LEO语法知识点笔记整理

Leo19910203

第30章 各种建议的用法

本节知识点的概要
1.各种"建议"的用法
1.1"建议"的分类
1.2"建议"的具体用法
2."建议"的长难句分析

1.各种"建议"的用法
在英语的表达中，我们时常会用到"建议"，比如建议别人应该做某事的方法，或者带有命令口吻的建议别人执行任务等。
1.1"建议"的分类
1）suggest，recommend，demand
2）advise，urge，propose
注：根据它们后面的结构来分类
1.2"建议"的具体用法
1）suggest，recommend，demand 的后面可接that引导的名词性从句，从句里的谓语动词必须用原形，should可以省略。(这三个词都不能接to do)
e.g.I suggest/recommend/demand that they should start learning English now.
      Everybody suggest/recommend/demand that she should continue with her education for
      3 more years.
      It is strongly suggest/recommend/demand that the machines should be checked every year.
      I suggest/recommend/demand that you avoid processed foods whenever possible.
2）advise，urge，propose可接to do（这三个词有时也能接that引导的名词性从句）
e.g.Police are advising/urging/proposing people to stay at home.
      They advise that a passport be carried with you at all times.
      He proposed to buy and run a farm.
      The committee proposed that new legislation should be drafted.
2."建议"的长难句分析
In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是Lord Irvine will introduce a draft bill.
       ==英国大法官欧文勋爵（Lord Irvine）将提出一项法案草案，提议向证人支付非法款项，并将严格
       控制在审判开始前对案件的宣传力度，此举将大大收紧对媒体的法律控制。
More than one billion young people risk damaging their hearing though excessive use of smart phones and other audio devices, the UN warned Tuesday, proposing new safety standards for safe volume levels.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是The UN warned Tuesday.
       ==联合国周二警告称，超过10亿年轻人可能因过度使用智能手机和其他音频设备而损害听力，并提
       出了新的安全音量标准。
Perhaps the best sign of how computer and internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new market.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是The best sign comes from the high-tech industry itself.
       ==也许，计算机和互联网的使用如何推动纸张需求的最好迹象来自高科技行业本身，该行业将印刷
       视为最有前途的新市场之一。

Leo19910203

第31章 虚拟语气和if条件句的区别

本节知识点的概要
1.虚拟语气和if条件句的区别
1.1虚拟语气的用法
1.2if条件句的用法
2.虚拟语气和if条件句的长难句分析

1.虚拟语气和if条件句的区别
因为在日常的英语使用中，虚拟语气和条件状语从句多为if来引导，所以很多人混淆了哪个是假设的条件，哪个不存在假设。
1.1虚拟语气的用法
关于虚拟语气，它是对三种时态进行的虚拟假设，分别是过去、现在和将来。
1）对过去的动作发生的虚拟
E.g. If I had worked harder, I might have passed the exam.
     （如果我之前努力学习，我肯定已经通过考试了。）
       [ 实际情况是：我之前没好好学习，因此没有通过考试 ]
2）对现在的动作发生的虚拟
E.g. If I were you，I would not tell him the truth.
          (我要是你，我就不会告诉他实情。)
          [实际情况是：我不可能是你]
3）对将来的动作发生的虚拟
E.g.If she should come, I would ask her for help.
       (她来的话我就找她帮忙。)
       [实际情况是：她不太可能会来。]
1.2if条件句的用法
除了表示虚假条件外，if从句还可以表示对将来的推测，由于是将来还没有发生的，所以谈不上是真实的还是虚假的，只能说这个事情发生的可能性有多大。一般情况下，可以用陈述语气的if从句来表示对一个未来事实的推测，这个事实是完全可能发生的。
E.g.If you ask him, he will help you.
      （如果你问他，他会帮助你的。）
        [实际情况是：只要问了就会帮忙，这是可实现的]

2.虚拟语气和if条件句的长难句分析
If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising would be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是advertising would be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.
       ==如果广告的信息仅仅局限于提供信息，这本身即使不是不可能，也是很难做到的，因为即使是一
       个细节，比如衬衫颜色的选择，也具有微妙的说服力，那么广告就会如此乏味，以至于没有人会注
       意到它。
In the mythology of giftedness, it is popularly believed that if people are talented in one area, they must be defective in another, that intellectuals are impractical, that prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn out, that gifted people are eccentric, that they are physical weaklings, that there's a thin line between genius and madness, that genius runs in families, that the gifted are so clever they don't need special help, that giftedness is the same as having a high IQ, that some races are more intelligent or musical or mathematical than others, that genius goesunrecognised and unrewarded, that adversity makes men wise or that people with gifts have a responsibility to use them.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是it is popularly believed that SVO.
       ==在关于天赋的神话中，人们普遍认为，如果一个人在某一方面很有天赋，那么他在另一方面一定
       是有缺陷的，知识分子是不切实际的，天才人物太过耀眼，很快就会燃尽，有天赋的人是古怪的，
       他们是身体上的弱者。天才和疯狂之间只有一线之隔，天才是有家族遗传的。有天赋的人很聪明，
       他们不需要特殊帮助，天赋与高智商是一样的，有些种族比其他种族更聪明、更有音乐天赋、更有
       数学天赋，天才得不到认可和回报，逆境使人明智，或者有天赋的人有责任利用它们。
Coke town was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and theashes had allowed it; but as matters stood it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是Coke town was a town of red brick; but it was a town.
      ==科克镇是一个红砖砌成的城镇，或者说，如果烟雾和灰烬允许的话，砖块会是红色的。但就目前
      情况来看，这是一个不自然的红黑相间的城镇，就像野蛮人的花脸。

Leo19910203

elaine2018 发表于 2020-8-6 12:32
楼主太强了！

若能对大家能有帮助的话就很开心了

Leo19910203

第32章 不定式的用法

本节知识点的概要
1.不定式的用法
1.1不定式的定义和作用
1.2不定式的具体用法
2.含有不定式的长难句分析

1.不定式的用法
我们经常见到很多动词的后面接to do(不定式)，有时也见到to do放在句首的用法，足以说明不定式to do的用法繁多。
1.1不定式的定义和作用
1）不定式to do是非谓语动词之一，它的出现是因为在一句话中想表达多个动作，又因为一个句子里只能有一个谓语动词，故而to do起到了辅助整句话表达动作的作用。
2）不定式to do可以表达动作，但不能充当谓语动词。
1.2不定式的具体用法
1）作宾补
e.g.Father will not allow us to play on the street.  
      We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
2）作表语
e.g.My work is to clean the room every day.
      His dream is to be a doctor.
3）作定语
e.g.I have a lot of work to do.　
      So he made some candles to give light.
4）a.作目的状语
e.g.He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
      I come here only to say good-bye to you.　
      b.作结果状语
e.g.What have I said to make you angry.
      He searched the room only to find nothing.
5）省略to的不定式
a.感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find的后面可省略to
e.g.I saw him dance.
b.使役动词 let, have, make后面可省略to
e.g.The boss made them work the whole night.
2.含有不定式的长难句分析
In a systematic attempt to obtain a detailed account of the qualifications and activities of the clergy he ordered several unpopular inquiries. This, and the good archbishop's impressively prominent nose, might be thought more than enough for his peers to have nicknamed him 'nosy Parker'.
        ==句子的结构分析，主干是He ordered several unpopular inquiries.和This might be thought.
       ==为了系统地了解神职人员的资格和活动的详细情况，他下令进行了几次不受欢迎的调查。这
        一点，再加上这位善良的大主教那令人印象深刻的突出鼻子，可能足以让他的同行们给他起个绰
        号叫爱管闲事的帕克。
Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is partof Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是McNutt said SVO.
       ==在被问及是否有任何特定的文件推动了这一变化时，麦克纳特说:创建'统计委员会'的动机是广泛
       关注科学研究中统计和数据分析的应用，这是科学在研究中提高可重复性的整体动力的一部分。
The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic.
        ==句子的结构分析，主干是The railroad industry does not earn enough.
       ==作为一个整体，尽管铁路行业前景光明，但其收入仍不足以支付为满足激增的交通流量而必须
       投入的资金成本。
After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority.
      ==经过六个月的争论和最后16个小时激烈的议会辩论，澳大利亚北部地区成为世界上第一个允许医
      生终止希望死去的绝症病人生命的立法当局。

Leo19910203

第33章 平级比较的用法

本节知识点的概要
1.平级比较的用法
1.1平级比较的定义和作用
1.2平级比较的具体用法
2.含有平级比较的长难句分析

1.平级比较的用法
as...as经常被用来表示平级比较，表达“......和......是一样的”，比如A和B的头发一样长，这就是平级比较。
1.1平级比较的定义和作用
1）as+adj.(形容词原级)/adv.(副词原级)+as
2）平级比较
3）使句意更形象化
1.2平级比较的具体用法
1）as+adj.(形容词原级)/adv.(副词原级)+as
e.g.Your pen writes as smoothly as mine.
      This film is as interesting as that one.
2）当as… as 中间有名词时的结构：as +形容词+ a +单数名词
e.g.This is as good an example as the other is.
3）在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as替换as...as
e.g. He cannot run so/as fast as you.
4）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。
e.g. This room is twice as big as that one.
       Your room is the same size as mine.  
5）倍数+ as + adj. + as
e.g. This bridge is three times as long as that one.
        Your room is twice as large as mine.
2.含有平级比较的长难句分析
That's despite the fact that we probably spend as much time thinking about the future as we do thinking about the present.
        ==句子的结构分析，主干是That's despite the fact.
        ==尽管我们思考未来的时间可能和思考现在的时间一样多。
It would need to be assessed as to whether the impact of the errors on communication is impeding more than 'rarely' as at a band 6 and whether a wider range is demonstrated in the remaining parts.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是It would need to be assessed.
       ==需要评估的是，错误对通信的影响是否比6级很少更严重，其余部分是否显示出更大的范围。
Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."
        ==句子的结构分析，主干是Nor is managemen.
        ==也不，如果科学家对标准模式的规律性和一致性的要求，就像他的论文写作所反映的那样，那
        么管理层是否应该因为歧视研究人员中的怪人，而偏爱与团队合作愉快的传统思想家而受到指责呢？

Leo19910203

第34章 现在分词的用法

本节知识点的概要
1.现在分词的用法
1.1现在分词的定义和作用
1.2现在分词的具体用法
2.含有现在分词的长难句分析

1.现在分词的用法
现在分词在英语的语法中，它是非谓语之一，也就是说它具有表达动作的含义，除此之外，现在分词还有其他的用法。
1.1现在分词的定义和作用
1）非谓语之一，可以表达动作，但无法充当谓语成分
2）可以作定语
3）可以作状语
1.2现在分词的具体用法
1）作定语
e.g.We can see the rising sun.修饰sun
      There was a girl sitting there.修饰girl
      The man standing by the window is our teacher.修饰man
2）作状语
a.表示伴随
e.g.The little boy went upstairs trailing his teddy bear behind him.和went同时发生
      He has been courting the director, hoping to get the leading role in the play.和has been courting同时发生
b.表示结果
e.g.The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it.是fell导致striking的发生
      An Act was passed, giving the army extraordinary powers.是passed导致giving的发生
2.含有现在分词的长难句分析
As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是the past holds the key.
       ==正如经常发生的那样，过去是未来的关键:我们现在已经确定了塑造地球和人类历史的长期模
       式，足以对我们的后代将面临的情况做出循证预测。
The supposed ‘pupil’ was in reality an actor hired by Milgram to stimulate receiving the shocks by emitting a spectrum of groans, screams and writhings together with an assortment of statements and expletives denouncing both the experiment and the experimenter.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是The supposed ‘pupil’ was in reality an actor.
       ==这个所谓的学生实际上是米尔格拉姆雇佣的演员，通过发出一系列的呻吟、尖叫和扭动，以及谴
       责实验者和实验者的声明和咒骂，来刺激接受电击。
The modern workplace is undergoing great changes caused primarily by the information processing ability of high-powered computers and advanced software.
       ==句子的结构分析，主干是The modern workplace is undergoing great changes.
       ==现代工作场所正在发生巨大的变化，这主要是由高性能计算机和先进软件的信息处理能力引起的。

Leo19910203

第35章 助动词be的用法

本节知识点的概要

1.1助动词be的作用

1.2助动词be的具体用法

2.含有助动词be的长难句分析

1.助动词be的用法

在日常的英语使用中，我们经常使用到be (am/is/are/was/were)，be有两种用法，分别是系动词和助动词，系动词可以独立充当谓语动词，但是助动词必须和其他动词成分在一起才能构成谓语。

1.1助动词be的作用

1）辅助其他动作成分一起构成谓语

2）表达被动

3）表达时态

1.2助动词be的具体用法

1）be + v-ing(现在分词)，构成进行时态

e.g.They are having a meeting.　

      We were planting trees this time yesterday.

2）be + v-ed(过去分词)，构成被动语态

e.g.The window was broken by Tom.

      English is taught throughout the world.

3）be + to do(动词不定式)

a. 打算、决定、计划、安排

e.g.He is to go to New York next week.

      We are to teach the freshpersons.

b. 表示命令

e.g.You are to hand in the exercises tomorrow.

      He is to come to the office this afternoon.

c.征求意见

e.g.How am I to answer him?　

      Who is to go there?　

d. 表示相约、商定

e.g.We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.

e.假设，用于虚拟条件句中

e.g.If it were to rain, we would get wet.

2.含有助动词be的长难句分析

• In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them——even while building materials have changed dramatically.
  

       ==句子的结构分析，主干是Architecture employs methods.

       ==为了使结构达到满足其目的所需的尺寸和强度，建筑学采用了支撑方法，由于这些方法是基于物

       理规律，因此自人们首次发现以来几乎没有发生变化——即使建筑材料已经发生了巨大变化。

• Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.
  

       ==句子的结构分析，主干是It had one great disadvantage ：streams flowed.

       ==只有最后一种完全适用于机器的连续操作，尽管兰开夏郡和苏格兰的水力资源丰富，并有谷物磨

       坊和纺织厂，它有一个很大的缺点:溪流流向大自然想要它们去的地方，而以水为动力的工厂不得不

       建在河岸上，无论这个位置是否出于其他原因而可取。

• At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.
  

       ==句子的结构分析，主干是The animals were assigned but most paleontologists now agree

       that SVO.

       ==有一段时间，这些化石床中的动物被划分为不同的现代动物群，但大多数古生物学家现在都同

       意，所有的托莫提亚人化石都代表了独特的身体形式，它们出现在寒武纪早期，并在该时期结束前

       消失，在现代动物群体中没有留下后代。

Leo19910203

第36章 have的用法

本节知识点的概要

1.have的用法

1.1have的作用

1.2have的具体用法

2.含有have的长难句分析

1.have的用法

我们在使用英语的过程中，经常用have done表示现在完成时的时态，它除了被用做时态的表达，还有其他的用法。

1.1have的作用

1）能够充当谓语动词

2）是助动词，和过去分词一起构成谓语动词：have/had done，表达时态

3）也能做名词

1.2have的具体用法

1）v.（动词）

a.表示“有”

e.g.I have a vehement hatred of people who are cruel to animals.

      Do you have time to finish the work today?

b.后面接病痛，表示“生了......病”

e.g.Emily has a cough.

       I've got a cold.

c.后面接具有动作意义的名词，表示“做”

e.g.We had a short walk after dinner.

       I'd like to have a try.

d.表示“吃，喝”

e.g.Can I have a drink of water?

      When are we having dinner?

2）助动词

e.g.I haven't visited New York before.（助动词have和过去分词visited一起构成谓语动词，表达现在完成时）

e.g.They still hadn't had any news when I spoke to them .（助动词had和过去分词had一起构成谓语动词，表达过去完成式）

3）n.（名词）经常后面加-s，haves 表示“富人，拥有者”

e.g.The gap between the haves and the have-nots is widening.

2.含有have的长难句分析

• For example, the tests do not compensate for gross social inequality, and this do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
  

       ==句子的结构分析，主干是The tests do not compensate and this do not tell how SVO.

       ==例如，这些测试并不能弥补明显的社会不平等，也不能说明如果一个贫困的年轻人在更有利的

       环境下成长，他会有多大的能力。

• For example, some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants, which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion — except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous, about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out.
  

       ==句子的结构分析，主干是Some have blamed dinosaur extinction and could have

       caused constipation.

       ==例如，一些人将恐龙灭绝归咎于开花植物的发展，据推测，开花植物更难消化，可能会导致便

       秘或消化不良——不过，开花植物最早进化于白垩纪早期，大约在恐龙灭绝前的6000万年。

• Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions, but if these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago (an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent of impact cratering on their slopes), some of them may still be at least intermittently active.
  

       ==句子的结构分析，主干是Scientists have no direct evidence but some of them may still be

       at least intermittently active.

       ==科学家没有直接证据表明最近或正在喷发，但如果这些火山最近在1亿年前还在活动（根据其

       斜坡上的撞击坑的程度估计最后一次喷发的时间），其中一些火山可能至少还在间歇性地活动。