of cancer drugs are prescribed off-label.

To test the benefits of off-label tailored drug regimens, researchers at eight French hospitals analysed their patients’ tumours to look for genetic or molecular abnormalities that might be amenable to precision medicine. The researchers randomly assigned 195 suitable patients either to one of 10 potentially relevant targeted treatment regimens, or to chemotherapy. There was no significant difference between the effects of the treatments.

Apostolia Tsimberidou, an oncologist at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, says the study proves that it is feasible to run randomized trials of personalized medicine. But, in her view, the trial was poorly designed. It enrolled patients with advanced disease who were unlikely to benefit, she points out, and many patients received hormone therapy, which purists would not rate as truly targeted therapy. The trial also didn't choose the best possible drugs to evaluate, and relied on a simplistic approach to matching cancer mutations to targeted treatment, she says.
[392 words]

[Time 3]
Le Tourneau concedes the points, but notes that better drugs were not commercially available when the trial was set up in 2011. And he argues that many oncologists make similarly simple decisions when they prescribe off-label personalized drugs.

Catenacci agrees that many cancer physicians, for now, will be no better than the trial at matching possible targeted drugs to cancer mutations. The case for personalized medicine might become stronger if trials can get better at picking the most appropriate treatment to suit particular genetic and molecular signatures, he says.

Personalized cancer trials

A few such trials are under way. In 2012, Tsimberidou reported that an observational analysis of patients in clinical trials at her institute showed that enrolment in trials of targeted treatments conferred a benefit over prescribing non-targeted agents. She is now working to validate these results in a 1,400-patient randomized trial.

And in June, the US National Cancer Institute announced plans to start enrolling 1,000 patients in a precision-medicine trial called NCI-MATCH, which will match patients to more than 20 possible drugs on the basis of the genetic abnormalities in the patients’ tumours. The American Society of Clinical Oncology has also launched a registry called TAPUR, to compile data on what happens to patients who receive targeted cancer drugs off-label.

If any study does show that it is beneficial to prescribe personalized cancer drugs that target a patient’s tumour, regardless of whether the drug has been approved for the particular tissue type involved, that could pose a severe regulatory challenge, says Catenacci.

Le Tourneau adds that it is probably only a matter of time before the field has to face such challenges. Oncologists will eventually tailor treatments to the genetic and molecular profiles of tumours, rather than on the basis of where the tumour appears in the body, he says. “I’m pretty convinced we are getting there.”‘
[309 words]

Source: Nature
http://www.nature.com/news/use-of-personalized-cancer-drugs-runs-ahead-of-the-science-1.18389



Nanoparticles disguised as blood-cell fragments slip past body's immune defence
By Elizabeth Gibney| September 16, 2015

[Time 4]
Researchers say that they have found a way to smuggle drug-carrying nanoparticles past the body’s immune system: by camouflaging them to look like cell fragments found in human blood.

Man-made nanoparticles — created from plastic or metal — can be designed to deliver a cargo of drugs to specific areas of the body. But they are often attacked and swallowed up by the body’s natural defence system, which sees them as foreign invaders.

The disguised particles are not only able to evade detection, but also exploit the natural properties of platelets to treat bacterial infections and to repair damaged blood vessels more effectively than conventional ways of delivering drugs, report the team. The researchers were led by Liangfang Zhang at the University of California, San Diego, and published their work in Nature on 16 September.

Zhang’s team began with 100-nanometre-wide particles made of the biodegradable polymer PLGA, and coated them in membranes taken from human platelets — cell fragments found in the blood that accumulate at sites of tissue damage and begin the clotting process. This helps the particles to evade the immune system, the authors say.

Researchers have previously tried to attach key parts of platelet membranes onto nanoparticles to avoid immune attack; in particular, the platelet’s CD47 protein. That protein sends out a 'don’t eat me' signal to the body's immune system, says Dennis Discher, a nanoengineer at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. But Zhang's nanoparticles boast the most complete set of membrane proteins yet, says Omid Farokhzad, a physician and nanotechnologist at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, who wrote a News & Views article that accompanied the paper.

Cloaked assassins

The platelet-coated nanoparticles have other advantages. Bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), for instance, can stick to platelets — a feature they exploit to protect themselves from the immune system. This makes them naturally more likely to interact with coated nanoparticles. Platelets are also attracted to specific areas of the body where tissue damage is occurring.

The particles harness platelets' unique natural abilities, says Samir Mitragotri, a chemical engineer at the University of California, Santa Barbara, who was not involved in the work. “This a highly innovative approach,” he adds.
[364 words]

[Time 5]
Zhang’s team injected cloaked nanoparticles — with antibiotics inside — into mice infected with MRSA. This reduced MRSA bacteria populations in the liver and spleen by 1,000 times compared to when mice were given conventional antibiotics, and required just one-sixth of the conventional drug dose. (In other organs nanoparticles were also more effective than conventional drug delivery, but the difference was less pronounced).

The team also exploited the fact that platelets tend to migrate to damaged blood vessels. They loaded camouflaged nanoparticles with a drug called docetaxel, to see if it could prevent the excess thickening of damaged artery walls (an effect that can cause problems after surgery). When these nanoparticles were injected into rats that had damaged blood vessels, the particles clustered in larger concentrations at the damaged sites than in the rats' healthy tissue. And the docetaxel treatment was more effective when delivered this way than when it was delivered into the blood stream without using nanoparticles, the team showed.

The ability to deliver high drug doses to these sites while avoiding immune-system cells called macrophages, which usually destroy most nanoparticles even at disease sites, is impressive, says Discher.

Question marks

But not everyone is convinced about the particles' cloaking ability. Although a small fraction of the particles clustered at sites of disease, the vast majority of them quickly ended up in the animals’ liver and spleen — suggesting that the majority of particles were still being caught by immune defences in those locations, says Moein Moghimi, a specialist in nanotechnology pharmaceuticals at the University of Copenhagen. Moghimi thinks that a much more stringent examination of the body’s immune response to the particles is needed.

Zhang says that his team next plans to make larger amounts of the cloaked nanoparticles, and to test their use in larger animals before therapies could begin trials in humans. Because platelets tend to cluster around cancer cells in the blood, as well as around bacteria, the team will next see whether cloaked nanoparticles could be used to target cancer, he adds.

Developing therapies from hybrid nanoparticles that combine synthetic and biological components will be a long and bumpy road, says Farokhzad. “But is this a technology I would bet on? Absolutely. I think the promise is huge."
[372 words]

Source: Nature
http://www.nature.com/news/nanoparticles-disguised-as-blood-cell-fragments-slip-past-body-s-immune-defence-1.18380



Tsunami researchers watch for waves from Chile quake
By Quirin Schiermeier& Elizabeth Gibney| September 17, 2015

[Time 6]
A 8.3-magnitude earthquake that struck near the coast of central Chile has reportedly led to the deaths of at least eight people and triggered a Pacific-wide tsunami that could reach distant shorelines — but specialists expect little damage.

The tsunami waves reached heights of more than 3 metres above tide level along some Chilean coastlines. But timely warnings and the evacuation of 1 million people seem to have limited the harm caused. Most of the many international telescopes hosted in Chile also survived unscathed, except for minor damage to one observatory.

According to the US Geological Survey, the quake struck at 19:54 local time (22:54 GMT) on 16 September at a depth of 25 kilometres, near the city of Valparaiso. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) in Ewa Beach, Hawaii, issued a warning for more than 25 countries, including Mexico, New Zealand, Japan and Russia.

Powerful quakes are common along the geological fault zone that intersects Chile from north to south. An 8.2-magnitude quake struck northern Chile in 2014, while an 8.8-magnitude earthquake in 2010 hit further south and killed more than 700 people. The 2010 quake released three times more strain energy than the current quake, says Costas Synolakis, a tsunami specialist at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles.

Tsunami forecasters said that the waves could still reach up to 1 metre above normal in Mexico, Hawaii and Japan, and researchers hope to gain updated information on the speed and magnitude of the tsunami waves propagating across the Pacific.

A rush in the aftermath

In California, tsunami researchers hurried to Ventura Harbor, more than 100 kilometres north of Los Angeles, where strong currents were reported in 2010 following the Chile quake. They deployed lab-made floats with GPS equipment to try to measure the currents they saw sweeping into the harbour, says Synolakis. If the floats work, their data would provide "the first ever continuous measurements of a tsunami in a real port," he says.
[326 words]

[The rest]
The earthquake slightly damaged Chile’s Southern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) telescope, based in Cerro Pachón. The telescope, operated by a US-Brazil collaboration, will be out of operation until at least next week, says the telescope’s director, Stephen Heathcote. The team needs to fix a misalignment of instruments the telescope uses for tracking and positioning.

But other telescopes in the country seem to have survived the quake unscathed, including the Very Large Telescope in Paranal and the Atacama Large Millimetre Array (ALMA) in Chajnantor, according to spokespeople for the observatories.

Scientists fear that the ‘Big One’ is still waiting to happen in Chile. Geologists think that it would take a 9.0-magnitude shock to relieve the seismic stress that has built up in the region over the last decades.

The Great Chilean Earthquake in 1960 — the largest ever recorded worldwide, at a magnitude of 9.5 — triggered 25-metre tsunami waves that crossed the Pacific at high speed and killed hundreds of people.
[158 words]

Source: Nature
http://www.nature.com/news/tsunami-researchers-watch-for-waves-from-chile-quake-1.18387


Part III: Obstacle



Volkswagen Uses Software to Fool EPA Pollution Tests
By Benjamin Hulac and ClimateWire | September 21, 2015

[Paraphrase 7]
National and state air regulators, in a notice mailed to Volkswagen AG on Friday, accused the company of installing software in about half a million cars designed to pass federal emissions tests but release higher-than-acceptable levels in everyday driving situations.

In the violation notice, issued to the car company and subsidiaries Audi AG and Volkswagen Group of America Inc., U.S. EPA said the company built and installed these computer algorithms in approximately 482,000 diesel cars sold since 2008.

The software allowed VW cars to activate emission controls during emission tests but during normal use to release up to 40 times the permitted amount of nitrogen oxides, or NOx, which help generate nitrogen dioxide—low-hanging ozone that blankets cities—and minute particulate matter, which causes breathing issues and is linked to millions of early deaths (ClimateWire, Sept. 17).

“While individual vehicles don’t create a health threat, collectively they do harm public health,” said Janet McCabe, acting assistant administrator for EPA’s Office of Air and Radiation. Both particulate matter and NOx have climate change impacts. NOx dissipates faster than carbon dioxide but helps create tropospheric ozone, a more potent greenhouse gas.

EPA named five types of four-cylinder diesels—the Audi A3, Beetle, Golf, Jetta and Passat, all of which have the same engine—in its notice.

EPA did not issue a recall and said the cars remain safe and legal to drive and also legal to sell. Fixing the cars’ emission systems will be incumbent upon Volkswagen, the agency said.

Volkswagen violated the Clean Air Act, officials said, under which the penalty could reach $37,500 per car, or slightly more than $18 billion, a figure a U.S. EPA official said is accurate.

The German automaker, the largest worldwide by sales, concealed vital information from the U.S. federal government, the public and the California Air Resources Board (ARB), said Cynthia Giles, assistant administrator for U.S. EPA’s Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance. Investigations by EPA and ARB are underway.

“These violations are very serious. We expected better from VW,” Giles said.

“Our goal now is to ensure that the affected cars are brought into compliance, to dig more deeply into the extent and implications of Volkswagen’s efforts to cheat on clean air rules,” said Richard Corey, executive officer of ARB, in a statement.

Earlier, VW admitted its vehicles contained software being questioned

Volkswagen admitted earlier this month that the vehicles contained defeat devices.

Volkswagen “manufactured and installed” sophisticated software, known under federal law as “defeat devices,” which can be programmed to detect when vehicles are being tested to meet emission requirements, officials said.

“[The device] senses whether the vehicle is being tested or not based on various inputs including the position of the steering wheel, vehicle speed, the duration of the engine’s operation and barometric pressure,” the violation notice reads. “These inputs precisely track the parameters of the federal test procedure” used for EPA certification, it reads.

Two years ago, met with puzzling results from on-road and in-the-lab vehicle tests, examiners did the research and asked questions that would ultimately trigger Friday’s announcement.

The International Council on Clean Transportation, a nonprofit research group, had commissioned West Virginia University researchers to test three European diesels—a Jetta, a Passat and a BMW X5—and study NOx emissions and other pollutants under real-world scenarios.

Tested on a dynamometer—a large treadmill-type platform for cars, sometimes called a “rolling road,” that measures for torque, power and other vehicle metrics—the VWs passed. Yet under real-world conditions, testers drove the cars equipped with emissions-tracking sensors between Southern California and Seattle, and the VWs spewed far more from their tailpipes than legally allowed.

The Jetta’s emissions were 15 to 35 times higher than acceptable. For the Passat, they were five to 20 times higher, while the BMW averaged levels either at or below the legal threshold.

“This inconsistency was a major factor in ICCT’s decision to contact CARB and EPA about our test results,” ICCT said Friday.

Trail of evidence started in Europe

“Ironically, the reason we tested these vehicles is that we were finding high vehicle emissions from light-duty cars in Europe,” said Drew Kodjak, ICCT’s executive director, in an interview.

The team’s hypothesis was that the European emissions tests were flimsier than U.S. tests, he said.

“The vehicle was programmed to ‘switch,’ as the EPA says, from low emissions to high efficiency,” Kodjak said. Asked what automakers have to gain from installing so-called defeat devices, experts said they can save the company money on warranty claims, make the vehicle more fun to drive and, likely ironic to some, improve fuel economy.

“It’s a performance boost. It’s fuel savings,” Kodjak said, explaining that as cars have gotten more advanced, the industry has increasingly relied on software patches and digital code to update its models.

Daniel Carder, now the interim director of the Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions at West Virginia University, worked on the WVU report, which the team published in May of 2014.

If automakers have software algorithms or updates that don’t meet federal code, they can negotiate with EPA, Carder said in an interview. And both parties hash out approval of “auxiliary emission control devices,” like the ones VW used, he said.

“That’s all confidential information,” Carder said.

Petrolheads worldwide purchase and then erase or modify computer chips in their vehicles’ computers, called electronic control units, or ECUs, to get better performance, efficiency and fuel savings. Online, these chips are available for a few hundred dollars.

“It’s like a tremendous number of people that do this,” said John Storey, an automotive and emissions expert at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, putting the figure of “chipped” models between 40 and 60 percent of all diesel pickup trucks in the United States. One byproduct of all this tampering: higher emissions of gases like NOx. “These are completely illegal, but no one ever gets caught,” he said.

Congressman wants EPA to consider ‘severe action’

“If Volkswagen willfully sought to evade the Clean Air Act and fraudulently sold cars to millions of consumers with this technology, EPA should pursue the most severe action possible to deter others from doing the same,” Rep. Frank Pallone (D-N.J.), ranking member of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, said in a statement.

“Such deceitful actions violated the law and misled consumers, while other law abiding companies were disadvantaged and the public health was put at risk,” he said. “We must ensure that this does not happen again and that consumers can trust the products that they buy.”

Yet similar violations have happened before.

The Justice Department and EPA settled with seven heavy-duty diesel engine companies in 1998 for more than a billion dollars over remarkably similar charges: The manufacturers had installed defeat devices in software packages, which let the trucks pass federal tests but led to up to three times the legal limit of NOx gases when driven on the highway.

Dynamometer tests are flawed in part because the conditions they put a car under can be easy to predict and, in turn, beat.

“Well, we hope they’re not common,” said Kodjak of the ICCT, referring to defeat devices. “You run a risk of getting caught, and the penalties are severe,” he said, noting the heavy-duty truck settlement in 1998. “But it is true that unless there is random testing of vehicles, you know, you might, you might not get caught,” he said.

Don Anair, research and deputy director of the Clean Vehicles Program at the Union of Concerned Scientists, said holding car companies to the same standard is vital.

“It appears they did this with the intent of clearly making the emissions performance different on the test cycle, which I think is the most surprising,” Anair said in an interview. “Testing in real-world situations is critical,” he said, to confirm that car companies are operating on a “level playing field.”

The diesel share of the U.S. auto market is slightly less than 1 percent of all car sales in 2014. But a large portion of the diesels are VW-made, which means diesel vehicles could be responsible for between 10 and 25 percent of all NOx emissions from light-duty cars last year, according to Dave Cooke, a vehicle analyst at UCS.

CEO of VW orders external investigation


Martin Winterkorn, CEO of Volkswagen, said the company takes seriously these allegation of “manipulations that violate American environmental standards.” The company ordered an external investigation into the matter and will cooperate fully to “openly and completely establish all of the facts of this case,” he said.

“I personally am deeply sorry that we have broken the trust of our customers and the public,” Winterkorn said in a statement. “The trust of our customers and the public is and continues to be our most important asset. We at Volkswagen will do everything that must be done in order to re-establish the trust that so many people have placed in us, and we will do everything necessary in order to reverse the damage this has caused.”

In an email, Luke Tonachel, director of the Natural Resources Defense Council’s clean vehicles and fuels project, said cars emit up to 30 percent of the NOx and volatile organic compounds in areas that fail ambient air quality standards, releasing smog and soot skyward. “It’s very disturbing to learn that VW is flouting those standards,” he said.

“Why would they think they’d get away with it?” asked Storey, the Oak Ridge scientist, noting the use of the defeat devices went on for six model years. “It’s ludicrous.”
[1586 words]

Source: Scientific American
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/volkswagen-uses-software-to-fool-epa-pollution-tests/

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发表于 2015-9-23 01:01:52 | 显示全部楼层
占个沙发,慢慢细读~~~~~~~
发表于 2015-9-23 09:39:49 | 显示全部楼层
5'31''
Using off-lable tailored drugs provides no benefit over conventional chemotherapy.
The trail was designed badly.
3'54''
4'00''
4'54''
2'37''
14'00''

发表于 2015-9-23 10:04:57 | 显示全部楼层
九月23日~离2016年还有100天
Speaker:
you might expect the Sacretory Department of Defence to say the best innovation he is following is weapon systems, or robotics or artificial intelligence.
but now the department is to say how biological science can inform the development of technology to save the lives of military personnel
the research work would also have civilian application.
Out-of-control disease spread can create political instability. the military should put to be called on the first place.

Speed:
Time2[2'12'']
off-label personalized canser drugs are porved no benefit to human health.
although patients want to live and physicians want to help, patients whose tumours have genetic alterations that might be targeted by a non-approved drug are better served by entering clinical trials.
precision treatment: There was no significant difference between the effects of the treatments.
Time3[1'31'']
many cancer physicians, for now, will be no better than the trial at matching possible targeted drugs to cancer mutations.
personalized canser traits:  enrolment in trials of targeted treatments conferred a benefit over prescribing non-targeted agents.
it is probably only a matter of time before the field has to face such challenges. and the scientist is very convinced we are getting there.
Time4[2'27'']
Nanoparticles 纳米粒 platelet 血小板
researchers have found a new way to smuggle drug-carrying nanoparticles past the body's immune system: by diguising like cell fragments found in humane blood.
body's immune system is the most effecrive way to defence the fogrienal invadors, compared with drugs.
The platelet-coated nanoparticles have other advantages,for example, can stick to platelets.
Time5[1'36'']
Zhang’s team injected cloaked nanoparticles — with antibiotics inside — into mice infected with MRSA.
The team also exploited the fact that platelets tend to migrate to damaged blood vessels.
But not everyone is convinced about the particles' cloaking ability.  the team will next see whether cloaked nanoparticles could be used to target cancer.
Time6[2'09'']
An earthquake that struck near the coast of central Chile has led to the deaths of at least eight people and triggered a tsunami that could reach distant shorelines — but specialists expect little damage.
Tsunami forecasters said that the waves could still reach up to 1 metre above normal in Mexico, Hawaii and Japan.
and the researchers want to gather the information. on the speed and magnitude of the tsunami waves

Obstacle:
[6'50'']
Structure:
Volkswagen Uses Software to Fool EPA Pollution Tests
EPA said the company built and installed these computer algorithms in approximately 482,000 diesel cars sold since 2008.
Volkswagen admitted earlier this month that the vehicles contained defeat devices.
Yet similar violations have happened before.
the ceo of VW company ordered an external investigation into the matter and will cooperate fully to “openly and completely establish all of the facts of this case,”
发表于 2015-9-23 10:18:54 | 显示全部楼层
Speaker: (two times)
Paraphrase: bioscience get the attention of Defense Secretary to help military personels. Instead of developing antibiotics, bioscience can provide the genetic sequences to the individual, who can be a bio-reactor. Bio science can apply also to battle medicine. Bioscience Technology Office said, the prevention of epidemic of disease is one way to help military forces.


Speed:
Time 2      3'13''
Time 3     2'20''
Time 4     3'03''
Time 5    3'25''
Time 6    2'13''
The Rest    1'00''

Obstacle   14'53''
太惭愧了 用时太长

发表于 2015-9-23 10:27:25 | 显示全部楼层
2.2'57''
the phenomenon about the increasing using of off-label drugs to fight cancer and the trials conduct to prove that there is no significant difference about the effect brought by the traditional therapy and the new drugs;a scientist point out the disadvantages about the trials.
3.2'13''
the disadvantages of the personalized treatment pointed out by other scientists;the more precious trial is under conducted;some scientists believe that the trend of personalization about treatment is inevitable.
4.2'46''
the introduction about how the artificial fragments can through the immune system without eaten by it and the assessment about this discover.
5.2'52''
the advantages and questions about the this new discover and the future plan held by Zhang's team about the further study.
6.2'21''
the relationship between earthquake and tsunami and the effort researchers make to predict tsunami through observation about the earthquake waves.
rest 51''
the damaging situation about the observation telescopes in this area and the concerns held by scientists towards the aftermath about this earthquake.
obstacle 9'52''
发表于 2015-9-23 10:28:09 | 显示全部楼层
2.2'57''
the phenomenon about the increasing using of off-label drugs to fight cancer and the trials conduct to prove that there is no significant difference about the effect brought by the traditional therapy and the new drugs;a scientist point out the disadvantages about the trials.
3.2'13''
the disadvantages of the personalized treatment pointed out by other scientists;the more precious trial is under conducted;some scientists believe that the trend of personalization about treatment is inevitable.
4.2'46''
the introduction about how the artificial fragments can through the immune system without eaten by it and the assessment about this discover.
5.2'52''
the advantages and questions about the this new discover and the future plan held by Zhang's team about the further study.
6.2'21''
the relationship between earthquake and tsunami and the effort researchers make to predict tsunami through observation about the earthquake waves.
rest 51''
the damaging situation about the observation telescopes in this area and the concerns held by scientists towards the aftermath about this earthquake.
obstacle 9'52''
发表于 2015-9-23 10:39:44 | 显示全部楼层
time2 1'22
time3 1'55
time4 3'02
time5 2'27
time6 2'29
obstacle 7'46
发表于 2015-9-23 10:40:54 | 显示全部楼层
Time 2
3:51
Developing personal cancer drug may help heal but there are very little evidence that can prove that.
Time 3
2:51
Althou there are few clinical trail that can prove personal cancer drug work, scientist believe that this drug will be the future.
Time 4
2:31
Scientists at UC San diego found a way to smuggle nano-size drug to the body through blood, which can advoid body natural denfense system and is very promising.
Time 5
2:43
The trail on mice was kind of success, although large amount of drug was still detected by body. Zhang is going to treat cancer on mice and he believe that the promis is huge.
Time 6
4:38
A 8.1 Earthquake happend in Chile and caused relatively little damage compared to those earthquake happened before.
Obstacle
10:27
EPA found that VW use software to control car emission and  pass federal test, while VW cars emission is 30 to 40 times higher than the standards.
EPA will investage VW and if it is true. VW is facing billions of fine.
The CEO of VW  apologized to customers and the public and said he is willing to accept investigation.
发表于 2015-9-23 10:43:18 | 显示全部楼层
TIME2
02'39
As the cost of genetic sequencing fall, oncologists are starting to prescribe expensive new drugs that target the genetic profiles of patients' turmours. The effects are still under evaluation since the trial itself was not well designed,
TIME3
02'19
A series of trials are under way, for example, some are trying to confer a benefit over prescribing non-targeted agents; some are trying to compile data on what happens to patients who receive targeted cancer drugs; and some are trying to match drugs to the targeted people.
TIME4
03'02
Nanoparticles can evade detection, treat bacterial infections, and repair damaged blood vessels more effectively than conventional ways. Another benefits are that bacteria and arears where tissue damage is occuring can be attracted to interact with coated nanoparticles.
TIME5
02'09
Nanoparticles can not only avoid the invade from immune system, but also deliver high drug doses to these sites. But there are still problems need to be solved, for example it ended up quickly in animals' liver and spleen. The next step is to trial whether nanoparticles can be used to target cancer.
TIME6
01'57
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