【Native Speaker每日综合训练—43系列】【43-02】科技 Mutualism

cherry6891

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Part I: Speaker

Reindeer Spit Smacks Down Plant Toxins
Compounds in reindeer and moose saliva interfere with the production of toxins in plants that ordinarily stop animals from dining on the vegetation. Karen Hopkin reports
October 3, 2014 |By Karen Hopkin
Reindeer spit is in the news. Well, now it is. You see, reindeer and moose eat plants that contain toxins entrusted with keeping the vegetation from being so desirable. But now we know that the animals’ saliva can prevent the production of those toxins. The slick finding is in the journal Biology Letters. [Andrew J. Tanentzap, Mark Vicari and Dawn R. Bazely Ungulate saliva inhibits a grass–endophyte mutualism]

Generally speaking, plants do not like to be eaten. And many have defenses to avoid this fate. The red fescue that’s favored by European reindeer and moose maintains a mutually beneficial relationship with a fungus. When the host plant gets munched on, the resident fungus churns out a toxin called ergovaline. This chemical restricts blood flow to the grazer’s extremities, which can lead to the loss of limbs.

But the battle doesn’t end there. Because researchers found that when reindeer and moose drool is dribbled over plants, ergovaline production goes way down.

The specific secret of the spit is still unsolved. But the researchers think that compounds in the saliva interfere with the chemical signals that switch on toxin production when the plants get ‘et. One thing they know for sure: as they write in their report, and who can argue, the “salivary secretions of large mammals are more important than previously realized.”
source:
http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/animal-mimics-more-than-just-camouf-10-01-05/
[Rephrase 1, 1'22'']

小运

T2:2'30
T3:2'45
T4:1'33
T5:2'52
T6:1'53

forever298

2017 1106 已阅。。时间电脑突然重启了。。忘记记了。。

Ingridyuymm

Obstacle:00:21:55.908
Someone found a kind of spider which only eat plants. So this finding broke the assumption that all spiders are carnivore. Because of the unusual feeding habits, Eric found it interested and started his research. E&O work together found out that the jumping spiders don’t eat ant but eat vegetable.
But the Beltian bodies don’t have enough nutrient to support the spider. So how the spider adapt to this diet? There are bacteria in ant larvae help the spider digest the plant. Another question is why do this spider need neighbor. The purpose is living close may reduce the resource competition and reduce the aggression.
More spiders consume Beltian bodies , the less ant large left. Then the number of ant will reduce.
This circulation may destroy the spider-plant-ant system
So continued study will illuminate the rare species and the system made them.

gy_may

【43-02】 科技 11-05打卡
[time 2] 2'31
解释互利共生--举例：细菌和ungulates--共生的好处--measure不简单

[time 3] 2'37
[time 4] 1'14
[time 5]+[time 6] 4'15

linlin000

T2 01:48
T3 02:01
T4 01:01
T5 01:59
T6 01:50

不朽小鸡

T2 2'56"
T3 2'53"
T4 1'23"
T5 2'43"
T6 1'50"
T7 6'43"

SukeyZhou

20160701
【43-02】科技 Mutualism
【Speaker 1】
The speaker talks about that some animals’ saliva can prevent the production of the plants’ toxins. And then she detailedly explains how the whole progress completes.

【Time 2】
The passage tells the definition of “mutualism”, which is the way two organisms of different species have a relationship in which each individual benefits. And then, an example is given to explain this kind of relationship. Moreover, mutualism plays a key part in ecology.

【Time 3】
The passage is about the interdependence of ants, elephants and acacia trees.

【Time 4】
And the author comments on this research result both pros and cons.

Time 2  00:03:10
Time 3  00:03:40
Time 4  00:01:25
Time 5  00:02:50
Time 6  00:02:01
Paraphrase 7  00:08:32

啊呀呀二十风

重新理了一下思路，更清楚地看到了文章的本质，开始读的时候有些只见树木不见森林的赶脚，所以没能把文章逻辑连贯起来。重写一下。
introducing a herbivorous spider
this spider lives in a tree-ant-spider system, which ant and tree live in a symbiosis
the process that the new kind of spider that eats plant was discovered independently by two scientists
the spider eats on ant larva and too many spiders will hurt the tree-ant-spider system. scientists found that the spider directly eats the plant when larva is rare.
even though the spiders do not need to live together to hunt for food, they still live with each other to some other purpose.
Studying this kind of spiders will illuminate the new species.

啊呀呀二十风

obstacle:6'54

啊呀呀二十风

scientists find a kind of herbivorous spider.
the two scientists discovered the spider separately and decided to study it.
this spider was first developed by eating a kind of ant, which eats plant. gradually, the spider goes to the source and directly eat the plant.
although the spiders eat plant and they do not need to co-operate with each other to prey on other insects, they still live together.
studying the spider will illuminate a new species