【3月29日逻辑题目】

belinda_cao

1.Brochure: Help conserve our city’swater supply. By converting the landscaping in your yard to a water-conservinglandscape, you can greatly reduce your outdoor water use. A water-conserving landscapeis natural and attractive, and it also saves you money.

Criticism: For most people withyards, the savings from converting to a water-conserving landscape cannotjustify the expense of new landscaping, since typically the conversion wouldsave less than twenty dollars on a homeowner’syearly water bills.

Which of the following, if true, provides the best basis for a rebuttal of the criticism?

A. Even homeowners whose yardsdo not have water-conserving landscapes can conserve water by installingwater-saving devices in their homes.

B. A conventional landscapegenerally requires a much greater expenditure on fertilizer and herbicide thandoes a water-conserving landscape.

C. A significant proportion ofthe residents of the city live in buildings that do not have yards.

D. It costs no more to put inwater-conserving landscaping than it does to put in conventional landscaping.

E. Some homeowners use morewater to maintain their yards than they use for all other purposes combined.

2.Brochure: Help conserve our city’swater supply. By converting the landscaping in your yard to a water-conservinglandscape, you can greatly reduce your outdoor water use. A water-conserving landscapeis natural and attractive, and it also saves you money.

Criticism: For most people withyards, the savings from converting to a water-conserving landscape cannotjustify the expense of new landscaping, since typically the conversion wouldsave less than twenty dollars on a homeowner’syearly water bills.

Which of the following, iftrue, provides the best basis for a rebuttal of the criticism?

A. Even homeowners whose yardsdo not have water-conserving landscapes can conserve water by installingwater-saving devices in their homes.

B. A conventional landscapegenerally requires a much greater expenditure on fertilizer and herbicide thandoes a water-conserving landscape.

C. A significant proportion ofthe residents of the city live in buildings that do not have yards.

D. It costs no more to put inwater-conserving landscaping than it does to put in conventional landscaping.

E. Some homeowners use morewater to maintain their yards than they use for all other purposes combined.

3.Lymedisease is caused by a bacterium transmitted to humans by deer ticks.Generally, deer ticks pick up the bacterium while in the larval stage byfeeding on infected white-footed mice. However, certain other species on whichthe larvae feed do not harbor the bacterium. If the population of these otherspecies were increased, more of the larvae would be feeding on uninfectedhosts, so the number of ticks acquiring the bacterium would likely decline.

Which of the following would it be most important to ascertain in evaluating theargument?

A Whetherpopulations of the other species on which deer tick larvae feed are found onlyin areas also inhabited by white-footed mice

B Whetherthe size of the deer tick population is currently limited by the availabilityof animals for the tick's larval stage to feed on  

C Whetherthe infected deer tick population could be controlled by increasing the numberof animals that prey on white-footed mice

D Whetherdeer ticks that were not infected as larvae can become infected as adults byfeeding on deer on which infected deer ticks have fed  

E Whetherthe other species on which deer tick larvae feed harbor any other bacteria thatticks transmit to humans  

4.Hardinargued that grazing land held in common(that is,open to any user) would alwaysbe used less carefully than private grazing lan. Each rancher would be temptedto overuse common land because the benefits would accure to the individual,while the costs of reduced land quality that results from overuse would bespread among all users. But a study comparing 217 million acres of commongrazing land with 433 million acres of private grazing land showed that thecommon land was in better condition.

Which of the following, if true and known by the ranchers, would best help explainthe results of the study?

A Withprivate grazing land, both the costs and the benefits of overuse fall to theindividual user.  

B Thecost in reduced land quality that is attributable to any individual user isless easily measured with common land than it is with private land.  

C Anindividual who overuses common grazing land might be able to achieve higherreturns than other users can, with the result that he or she would obtain acompetitive advantage.

D Ifone user of common land overuses it even slightly, the other users are likelyto do so even more, with the consequence that the costs to each user outweighthe benefits.

EThere are more acres of grazing land held privately than there are held incommon.