ChaseDream

标题: 【每日阅读训练第四期——速度越障22系列】【22-02】科技 [打印本页]

作者: zxppx 时间: 2013-7-16 23:21
标题: 【每日阅读训练第四期——速度越障22系列】【22-02】科技

大家好，胖胖翔来啦！献上今天的科技文，气候类的文章比较多一点，第四和第五的速度是一篇文章，enjoy~

Part I：Speed

【Time 1】

Article 1

Glacier melt causes large fraction of sea level rise

Thawing ice contributes nearly as much water to oceans as massive sheets at poles do

[attach]123800[/attach]

Melting glaciers around the world, discrete from the polar ice sheets, accounted for 29 percent of sea level rise from 2003 to 2009, scientists report in the May 17 Science. That’s almost as much sea level rise as the ice sheets themselves contributed during that time.

Glaciers, including those in Greenland and Antarctica that aren’t part of the ice sheets, lost 259 billion tons of ice per year, raising sea level 0.71 millimeters annually. Alex Gardner of Clark University in Worcester, Mass., and colleagues calculated the ice losses using satellite data and ground measurements of glaciers. Most of the melting occurred in Alaska, the Canadian Arctic, Greenland, the southern Andes and the Himalayas and other high mountains of Asia.

The team estimates that, together, the glacier and ice sheet losses explain 60 percent of sea level rise from 2003 to 2009. Other sources include expansion of the ocean as its waters warm.

字数[167]

Resource:

http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/350478/description/News_in_Brief_Glacier_melt_causes_large_fraction_of_sea_level_rise

【Time 2】
Article 2

Sponges boom thanks to Antarctic ice shelf bust

Previously thought to grow at a slow pace, the sea creatures exploded in number

[attach]123804[/attach]

When a catastrophic ice shelf collapse in Antarctica opened up prime ocean real estate, enterprising delicate creatures called glass sponges showed up with unprecedented speed to stake their claim. The finding suggests that even in frigid places, sea life may adapt rapidly to climate change.

Cloaked in darkness and cut off from the photosynthetic power of the sun, the waters beneath Antarctic ice shelves host sparse signs of life. But when a giant shelf collapses — as Larsen A and B did in 1995 and 2002 — solar-powered plankton production ramps up, and scientists think it could jump-start a complex food web of diverse marine life.

A 2007 expedition revealed that sea squirts had taken over the area of the seafloor once shaded by Larsen A. When Claudio Richter, of the Alfred Wegener Institute in Bremerhaven, Germany, and his team went to the same spot in 2011 to see how the squirt coup had progressed, they were shocked at what they found instead.

“The sea squirts were gone, and all of a sudden the glass sponges had tripled,” Richter says.

The discovery, published July 11 in Current Biology, surprised Richter because scientists had previously seen the vase-shaped sponges known as hexactinellids growing at a slow pace, sometimes taking decades to mature. The signals that triggered the sponge boom remain enigmatic.

“This sudden expansion of a glass sponge is unprecedented,” says Paul Dayton of Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif. Dayton, who has studied the sponges for decades, sees the boom as a temporary pulse. Other predators will likely take over, he predicts.

字数[264]

Resource:

http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/351583/description/Sponges_boom_thanks_to_Antarctic_ice_shelf_bust

【Time 3】
Article 3

The solar system has a tail

Clover-shaped clumps of charged particles extend billions of kilometers

[attach]123803[/attach]

The solar system drags along a lengthy, twisted tail as it moves through the galaxy, researchers announced July 10 in a press conference and in the Astrophysical Journal.

Scientists had always presumed that a tail existed, said Eric Christian, an astronomer at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. “But this is the first time we have data that tells us about the tail.”

The discovery comes from data gathered by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer, or IBEX, a satellite launched in 2008. It charts the trajectories of speedy atoms that originate in the outskirts of the solar system before getting an inward kick from collisions with charged particles from the sun. The distribution of those atoms helps scientists map the boundaries of the heliosphere, the bubble that contains the planets and other material in the solar system and is inflated by particles continually jetting out from the sun.

A cross section of the tail resembles a four-leaf clover, with two clumps of slow-moving solar particles and two of high-speed particles. The data also reveal that the clover shape is flattened and twisted by galactic magnetic fields acting on the sun as it whizzes through the Milky Way at around 84,000 kilometers per hour – the same magnetic fields that cause ribbons of charged particles to wrap around the edge of the heliosphere (SN 11/21/09, p. 15).

The IBEX team could not determine the exact length of the tail, said principal investigator David McComas of Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, but estimated it at 150 billion kilometers, or 1,000 times the distance between Earth and the sun. The team plans to see whether the tail’s shape changes as the sun’s activity wanes.

字数[291]

Resource:
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/351477/description/News_in_Brief_The_solar_system_has_a_tail

【Time 4】

Article 4
Tyrannosaurus rex hunted for live prey

Tooth found in victim's tail shows carnivorous dinosaur did not just feed on carcasses.

[attach]123802[/attach]

Audiences the world over gripped their seats as the Tyrannosaurus rex in Jurassic Park sank its teeth into velociraptors and chewed up avaricious lawyers. In spite of this portrayal, there was no hard evidence at the time that the dinosaur actually bit into anything living, and some palaeontologists have proposed that it scavenged for its meals. But now, a team has found definitive evidence that the T. rex did hunt for live prey.

The researchers found a T. rex tooth stuck between vertebrae in the tail of a herbivorous duck-billed hadrosaur. The specimen was excavated from the Hell Creek Formation, a famous fossil locality in South Dakota.

Scrapes, bites and even dislodged T. rex teeth stuck in the bones of other dinosaur species are common, but there has previously been no way to know whether these bites were made while the prey was being actively attacked by a T. rex, or whether the animal had died in some other way and then been scavenged on by the toothy dinosaur.

The latest find is different because the T. rex tooth is surrounded by bone that clearly grew after the tooth became lodged there. The only way that such a situation could arise is if a T. rex had bitten the hadrosaur, lost its tooth in the hadrosaur’s tail and then also lost its prey. In the weeks that followed the predation, the tail of the lucky hadrosaur healed up and bone regenerated around the predator’s lodged tooth, the authors report in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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【Time 5】

The team argues that because the tooth is embedded in the tail bones (see picture), the wound was likely made while T. rex was chasing after its prey. “It’s a smoking gun. We finally have Tyrannosaurus rex caught in the act,” says Bruce Rothschild, a palaeopathologist at the University of Kansas in Lawrence and a co-author of the paper.

“We’ve seen plenty of re-healed bite marks attributed to Tyrannosaurus rex, but it’s hard to confirm identity with those,” says Thomas Holtz, a vertebrate palaeontologist from the University of Maryland in College Park. “Actually having the broken tooth makes it easy to determine who was doing the hunting here,”

Bone of contention

As intriguing as the fossil is, some think that it does not change much. “I’ve long argued that Tyrannosaurus rex was an opportunist like a hyena, sometimes hunting and sometimes scavenging. This provides no evidence to the contrary,” says Jack Horner, a palaeontologist at the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, Montana, who served as scientific adviser on the Jurassic Park films.

In fact, many palaeontologists are getting fed up with what they consider to be a phony debate over predation and scavenging. “Great galloping lizards!” exclaims John Hutchinson, an evolutionary physiologist at the Royal Veterinary College in London. “It is so frustrating to see provocative half-baked ideas about celebrity species like Tyrannosaurus rex drawing the public’s attention when there is so much more interesting palaeontology to be talking about.”

字数[242]

Resource:

http://www.nature.com/news/tyrannosaurus-rex-hunted-for-live-prey-1.13381

Part II： Obstacle

【Time 6】

Natural defences can sharply limit coastal damage

Reefs, dunes and marshes are key to protecting lives and property against storm surges and long-term sea-level rise.

[attach]123801[/attach]

Coastal forests, coral reefs, sand dunes and wetlands are just a few of the natural habitats that protect two-thirds of of the US coastline from hazards such as hurricane storm surges — shielding not only high-value properties in New York and California but also the poor in Texas and the elderly in Florida.

By the end of the century, 2.1 million people and US$400 billion to US$500 billion of residential property will be exposed to the highest hazard risk. But if protective habitats are lost, the number of people and total property value at risk could double, according to work published today in Nature Climate Change.

“Where we’ve got these ecosystems intact, we need to keep it that way. Otherwise, massive investments will be required to protect people and property,” says author Katie Arkema, a marine ecologist in Seattle, Washington with the Natural Capital Project, headquartered in Stanford, California. The work presents the first map of the US coastline that identifies where and how much protection comes from different habitats.

“This is ground-breaking work to show the extent to which habitats may protect property and people along the coastlines of the entire United States under different climate-change scenarios — no one’s done that before,” says Edward Barbier, a natural-resource economist at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, who published a study in March demonstrating that the presence of marshes in Louisiana could reduce storm property damage.

This study comes at a time when coastal-defence planning is under way in areas, such as New York city and Louisiana, that were hit hard by recent hurricanes. Increasingly, plans are moving beyond solely engineered solutions, such as levees or seawalls, to include conservation-based protection measures such as wetland restoration and dune creation.

Study co-athor Peter Kareiva, chief scientist at the Nature Conservancy, a conservation organization based in Arlington, Virginia, says that the models used in their work could help further a global movement to take stock of the coastal protections afforded by natural habitats. “It really is going to get to the point where we’ll be able to put dollar values on what we gain from restoring natural habitats,” he says.

Ranking habitats

Arkema and her colleagues took the ambitious step of synthesizing a hazard model for the US coast, that took into account ecosystem data, projected climate scenarios, socio-economic data and property values to identify where habitats offered the greatest coastal protection. They identified nine habitats — including coral and oyster reefs, wetlands, dunes, seagrass beds and kelp forests — and ranked the level of protection each gave. They then scored each 1-kilometre strip of coastline to tally the total protection by habitat in an area.

The team also created a hazard index based on physical and biological variables that influence exposure to sea-level rises or to storm surges. “We have to look at the shoreline elevation, wave exposure, and whether it’s rocky or muddy to determine where habitats become important for protection,” says Arkema. The researchers identified areas with the highest exposure to flooding and erosion under five current and future climate scenarios—with and without habitat. The final step, overlaying the social variables on top of the hazard index, indicated that coastal habitats in Florida, New York and California defend the most people as well as the greatest amount in property values from storm surges.

Rob Thieler, a coastal geologist at the US Geological Survey in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, says that this model is a good first step in demonstrating the potential value of coastal habitats, but that it will undoubtedly require further refinements and more robust regional assessments. It can’t, however, identify where a restored wetland would be most viable. “One key thing missing, as mentioned in the paper, is that we just don’t have a good scientific understanding of how well coastal habitats will persist in the future,” he says.

The authors agree. According to Kareiva, two things are needed to turn this science into something that changes the way the world works: good-quality data on habitats and a rigorous way to cost-compare engineered and natural protections.

In the meantime, Nature Conservancy scientists are already using the models underlying this study to rebuild oyster reefs off the coast of Alabama—a project that has trapped sediment and dissipated wave energy that normally would have eroded the shore. “Until we started putting in these oyster reefs, I don’t think any of us fully appreciated the extent to which they would increase the shoreline,” Kareiva says.

字数[760]

Resource:

http://www.nature.com/news/natural-defences-can-sharply-limit-coastal-damage-1.13380

作者: kimwang53 时间: 2013-7-16 23:28

自从某些人忙yy，抢沙发就变容易了~~

ppx辛苦啦~

46
1.59
2.13
1.42
1.33

5.21

作者: bejamin1111 时间: 2013-7-16 23:29
1号坑！！！！！！！！！
Time1, 1:14; Time2, 2:3; Time3, 2:55;
【1st passage】
Melting glaciers accounted for 29% of sea level rise between 2003 and 2009;
AG's team caculated the loss using satellite data and grounds mesurements;
Most of the melting occured in some place such as...
【2nd passage】
Sea lives adpated quickly to climate change;
sponge boomed unexpectedly; D predicted that it was a temporary pulse
【3rd passage】
Scientists had found that the sun has a tail；The discovery was from the data gathered by IBEX. What the data showed to us; How the tail looked like based on the data. The exact length of the tail was undetermined.

作者: bejamin1111 时间: 2013-7-16 23:30
2号坑！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！
【4th passage】Time 4, 2:10; Time 5, 1:30;
T rex was once considered to scavange for its meal ,But now, a team has found definitive evidence that the T. rex did hunt for live. prey.
The researchers found a T. rex tooth stuck between vertebrae in the tail of a herbivorous duck-billed hadrosaur.
the T. rex tooth is surrounded by bone that clearly grew after the tooth became lodged there. The only way that such a situation could arise is if a T. rex had bitten the hadrosaur, lost its tooth in the hadrosaur’s tail and then also lost its prey.
Some people thought that the discovery told nothing because that Trex sometimes hunted and sometimes scavenged.
In fact many palaeontologists argue that there is no need to debate over this topic.
【obstacle】Time: 4:49
Natural habitats plays an very important role in shielding natural disaters.
two things are needed to turn this science into something that changes the way the world works: good-quality data on habitats and a rigorous way to cost-compare engineered and natural protections.

作者: irvan 时间: 2013-7-16 23:30
好久木有坐前排啦啦〜

_____________________________
Speed
00:32
01:21
01:24
01:21
00:52

Obstacle
03:20

作者: change17251 时间: 2013-7-16 23:37
欧耶·~~~前排占座！

辛苦啦·~谢谢！(*^__^*)

作者: olivia瓜瓜 时间: 2013-7-16 23:40
哦哦哦吼吼吼
Time1： 1m18s
   The losses of glacier explain the ocean level rising. 觉得追求速度每一次都做得似懂非懂的，速度完后再对每一个time的结构进行回忆。

Time2: 1m50s
   Sponges unprecedentedly  grow fast .
Time3:1m33s
   it is the first time to find the solar system have a clover-shaped tail, whose length, until now, cant be calculated
   这一篇好多长难句。。。
Time4：1m41s  （这篇我3,24 考托福时的综合作文，嘎嘎嘎）
   The finding which show that TR‘s teeth left in the animals ，and the animal have escape away  proved  that TR is not just a scavenger,also a fresh predator.
   估计就是牙齿长在肉里面了，肯定是在被吃的时候逃掉了，而那块被咬伤的又重新长起来了。
time 5:1m23s
   Different scholar give varies point of view on question TR is a scavenger only or not.
Obstacle: 4m32s
   1 the natural habit have decrease many risk in the coastline, not only the life but also the money.
   2 there have a group to identify the effect of natural habit
   3 this group show a lot of data,but lack of scientific values for future protection .

_______________________________________________________
挖出来觉得适合写作用的表达：Large fraction of 大批。。。

A explain B ，A是B出现的原因。

With unprecedented speed to do sth 以绝无仅有的速度

Ramp up 增加

Jump-start 启动，助动

Trigger 引起触发

Enigmatic 神秘莫测

Is inflated by 被夸大了

Bone of contention 争论的焦点

Get sth intact 使。。完整

Keep it that way 保持那样

Ground breaking work 开创性的文章

作者: bejamin1111 时间: 2013-7-16 23:43

iamyingjie 发表于 2013-7-16 23:39
多谢ppx~

还是可以占到首页的嘛。。。kim不要小看我。。。

广告位出售

作者: 铁板二米 时间: 2013-7-16 23:46
占位，明天读。大家晚安！

居然在首页，嘿嘿。

交作业：
Time1 57"
Time2 1'35"
Time3 1'26"
Time4 1'31"
Time5 1'08"
Obstacle 4'11"

作者: kimwang53 时间: 2013-7-16 23:46

bejamin1111 发表于 2013-7-16 23:43
广告位出售

你太水了！

@yingjie姐：好吧，忙yy还不忘占首页，太厉害了

另：

沙发也出租

作者: yhspark 时间: 2013-7-16 23:51
刚做完一次以前的，先睡，明天读

速度：
time 1: 1'22
time 2: 1'51
time 3: 1'38
time 4: 1'24
time 5: 1'14
越障：
4‘58
--humanity builds projects to decease the damage of hurricanes when natural barriers are destroyed.
--design best projects synsethising local conditions
--problem need to be solved: repairing.

作者: glorious41 时间: 2013-7-16 23:51
啊啊啊只有第二页了= =、
占着！考完试回来做~~

--------------------------------------------------------------
刚考完试，有点虚，感觉做的很走心，给自己一大耳刮子

22-02
time1:1'03/167
   glacier and ice sheet are the main reason of the rise of sea level
time2:2'08/264
   sudden flourish of glass sponges happened when ice shelf collapse
time3:2'34/291
   new data prove the existence of the tail of solar system
time4:1'57/271
   a latest find shows that T. rex did hunt for live prey not just dead body
time5:1'54/242
   other opinions about this find
obstacle:5'54/760
   main idea: protection from natural habitat
   attitude: neutral
   structure: raise a finding that coastal habitats protect people and properties in F >>>main idea
            give a experiment of ranking habitats                                     >>>support the main idea
            raise some other questions about this finding                            >>>need more evidence to prove the persist protection

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
对speed 有句句子有点疑问，自己随便翻了一下，求大神的纠正~~~感觉我的逻辑好奇怪：

It charts the trajectories of speedy atoms thatoriginate in the outskirts of the solar system before getting an inward kickfrom collisions with charged particles from the sun.

它绘制了高速原子的轨迹，这些原子在被太阳中的带电粒子撞击到内部之前起源于太阳系的边缘。

顺便问一下，glacier 和 ice sheet 以及 ice shelf 到底有什么区别= =、看的时候好晕，感觉都是差不多的。

作者: lillianyang 时间: 2013-7-16 23:51
先占坑，等回来写作业
写作业
53‘’
1‘26’‘
1’40‘’
2‘1“
1’14”
4’28”

作者: diweiwang 时间: 2013-7-17 00:05
大半夜12点儿终于把作业写完了

Speeding

0:48

Melting glaciersleads to the rising of sea level from 2003 to 2009.

The place most ofthe melting occurred.

The glacier andice sheet affect a lot.

1:20

ice shelf collapsescause creatures that were rare in the ocean production ramp up.

One expeditionshows that sea squirts had taken over the area of the seafloor

Then the seasquirts were gone, and all of a sudden the glass sponges had tripled

1:32

The new discoveryshows that the solar system has a tail, which resembles a four-leaf clover

1:31

The researchersfound definitive evidences to prove that T. rex did hurt for live prey.

Show the exampleof its tooth. Then another finding.

1:07

We can use toothto conform whether it is T.rex or not.

Some palaeontologists’thoughts.

Obstacle:

3:41

Natural habitats couldprotect coastline from hazards such as hurricane storm surges.

coastal-defenceplanning is mentioned to emphasis the attention of restoring naturalprotectors.

The researchers synthesizea hazard model for the UScoast. The meaning of the model.

作者: Lynsey玲 时间: 2013-7-17 00:55
Time1 00:59
Melting glaciers are causing sea level rise around the world,for example,glaciers inGreenland.

Time2 02:32
Melting ice shelf can cause boom of sea lives,for example,sponges.

Time3 01:39
Recent studies reveal that the solar system drags a lengthy tail,but the its effect on sun's activity requires further research.

Time4 03:27
People orignatly thought that the T rex only fed on carcasses,but recent study on their toothes reveals that they may also prey on living animals.

Time5 02:39
Some people claims that such studies have no implication because the palaeontologists do not prove contrary ideas,and paleontologists are fed up with this debate.

Obstacle 04:32
The importance of the natural habitat in helping protecting properties in US.
Introduce a ground breaking work that identifies where and how much protection comes from different habitats.
Introducing a model used to rank the natural habitat in protecting coastal cities and some critics claim that further data is needed to turn this science into something that changes the way the world works.

作者: 小鱼上树 时间: 2013-7-17 02:54
占个第二页吧

22-02

1 167 42s

The melting ofglacier is one of the reasons why the sea level rose from 2003 to 2009.

2 264 1min57

An ice shell collapsed in Antarctica. Thesponges showed up and grew at triple speed to take charge of this area. Butthere may be some predator taking over soon.

3 291 2min

抓狂的天体文。。。。秉着怕神马读神马的原则，这个周末要去翻2个之前的关于星系啊天体的文读读培养一下感情！！！杀啊！！

The scientists recently collected some datashows about the tail of the solar system. The tail is similar to a 4-leafclover.

4 271 1min52

5 242 1min29

Some palaeontologists get really excitedabout the T rex’s tooth found in a hadrosaur’s tail. They believed this is thestrong evidence showing T rex is hunting. But some other palaeontologists don’tthink this is something special.

Obstacle 760 4min55

-general info about how important thenatural habitats

-general introduction about the new studyand the future of it

-the 3 steps of how they rank the naturalhabitats

-in the future need to find out-how well thehabitats will persist

-the cost to rebuild aprotective habitat

作者: goldenpath 时间: 2013-7-17 03:26
1. 01:07 the melting of glaciers account for majority of sea level raise from 2003 to 2009.

2. 02:13 talks about the expansion of glass sponges under Antarctica.

3. 01:44 the solar system drags a tail as it move along the galaxy. The astronomers have long been knowing the existence of tail but this is the first time they were able to collect data of such phenomenon.

4. 02:06 Palaeontologists have discovered teeth of Tyrannosaurus rex stuck into part of the body of other dinosaurs. palaeontologists have therefore proposed that T.rex prey on any living creatures they can find.

5. 01:19 The teeth of T.rex found in the tail of other creature proofs that the T.rex was chasing after its prey. There has also been some the contention from professors of other universities stating that there is nothing new in this discover. Dinosaur sometimes hunt and sometimes savage and nothing is new here.

作者: Amy_PP 时间: 2013-7-17 05:24
T1: 01'08
T2:01'55
T3:01'57
T4:01'59
T5:01'40
T6:05'23

作者: CheerTTTT 时间: 2013-7-17 07:56
占座~~~ 胖胖翔辛苦了~·
速度
1:02
1:56
1:44
1:47
1:25

越障
5:01

作者: ufoufo1102 时间: 2013-7-17 08:22

Speed: