ChaseDream

标题: 【Native Speaker每日综合训练—40系列】【40-17】文史哲 [打印本页]

作者: AceJ 时间: 2014-8-24 00:01
标题: 【Native Speaker每日综合训练—40系列】【40-17】文史哲
内容： AceJ 编辑：AceJ

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Part I: Speaker

Marrying Young

Irene:  Damon and his  girlfriend just got  engaged.  They’re  planning on getting  married this summer.
Ken:  They’re too young! Marrying young  poses all kinds of  problems.
Irene:  Such as?
Ken:  Such as the two of  them lacking  maturity.  They may  think it’s fun to play  house right now, but  they’re not prepared to face  the realities and  responsibilities of  matrimony.
Irene:  I think you’re  selling them short. They’ve been dating for two  years and  there’s no ideal age  for marriage.
Ken:  Yes, but we all know  that marrying young will  doom them to a life of  regrets.
Irene:  That’s a bit  harsh, don’t you  think?  A lot of people who  marry young have  successful marriages.  I like  the idea of growing  old with your spouse. You can  reach many of life’s  milestones together.
Ken:  Like reaching the  legal drinking age?
Irene:  Don’t be  facetious.  Getting  married will give them  stability and  someone to lean on.  I think  they’ll be great as a married  couple.
Ken:  Well, I hope they  beat the odds...or at  least learn a lot for their  second  marriages.

Source: ESLpod
http://www.eslpod.com/website/show_podcast.php?issue_id=15541111

[Rephrase 1, 17:40]

作者: AceJ 时间: 2014-8-24 00:01

Part II: Speed

How Do You Become Better Politically Educated?

BY Quora Contributor| Aug 21, 2014

[Time 2]
Focus on policy, not personality. A lot of politics is a soap opera: who's popular, who's not, who's misbehaving, who's rising, who's falling. All of that drama matters, but only because of its eventual effects on what actions the government takes and what policies it enacts. For now, the soap opera is noise to you. (And a lot of it is noise, period.) Resist the urge to watch it, and don't let anyone convince you that you're uninformed when you don't. It doesn't matter who the players are until you understand the game.

Start by picking a few topics that you care about or find interesting. These don't need to be the hot issues of the day. They can be broad topics like foreign policy or immigration or narrower topics like music education in public schools. One nice thing about democracy is that you choose what's important to you. There are too many issues for everyone to become experts on all of them, so don't feel bad about what you skip. There are other citizens to pay attention to those topics.

Learn as much as you can about the topics you chose. My recommendations are to stick with nonpartisan sources when possible and to learn as much as you can about a problem before looking at anyone's proposed solutions.
[219 words]

[Time 3]
After enough research on your chosen subjects, you will probably develop opinions on what the government ought to be doing about them. The next step is to learn about the structure of government. Which parts of the government are responsible for making and executing the decisions you care about? Are they the responsibility of your local government, your state government, the federal government, or some combination of those? Is this an issue where the important decisions are made in law or one where an administrative body is the primary player? This part of political literacy isn't exciting to most people, but if you don't understand how the government functions, you end up looking to the wrong people for solutions and blaming the wrong people for failures. The example I always give: Presidential elections are decided mostly based on domestic issues, yet presidential power is mainly in foreign policy. Congress has most of the power in domestic policy, but blame and credit for the laws Congress passes usually goes to presidents (Obamacare, the Bush tax cuts).

Once you've established your views on policy and know who is responsible for them, it's finally time to go back to the soap opera. Now you're equipped to see politics as something more than a popularity contest. You can ask the right questions, look at candidates' platforms, and figure out what it will mean for your chosen issues if a particular candidate wins. You'll notice that some politicians don't know what they're talking about, some are saying whatever they think voters want to hear instead of telling hard truths, and some are well-informed and competent but have values different from yours. Look at the politicians you have to choose from and find the ones who care about the issues you think are important, who have the education or experience to understand those issues, and whose ideas and views on the issues are close to yours. Vote for them.

Go through those steps, and you'll be a more educated voter than most.
[336 words]

Source: Slate
http://www.slate.com/blogs/quora/2014/08/21/how_do_you_become_better_politically_educated.html

Do All Languages Derive from a Single Common Ancestor?

BY Gretchen McCulloch | Aug 21, 2014

[Time 4]
The Tower of Babel story is a fanciful attempt to account for a very real question: What was the first language and why are there now so many of them?
The video below from TED Ed shows a brief history of how languages evolve, as speakers of the same language lose contact with each other in the centuries after migration and gradually drift linguistically in different directions.

What's most interesting is not simply how we got multiple languages but rather how we determine, without the benefit of a time machine, which modern languages are related. To do this, historical linguists compare large numbers of words in different languages, looking for similarities that can't be explained by other factors, such as onomatopoeia (the word for cat is something like "miao" in several languages, but, well, there's likely an obvious reason for that) or borrowing (the word for tea in most languages is something like te or cha, but those can both be traced back to trade routes from different parts of China).
[171 words]

[Time 5]
Similarities that are solid evidence of common ancestry may at first not look like similarities at all. For example, compare the English words father, foot, far, and five with the Ancient Greek words meaning the same thing: pater, podos, per (technically "forward"), and pente. Notice anything? The English terms all begin with an "f" sound while the Ancient Greek ones start with a "p" sound. When you piece together a whole series of systematic parallels like this across several languages (we can add in Latin pedes and German Fu?, both meaning "foot," for example), you can begin figuring out what the common ancestor, known as a proto-language, might have looked like.

The common ancestor of English, Latin, Greek, Russian, Gaelic, Hindi, and many other languages spoken in Europe and India is known as Proto-Indo-European, whereas the more recent common ancestor of just English, German, Dutch, Norwegian and the other Germanic languages is known as Proto-Germanic. The video below describes more of these systematic sound changes between Proto-Germanic and the rest of the Indo-European languages, and how they were discovered by linguists including the Brothers Grimm (yes, those Brothers Grimm). More in the video below.
[194 words]

[Time 6

We can do pretty well going step-by-step with this base-level comparison of languages—whether modern or those for which we only have written records—which has enabled linguists to devise around 50 proto-languages to varying levels of detail. But the real time-machine problem kicks in when we attempt to go even further back, back to what the common ancestor of these proto-languages might have been. Since there aren't any modern human societies that are incapable of language and any baby can learn any language, it's not unreasonable to suppose that we were probably using language when the first genetically modern humans began to spread throughout, and out of, Africa. But unlike cooking utensils or hunting weapons, languages don't leave physical artifacts of being spoken, and writing of any kind wasn't invented until somewhere between 50,000 and 300,000 years later. Ish.

And unfortunately, this means that any theory of the first human language must be based on pretty darn flimsy evidence. This problem was recognized as early as 1866, when the Linguistic Society of Paris prohibited further papers on the topic, and although this ban is no longer heeded, there's still nothing like consensus on where language came from or what the earliest ones might have sounded like.

But one tantalizing piece of evidence comes from a curious source: the newest languages of the world, like Nicaraguan Sign Language and other creoles, which arise when a group of children make order out of inconsistent linguistic input. We may never know for sure, but perhaps the process of creating a new language from scratch hasn't changed that much across the millennia. [269 words]

Source: Slate
http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2014/08/21/origin_of_languages_tower_of_babel_proto_languages_and_the_brothers_grimm.html

作者: AceJ 时间: 2014-8-24 00:01

Part III: Obstacle

[attach]147917[/attach]
Pandora and the White Male

By Vauhini Vara | Aug 22, 2014

[Paraphrase 7]
On Wednesday, Pandora became the latest Silicon Valley company to publicize a breakdown of its employees by gender and race. Notably, Pandora employs a much larger share of female workers—about forty-nine per cent globally—than most of the other big companies that recently disclosed their numbers, including Google, Apple, Twitter, and Facebook (in all these companies, women only make up around thirty per cent of employees). Pandora also appears to have a larger share of underrepresented minorities than many of the others. The company, commentators concluded from the figures, must be doing something right.

It’s notable that these disclosures no longer come as much of a surprise; not long ago, this kind of information tended to be hidden away in human-resources departments. (Companies of a certain size must report diversity figures to the government, but they don’t have to make them public.) That changed in May, when Laszlo Bock, Google’s senior vice-president of people operations, published a blog post that began, “We’ve always been reluctant to publish numbers about the diversity of our workforce at Google. We now realize we were wrong, and that it’s time to be candid about the issues.”

The figures were startling. As of January, Google’s global workforce was seventy per cent male and thirty per cent female. Sixty-one per cent of workers in the U.S. were white. “Google is miles from where we want to be,” Bock admitted. So, apparently, is much of the rest of Silicon Valley. Google’s disclosure inspired, or perhaps shamed, LinkedIn, Yahoo, Facebook, Twitter, and eBay into following suit, and their numbers don’t look much better.

Observers have noted, though, that there are variations in the statistics. Pandora and eBay, in that order, have shares of female employees that come closer to an even split.

Apple, followed by Pandora, has the biggest share of Hispanic employees, while Apple and eBay have the highest proportion of workers who are black. (Gigaom has a nice breakdown of the numbers.) Some of the coverage of these differences has tended to congratulate companies like Pandora, whose figures look relatively diverse. But to suggest that these firms are doing something right, and that the less diverse ones are doing something wrong, is an oversimplification. I spoke to Hadi Partovi, a veteran entrepreneur and investor in Silicon Valley, who said that the discrepancies seem to stem from the nature of the companies’ employee bases. Across all the companies, tech workers, like software engineers, tend to be disproportionately male, and either white or Asian. At Pandora, for example, eighty-two per cent of global tech workers are male, while eighteen per cent are female—and white or Asian workers make up eighty-eight per cent of its U.S. tech workers. What makes certain companies look much more diverse than others may be that they happen to have fewer tech employees compared with workers in other areas, like marketers or salespeople.

What’s more, from Partovi’s perspective, the astonishing maleness and whiteness of Silicon Valley’s tech workers has less to do with Silicon Valley itself than with the education system that prepares kids to work there—or, more often, doesn’t do so. Women earn about eighteen per cent of computer-science degrees in the U.S. Black and Hispanic students each earn ten per cent or fewer. “If you have a really undiverse student population, it’s hard to make an even more diverse workforce,” Partovi said.

Partovi has co-founded a nonprofit, Code.org, that tries to expand participation in computer science by women and underrepresented people of color. But instead of targeting Silicon Valley companies, or even universities, the organization is focussing on elementary schools, where Partovi believes the problem starts. Most schools don’t teach computer science, and those that do tend to be suburban or private schools that serve children from privileged—and, often, white or Asian—families. What’s worse, those that do teach computer science tend to be high schools, and once kids get to high school they already have preconceived notions about what a computer programmer looks like, which can dissuade students, including girls, who don’t fit that image.

So Code.org is persuading elementary-school teachers to include computer-science classes in their curriculum—for all students, not just the ones who opt in. “If you tell a nineteen-year-old black girl, ‘Do you want to take a computer-science class?,’ they don’t think it’s fun, because society has told them that computer programmers are white males,” he said. “The earlier we start, they have no stereotypes.”

After talking with Partovi, I called Nicki Washington, a black woman who is a professor of computer science at Howard University, a historically black institution, and who has been programming since her childhood in Durham, North Carolina. By way of introduction, she told me, “I would say that my background probably isn’t the norm.” Her mother was a software programmer at I.B.M., and Washington grew up surrounded by black female engineers: “They were my mother’s friends and co-workers.”

Washington said she agreed with Partovi that most kids—especially girls and minorities—aren’t exposed to computer science early enough. But she also feels that tech companies need to be doing far more to recruit women and minority employees. Among tech companies, Microsoft and Google have been particularly aggressive in recruiting from Howard, she said, along with Wall Street firms, particularly Goldman Sachs. But elsewhere, even when students get internships, they often don’t turn into full-time offers—and, in some cases, employers suggest that this is because they don’t fit into the “culture” of the companies.

Corporate culture, with all of its subtle signifiers and codes of conduct, is invariably linked to society’s broader concept of culture—and all its complicated nuances having to do with race and gender. In Silicon Valley, it might seem innocuous, or even meritocratic, for a startup’s software programmers to sit at the top of the social hierarchy—but, when you consider that software programmers, as a group, tend more often to be white and male, this becomes more fraught. Washington told me that her students who intern in Silicon Valley often tell her that they worry about fitting in—not because they don’t know how to code (they do) but because their social lives are different from those of their co-workers. This may seem like a superficial concern until you consider that these differences may well be influencing their managers’ sense of whether they are a good “cultural” fit.

“You feel like you’re spinning your wheels when you’re pushing students to be the best and brightest, and telling them, ‘You need to be competitive,’ but when it’s time to interview, they can’t get jobs—not because they’re not technically sound, but because they don’t fit into the culture,” she told me. “It’s 2014. I expected this when my mother was working at tech companies in the eighties and nineties, but not now.”
[1139 words]

Source: The New Yorker
http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/pandora-white-male

作者: 小蘑菇开始打怪 时间: 2014-8-24 01:28
占座先~~
----------

speaker:

two young are going to marry

it may be too early for the marriage

there is no specific time for marry

time2:

pick on topics you like

recommendations

time3:

know the government department responsible for the topic

politicians perform bad

time4:

all languages come from one ancestor

how to distinguish

time5:

some examples

p=f

more in video

time6:

no evidence unlike hunting weapons

never for sure

time7:

P, large share of female workers

the info get publicised

more white workers

statistics on male and female workers

the amount of female learn cs is much less than male

fit in the corporate culture

作者: 洋沫沫 时间: 2014-8-24 05:19
time2: 2'16
time3:2'47
time4:1'37
time5:1'34
time6:2'49

obstacle: 10'40

引子：pandora employee structure is more diverse than other.
分析：an entrepreneur states, not because...but because education
suggestion: start computer science from elementary school
递进：professor from Howard agree the situation should be changed from elementary school.
新原因：culture adverse impact doesn't change recent decades

作者: slave918 时间: 2014-8-24 08:54

T2 1:30

Focus on the policies but not thecharacters.

Firstly, you need to pick a field which youare interested with and learn as much you you can in this field.

T3 1:54

The next step is find out what part ofgovernment is responsible for your interesting field and understand how itfunctions.

Then you can go back to see the soap operaand decide on your own judgment who are the best candidate.

T4 1:27

Why there are so many languages in thisworld

the scientists are looking for thesimilarities in many languages to find out what determine how we chooselanguages

T5 1:57

Some similarities are not explicit.

how the scientists find out this languagechanges and how they find it.

T6 1：42

since many languages are not written down,scientist cannot make a consensus what's the predecessor of all the languages.

However, recently a new discovery conveysthat the the process of creating a language may not change much across themillennia.

T7 11:52

In P, there are more female and minorityemployees.

Since Google reveals its pattern ofemployees, activating other companies to do the same thing.

In tech companies, like Apple and Ebay,there are more black and Asia.

Maybe, because P is not tech company, sothere are fewer black and asia.

Actually, it is fewer female students intech majority leads to this phenomenon.

Problem:

1.elementary school not offer the tech knowledgeand misguide many female students.

2.tech company should recruit more femaleand minorities.

作者: jfire 时间: 2014-8-24 09:09
time2 00:01:26.9
time3 00:02:10.0
time4 00:01:11.2
time5 00:01:20.8
time6 00:02:00.6
obstacle 00:08:58.8

作者: neverland1021 时间: 2014-8-24 09:34
谢谢aceJ~

[竟然忘记点计时了⊙﹏⊙b汗]Politics is like drama, the good thing is you can choose what to hear. Recommendation: choose the nonpartisan source.
2'32 Know the political structure- whether the specific policy is decided by the local government, the state government or the federal government？Two examples: president is elected through the domestic votes, but president influences the foreign policy most; Congress is responsible for XXX, but president is mistakenly wrong blamed.
After you know the government structure, you may go back to the political soap opera, and investigate the related politian's background to see whether he or she can make the suitable decision that you care.
1'15 Raise the question: whether all languages in the world have the same ancestor? Without the timeframe benefit, two resources:1)XXX Onomatopoeia:2)borrowing.
1'32 similarity from the seemingly dissimilarities between different language. Example: five English words begin with "f" and five Greek words that have the same meaning begin with "p"
a proto-Language for European language and India language.
2'06 走神了。。。It's impossible... spreadout....Africa...
9'30
Main Idea: the reasons for less diversity in high tech companies (univercities, universities, elementary schools, company culture).
Attitude: netural neutral
Structure: Take an specific company: Pandora is relatively more diverse than other high tech companies in Sillicon silicon Valley.
==> High tech companies used to avoid to reveal figures of diversity to the public, but now they believe they should
==> compare the figures between different companies (race - Asian, Hispanic, Black, white, sex)
==> Oversimplizing the diversity question - less diversity means bad - is not true.
==> Reasons for little diversity: education in universities, sterotypes, stereotypes company culture.

第二遍：
Timer 1: Choose a nonpartisan source possible and learn as much as you can before exposed to a politicians opinions. (补充)
Timer 2: clarify which politician really cares about your question that you think are important.（补充）

作者: cyndichiang 时间: 2014-8-24 09:45
Time2 1'27''
There are so many polictics that  you need not pay your attention on all these issues

Time3 1'52''
Step1: learning the background of the issues you are interested and knowing who are exactly in charge for that,then according to these knowledge establishing your own opinion
Step2: find the right candidate who you will vote  for

Time4 57''
Time5 1'07''
Time6 2'10''
Modern languages are related  or maybe they have a common ancestor,but we haven't figured out yet.

Obstacle: 7'08''
Pandora publicized its distribution of employees: much larger share of female workers
Google and other tech companies only have a small fragment of female and a large number of their employees are white
Reasons: school education
stereotype: the color and female have unrepresentitive images
corporate culture

作者: 油桃F 时间: 2014-8-24 10:11
Speaker
M: oppose marrying young, thinks it will cause many problems; W: support. give their stability and someone to lean on

[Time 2] 1'37
Policy is like soap opera and people cannot learn every aspect. The way to learn is to focus on nonpartisan sources.

[Time 3] 2'22
The next step is to learn the structure and function of the government. After that, you can focus on the policy and vote for the right person.

[Time 4] 1'15
The history of language and the relationship among different languages.

[Time 5] 1'24
The common ancestor of languages

[Time 6] 1'58
We still don't understand where the first language comes from.

Obstacle
Many companies in Silicon Valley have disproportionate rate of gender and minority. And some companies looking more diverse is because they have fewer tech workers than other companies.
reasons:
Girls or minorities lack knowledge of computer science and this problem should be solved in elementary-school.
Students worry about corporate culture that doesn't fit for them but all companies culture comply with the society's broader concept of culture.

作者: AgendaChen 时间: 2014-8-24 10:38
Politics is a soap opera and you may not like it at all. However, in order to be politically educated, you should stick with some topics that you are interested in and learn about them with nonpartisan sources.
1m22s

After some researches we will have opinions on the issues. And then we should learn about the structure of government, otherwise you would end up looking to the wrong people for solutions and blaming the wrong people for failures. The example is Obamacare and Bush tax cuts. After you know all the information above, you can look for the right people whose idea is similar to you and then vote for them.
2m18s

How do we determine which one is the first language and which modern languages are related?
1m

Similarities that are solid evidence of common ancestory are not similar at all. The video describes the changes between Proto-Germanic and the rest of the Indo-European languages.
1m2s

Even though we can compare the similarities of various languages to determine the common ancestors, it's impossible to figure out what the first language looks like because unlike the utensils or weapons, languages don't leave and physical artifacts. But there is still some important evidence can help us close to the truth.
1m59s

Some big companies in Silicon Valley begin to disclose numbers about the diversity of their employees. The numbers of some companies looks well while these of others looks bad. Some causes lead to the undiversified race and gender of these companies. For example, the malesness and whiteness of Silicon Valley's tech workers have something to do with the education system that prepare kids to work here. And the culture of companies may not be adaptive for female and minorities to work as tech-workers here
忘记计时了。。。

作者: Talitha 时间: 2014-8-24 12:43
2：2
-Focus on policy not personality. politic is a soap opera. Do not be convinced.
-Pick few topic you are/interested.
-read it from nonpartisan source before look at anyone's proposed solution.

3:2'43
-after reading the issue,we need to know whose responsibility for the issue we care. Is it local, state or federal>Some may even be the combination of three. To avoid us look for wrong people for solution and blaming the wrong people.
-vote for people who care about the issue you think are import.
-now you are an educated voter.

4:1'20
-What was the 1st language.
-evolve of language
-how we determine language

5:1'05
-similarities may not look like similarities at all. egs
-proto-Germanic & Indo-European.

6:2'23
-Language doesn't leave physical artifact.
Thoery of 1st human language must based on pretty darn famsy evidence.
Language from scratch hasn't change much.

作者: sufangfang27 时间: 2014-8-24 16:15
time2:01.24.80
the position of politics and how to choose issues
time3: 02.08.46
The importance of choosing politicans and the factors you should consider when making your decision
time4: 00.59.31
Raise questions and list some phonomenons about the evolution of languages
time5: 00.53.81
similarities among various coutries in Europe and India
time6: 01.39.88
Recalling and reasoning of the first language

time7: 09.39.09
A passage about female workload in Silicon Valley companies
1.Among big companies in Silicon Valley,women only account for quite a small part
2.Even in Pandora,where women make up for 49%,the highest of all,the number of its technique female workers is only 18%
3.The biggest reason for the situation is undiverse student population in computer-science degrees
4.Even those women wo get the degree find is hard to fit the culture of the companies.

作者: planetandlucas 时间: 2014-8-24 18:42
Speaker: Irene and Ken have different ideas about marrying young.

Time 2: The article introduces ways how people can be better politically educated. (1:42)

Time 3:  The article continues to introduce how a person can be a more educated voter. (1:55)

Time 4: The article discusses about one insteresting question whether all languages come from the same ancester. (59)

Time 5: The article uses examples to prove the similarities of different languages. (1:21)

Time 6:  The article further introduces the comparison of diverse languages and the source of languages. (1:56)

Obstacle:  The article introduces that Pandora has the highest female worker rate in the company, and other big companies such
as Apple, Google, and Facebook fell far behind. However, the reason to cause this is not sample. The major reason is that most companies lack
female and other racial computer engeneers. The key of solving this problem is to improve early education of computer science. (7:21)

作者: chcaiy626 时间: 2014-8-24 20:02
Speed:
00’47
01’08
00’43
00’45
01’26

Obstacle：
Time: 05’51

作者: Going 时间: 2014-8-24 20:53
Speaker: for your people marrying, there are a lot of concerns for their stability and responsibility.

Time 2: 1:15
Time 3: 1:48
Time 4: 0:54
Time 5：1:14
Time 6: 1:36

Obstacle: 8”18

Time 2: if you want to be a good voter, first not to pay attention to soap opera. Learn as many materials as possible before listen to other’s options.
Time 3: Then learn government structure, who/what should be responsible for which kind of things. Then back to soap opera and see whether other’s opinions show they are good or not based on your judgement.
Time 4: what’s the relationship among kinds of language and whether they originate the same?
Time 5: There are some common points among languages across countries.
Time 6: Some reasons explain why the language cannot be handed down from ancestors all the same and why they will show difference.

Obstacle: P is the company including more women employees. The other companies also publicize their proportion for women/men, minority/white male.
Judge a company good or bad by their sex proportion is oversimplified. There are many reasons on it, such as job category/engineers. Many people are not exposed to computer science classes since elementary school. And companies are not willing to provide full time job based on company culture.

作者: f0070515 时间: 2014-8-24 22:09
speed
time2 1:18
started by picking a few topic that you care about or finding interesting. learn as much as you can about the topic you chose.
time3 1:35
learn about the structure of government. once you've established your views on policy and know who is responsible for them, it's finally time to go back to the soap opera.
time4 0:58
how we determine which modern languages are related.
time5 1:22
proto-language
time6 1:38
there is still nothing like consensus on where language came from or what the earliest ones might have sounded like.
obstacle 8“00
pandora emloys a much larger share of female workers than the most of the other big companies that recently disclosed their numbers,such as google, apple twitter and facebook.
the discrepanies may sterm from the nature of the companies' employee bases
If you have a really undiverse student population, it’s hard to make an even more diverse workforce
the example of Niki Washington
girls and minorities are not exposed to computer science early enough
students don't fit into the culture of the companies.

作者: 林练练 时间: 2014-8-24 22:18
1'19
150
1'11
1'03
2'09

8'14

作者: 公元前334 时间: 2014-8-24 22:31
1:19 Choose the interested topic.
2:25 Find the political decision making structure, vote who you agree most.
1:17 How we determine which languages are related.
1:30 Find out proto-language from similar beginning. Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Germanic.
2:22 Difficult to find the very first language, but the way to creat new one is guessable.

作者: 心愿湖畔 时间: 2014-8-24 22:40
01:00
Politics are just like soap operas. Pay more attentions to the policy, instead of the candidates’ personalities. Better to choose some topics you are interested in first.
01:36
Then figure out who’s responsible for the issues you care and learn as much as you can about the issues. Therefore you can vote wisely/sensibly.
00:51
An expert explains how did languages derive from a common language.
00:46
About some ancestor languages.
01:25
There’s no consensus on the common ancestor language due to the intangibility of languages.

作者: Starlun 时间: 2014-8-24 22:57
很喜欢Speaker 部分的编辑，因为把Script直接贴上去了，不用另外下载，还很用心的把一些俚语，重点的词加重了，Thx~
============================================================================
(1:27) Pay attention to the topics that you are interested in.

(3:23) Understand the structure of gov and vote the politician you.

Main ideal: 3 steps to be a educated voter.

(4:31) How the languages evolve.

(5:57) Languages changed systematic between Proto-Europe and Indo-Europe.

(8:04) The early spoken languages had not leave in the physical form.

(16:48) Less female and minority workers in tech companies.
Google: More male white tech worker. Education system: should teach computer-science in elementary school.
But a black female cs professor: not because students are not good in code, but they cannot fit in the culture of the tech companies.

作者: Vickyoo 时间: 2014-8-24 23:18
1、2’14” Politics is like soap opera, the author said you can choose one topic to look into it and research the topic at first2、1’51”The next step is to see who should be responsible to the question, and you will know what should be done to the question. Then you’ll find some politics are just saying what his supporters want to hear… Then if you find the one same with your solution, vote for him.
3、2’12” First put forward a question, then talks about how linguistists do with the question.
4、45” The first evidence is the similarity in appearance.
5、2’28”
Obstacle:8’15”
The high-tech companies in the silicon valley have minor proportion of female or minor employees.

作者: yyc8587 时间: 2014-8-25 00:05
1'22
politics is a soap opera that is related to everyone

1'38"71
know who are responsible for the subjects and then choose the suitable candidate

0'25"33
how get mutiple languages

0'51"78
similarities in different languages at the beginning & the common ancester of different languages

1'49"51
It's difficult for deciding how languages develop

5'50"58
P is going to employ more female and black workers

Google lead the tendency

but it is too simple to say that P is doing something right while others are doing something wrong: other factors like the percentage of positions >> because of difference in the elementary education

reasons&solutions:1. elementary classes should be enrolled in computer class.2 concept of culture should be changed

作者: 小蛋糕狂魔 时间: 2014-8-25 15:02
TIME2

olitics is like soap opera.how to become politically informed?Start by pick some political news that you are interested in.
TIME3:the 2rd step:learn about the government structure.Consequences of not knowing how government functions.
00:00:54.82

TIME4:What is the first language?Scientists are interested in how different languages are related.They do the research by finding
similarities in different languages.

TIME5:similarities may at first not so similar.Finding by compare some system parallel in different languages.list some languages which
are cataloged to 2 systems.
00:01:01.82

TIME6:Evidence about the source of different languages are limited.cz languages are not like other things (eg,artifacts），and in some places
writing were banned for some time.
however,some newest languages have shed light on about this question.
00:01:44.98

obstacle：00:08:47.21

P disclosured its female employee numbers（49%：30% in other large companies in silcon valley)
its not surprising bcz some department has had those figure but it is not published)

Apple>

in Hispanics
Apple & Ebay :black

BUT:it is not meaning that diversity is right.
CZ:1、just happen ——tech employees< marketers
2、silicon<edu system

difficulties of P（science course）：
1、no included
2、until high school

P:wish elementary schools include science to all students

A woman professor in Howard Univ
:agree but——
corporation culture

作者: kun5850 时间: 2014-8-25 17:19
3'12
2'33
1'42
1'21
1'12
>>
8'02

作者: Dmyzywy 时间: 2014-8-25 23:28
T 2:[1'30]
  Politics is soap opera.
  one people can not focus on every issue, but when you choose one, learn some information about it.

T 3:[1'28]
  researches on your issue-> establish your own opinions-> know the structure of government-> take part in politics

T 4:[0'53]
  different languages have same origins?
  how to determine a different language?

T 5:[1'04]
  similarities may be at first are not similarities.
  give a example-> greek and english.
  European language.

T 6:[1'38]
  continue do the research of the origin of language, but it is difficult to find some certain evidences.
  new language?

OBSTACLE:[5'59]
  some survey in women and hispanic workers
  problem->women and hispanic or black have little chance in computer science
  reason: 1. primary education; 2.established working predice

作者: ffffionabear 时间: 2014-8-26 17:24
----无限感恩~！！进击的阅读小分队~~秋天来了~又到了一大波懒人疯狂赶作业的季节~~~--------------------------------------
[speaker]
friends are engaged this summer
marry young leads to problem and regards
The woman think the man is selling their friends short
There are no ideal age in marriage,growing old with your spouse seems to be a good idea.
Ken hope their friends can beat the odds,or at least learn something for their second marriage.
[speed]
1'37
Politic stage is something like soup opera,who understand the game,you can play better.First thing for you is to pick up a topic you like,and learn about it,focus on non-partisian sources.
2'02
Next,you should find out what government is doing on that topic,and who is responsible for it.It's important for you to clarify the governmental structure,avoiding of asking for a wrong person.Then you should listen to the candidate election,and choose the one whose views and ideas are close to you on this issue.
1'23
Finding out how we determine modern language is related is more important than finding out how so many languages emerged.Linguists look for similarities that cannot be explained.
53'
Some similarities doesn't seem to be similarities at all,for example,T in English and P in Asian language.
1'43
However,our theory of human language based on fragile evidence.What's worse,no one can learn all language in the world so as to find their similarities.So perhaps we never know how a new language come out.
[obstacle]速度悲剧~
7'14
main idea:Those tech companies have discrimination on gender and race,the proportion of female and minorities employees in those companies are really low.That's not because the employees doesn't capable(which can be attributed to the society doesn't expose computer science to black girls),but because they don't "fit" the companies' culture.There are nuances among white male and minorities females.

作者: cherry6891 时间: 2014-8-27 09:18
40-17
Time2
A lot of politics is a soup opera. So no matter who the players are until u understand the game
Time3
How to better understand politics and how to be a educated voter than most?
Do research on ur chosen subject and find out which department of government do the decision u care most.
Understand what the effect to u if u vote for one candidate
Time4

obstacle：
The reason for less diversity in high tech company in silicon
P employs more female and minority, but for software work, white and Asia get most of the occupations.
The reason:the culture to fit in
Corporate culture and subtle signifiers , codes of conduct

作者: lulalei 时间: 2014-8-27 11:47
[Time 2] [219 words]1’25
Politics is like a soap opera so that you only need focus on topics which you are care about.

[Time 3] [336 words]1’49
You should be well knowledge about how the government functions so that you choose the most suitable person.

[Time 4] [171 words]1’07
People are wondering about how the first language created and why there are so many different languages.

[Time 5] [194 words]1’47
The common ancestor of English, Latin, Greek, Russian, Gaelic, Hindi, and many other languages spoken in Europe and India is known as Proto-Indo-European.

[Time 6] [269 words]1’40

[Time 7] [1139 words]5’44
Pandora has a more balanced gender and race percentage in its work force compared to other high tech companies in Silicon Valley. However, gender and race imbalance is still a big problem due to the culture and stereotype of computer science industry.

作者: taohui2014 时间: 2014-8-27 15:24
00:08:04.97
00:02:20.09
00:01:28.34
00:01:40.81
00:01:59.56
00:02:07.98

作者: Pumpkin-GMAT 时间: 2014-8-28 12:29
Speed
Time 2 - 1:14 - 219
Time 3 - 1:42 - 336
become better politically educated
1/choose some topics you care about learn these topics as much as you can
2/learn the structure of the government
3/see what the candidates do about the issues

Time 4 - 0:50 - 171
Time 5 - 1:09 - 194
Time 6 - 1:27 - 269
question: do all the languages derive from one common language
evidence: similarity
challenge: pretty darn flimsy evidence

Obstacle - 7:16 - 1139
the disclosure of gender and race information in silicon valley companies
1/what influence the gender and race property of employees: base , education
2/how to improve such situations : start computer science in elementary schools, company culture

作者: leo688 时间: 2014-8-28 13:15
Part I: Speaker
marrying young
an engaged couple heading marriage
issues: too young, not mature
selling them short VS regret
share the milestones VS legal drinking age
factious VS stability
second marriages?

[Time 2]
1'25
if want to learn politics, focus on one topic, nonpartisan
never drowned in too many topics

[Time 3]
1'48
then study the structure of your target gov, and understand who/how is responsible for the selected topic
go back to soap opera again, more interesting would be presented

[Time 4]/[Time 5]/[Time 6]
3'59
Do All Languages Derive from a Single Common Ancestor
some words share the same pronunciation in diff languages, ex
ancestry may say the same language at all, ex, English, German, Indi
50 proto-languages
lack of evidence to prove how proto-languages develop separately
one tantalizing evidence, latest new languages developed from fractions linkage

Part III: Obstacle
6'6
the diversity among races and genders in tech companies
in terms of the ratio of female to male, Pandora and eBay head the others such as google, apple, etc
in upstream, the ratio in Uni appears diff
the phenomena put the fixed identity to certain group, ex black girl seldom enter the major of computer science
instead of the skill, the culture makes this difference

作者: sherry8730 时间: 2014-8-29 13:19
SPEAKER:
Engage: promise to another
Get married: legally be couple.in church or temple.
Pose: to present. Tall about a problem
Maturity: teenager lack don’t have responsibility
Play house: in the way to protect together
Matrimony: state to be marrage
Sell them short: not mature enough to get marriage
Doom: make your future very dark
Regrets: you wish you have enough down. Your situation you feel is very bad
Milestone: impressive events or accomplishment
Legal drinking age: 21 in the United States
Facetious don’t take something seriously
Stability: something don’t change
Beat the odds: to do better you would spect

SPEED:
Time2: 1:44
Main idea: the politics in the opera
Structure:
its eventual effects on what actions the government takes and what policies it enacts.
stick with nonpartisan sources when possible and to learn as much as you can about a problem before looking at anyone's proposed solutions.

Time3: 2:28
The next step is to learn about the structure of government.
Once you've established your views on policy and know who is responsible for them, it's finally time to go back to the soap opera.

Time4: 1:32
Main idea: the ancestor of numerous languages in the world
Structure:
speakers of the same language lose contact with each other in the centuries after migration and gradually drift linguistically in different directions.
looking for similarities that can't be explained by other factors

time5: 1:22
Similarities that are solid evidence of common ancestry may at first not look like similarities at all.
spoken in Europe and India is known as Proto-Indo-European
languages is known as Proto-Germanic.

Time6: 2:08
We can do pretty well going step-by-step with this base-level comparison of languages

OBSTACLE: 8:25
Main idea: the gender problem in the technologic company and the cause of it and solution to deal with
Structure：
Pandora became the latest Silicon Valley company to publicize a breakdown of its employees by gender and race.
tech workers, like software engineers, tend to be disproportionately male, and either white or Asian.
employers suggest that this is because they don’t fit into the “culture” of the companies.
these differences may well be influencing their managers’ sense of whether they are a good “cultural” fit.

作者: louisa33 时间: 2014-8-30 01:42
Time 2: Politics is noise opera. Choose the topic you like and the topic did not have to be a popular one. [47”] 219

Time 3: After choosing the topic, you should know the structure of the government. When there is an issue, you should know who should really be blamed. Then, you can go back to the politics election and elect the one mostly close your opinion. [1’03”] 336

Time 4: Language became different because the immigration of people to different places. However, there are still some similarity between modern languages. [40”] 171

Time 5: The different languages have the same ancestor even they do not look alike in the first glance. P=f [32”] 194
Time 6: [1’]

作者: 丝袜奶茶 时间: 2014-9-5 04:23
Time 2 01:24

Politics- you need to know the political game
Time3 02:09
Understand the structure, government functions. Who takes the responsibility-local, state, or Federal
Thesis: how to be a good voter?
Time 4 1:07
Language connected each other, words also borrowed among these language.
Time 5 1:06
English, latin, german
The Capital letter foot, fur, and father. Of English, Latin, and German have something in common. They all came from Indio-Europe
Time 6
The language is in the written, not the record. We really don’t know how to pronounce them. The current evidence can’t ensure that we had the same language before.
Speaker
Suggest that we need to be competitive in jobs, instead of “gender” or “ race” fit in the company culture. Example: Wallstreet ( white, male); Silicon Valley engineer ( male or Asian).

作者: gege1111 时间: 2018-1-15 10:34
想问下大家，经常看到有人说考试鸡精阅读中了3篇或者2篇。应该去哪找这些阅读资料？OG之类的吗？谢谢大家

作者: butterfly_memo 时间: 2018-1-17 08:21
T2 1:11.63
T3 1:38.78
T4 0:51.89
T5 0:40.37
T6 1:50.29

作者: Sandyxu0229 时间: 2018-1-17 11:37
T2 1.32
the step to be better educated in politics -- choose what is important to you
T3 1.22
learn about the structure of government
T4 1.42
go back to politics
T5 1.49
whether languages have the same ancestor
T6 1.13
similiarties
OB 6.25
P publicizes the rate of female and minority workers while other companies seem to be backward
reasons 1 education 2 company culture

作者: 一段记忆九个你 时间: 2018-6-1 23:57
6月1日打卡
Philosophers and psychologists have been researched self-control for long time. For instance, Pluto claimed that the human experience is a constant struggle between desire and rationality and that self-control is needed to achieve our ideal form.

Scientists find several advantages concerning the high self-control. For example, people with good self-control are more likely to eat healthier, are more likely to perform better at school and less likely to engage in substance abuse. In workplace, leaders with high levels of self-control display more effective leader styles-they are more likely to inspire and intellectually challenge their subordinates.

Scientists are also curious about what will happen if workers have low self-control in the workplace. Therefore, they conducted a comprehensive research which had many volunteers. They find there are usually three main reason why people occasionally lose self-control. First, the self-control is a finite thing which will be exhausted. Second, different kinds of activities will tap one self-control pool. Third, continued exertion of self-control will negatively affect the future self-control if it was not replenished.

Experts also find many disadvantages when people has low self-control. First, low self-control will increase their unethical behaviors. For example, nurses will be more likely to be rude to patients. Second, prosocial behavior will decrease when people have low self-control. In this context, employees are less likely to share their knowledge with their colleagues and are unwilling to help the subordinates. Third, low levels of self-control will reduce job performance. In the meantime, employees in general perform worse than they usually do. Finally, low self-control will lead to the negative leadership style, which means leader may become less charismatic.
Can we improve our self-control? The answer is “Yes”. Scientists have come up with several ways to help workers improve their self-control. First, sleep is very important for people to restore their self-control when they use out of it. Studies show that people who sleep well can perform better than people who don’t. Surprisingly, “service-with a smile” might not always pay. When people are forced to smile to the customers, their self-control will decrease. Therefore, the employers should encourage their employees to express their opinion genuinely. Third, creating the right environment can also play an important role in maintaining the self-control. The company can display the code of the conduct on the wall.

All in all, the key to keep self-control is to allow people to rest and restore their self-control.

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