ChaseDream
标题: 【每日阅读训练第四期——速度越障17系列】【17-18 】科技 [打印本页]
作者: 2012Michelle 时间: 2013-4-22 17:34
标题: 【每日阅读训练第四期——速度越障17系列】【17-18 】科技
队友们，明天周二的科技文又来了。
速度不难，文章长度也适中。越障的长度。。。就。。。大家Hold住，文章思路挺不错的，内容多了点。这个时候，为了把握中心结构和思路，就要适当地跳读抓重点了。
加油！
Part I Speed
Article I (Check the title later)
A handy tip: Keeping a straight face is not enough
Apr 20th 2013 |From the print edition
【Time1】
A POKER face. It is the expressionless gaze that gives nothing away. To win at poker, the face must be mastered, and master it is what the best players try their best to do. But a study just published in Psychological Science by Michael Slepian of Stanford University and his colleagues suggests that even people with the best poker faces give the game away. They do so, however, not with their heads but with their hands.
Mr Slepian made his discovery when he showed 78 undergraduate volunteers video clips of players placing bets at the 2009 World Series of Poker. (Bets in poker are placed by pushing chips into the middle of the table.) The clips were 1.6 seconds long, on average, and featured different parts of the players’ anatomies. Some showed everything visible from the table up: chest, arms and head. Some showed just the face. And some showed only the arms and hands. Each volunteer watched only one of the three types of video, but was shown several examples.
After each viewing, volunteers were asked to rate the quality of the player’s hand on a seven-point scale. Then, when they had finished watching all the clips, they were asked to rate their own experience with poker on a similar scale.
Mr Slepian found that students were poor at judging the quality of a player’s hand when shown just that player’s face. Indeed, he noticed a negative correlation of 0.07. This is not huge (a perfect correlation is 1.0). But it meant there was a statistically significant tendency that the better a volunteer believed the hand to be, the worse it actually was. When a player’s whole posture was considered, this misapprehension went away: if a volunteer could see everything about a player from the table up there was no correlation between his judgments of a hand’s value and its actual value. When a volunteer could see only arms and hands, however, Mr Slepian found a positive correlation, of 0.07, between his guesses and reality.
【336 words】
【Time2】
To confirm his discovery, Mr Slepian re-ran the experiment with a different set of clips. The results were the same. Students, even those who were poker novices, could judge the quality of a professional poker player’s cards from the behaviour of his hands. The next question was, how?
Mr Slepian knew from previous studies by other people that anxiety has a tendency to disrupt smooth body movements, and he suspected this might be the explanation. To find out, he showed 40 new volunteers the clips he had used in the previous experiment. Rather than asking them to judge the quality of a player’s cards, however, he asked them to rate either that player’s confidence or how smoothly the player pushed his chips into the middle of the table.
He found that when students rated players as being confident or having hands that moved smoothly, the cards they held were likely to be good. There was a positive correlation of 0.15 when the students considered confidence and of 0.29 when they looked for smooth movement, so they were actually more capable of determining hand quality from these variables than when asked to estimate it directly. The moral of the story for players, then, is don’t look your opponent squarely in the eye if you want to know how good his cards are. The secret of his hand is in his hands.
【223 words】
Article II (Check the title later)
The Human Brainome Project
Obama announces ambitious plan to develop new tools for exploring neural circuitry
By Puneet Kollipara
Web edition: April 18, 2013
Print edition: May 4, 2013; Vol.183 #9 (p. 22)
【Time3】
Brain research has been on a lot of minds lately in the nation’s capital. After offering a brief shout-out to Alzheimer’s research in his February State of the Union address, President Barack Obama went a step further in April by announcing a decade-long effort to develop advanced tools for tracking human brain activity. The administration dubbed it the Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies initiative, and proposed spending $100 million on the program in the 2014 fiscal year.
Scientists have discussed such an endeavor for years, and pushed hard for it in the past few months. Writing March 15 in Science, researchers say the project would develop technologies to probe brain activity on a far greater scale and with higher resolution than is now possible.
Current tools can monitor only small numbers of individual neurons at a time or capture blurry, bird’s-eye views of brain activity. The new tools would enable real-time mapping of how the thousands or millions of neurons in coordinated groups, known as circuits, work together. Brain functions — and, in many cases, dysfunctions — are thought to emerge from this still poorly described circuit level.
“There’s no way to build a map until you develop the tools,” says Rafael Yuste, a neuroscientist at Columbia University’s Kavli Institute for Brain Science and one of the project’s proponents.
Researchers call for developing three sets of tools to better understand brain circuits. One focus is on the creation of tools to measure the activities of all the individual neurons in a circuit. Another is on technologies to experimentally manipulate these neurons. The third tool set would store, analyze and make the data accessible to all researchers.
Scientists today can directly probe individual neurons to examine the main currency of neuronal communication, electrical signals known as action potentials. But the existing tools are generally invasive, making them tough to use in humans, or have crude resolution. New technologies, some already emerging, would be nanoscale, proponents of the effort write March 26 in ACS Nano, or they would measure voltage indirectly through an indicator. Other possible targets include chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters, which relay action potentials between neurons via synapses.
【359】
【Time4】
For instance, researchers already use laser microscopes to measure calcium ions, an indicator of voltage. One recent study used a special laser microscope that emits a “light sheet” to detect calcium ions and map the activity of 80 percent of a larval zebra fish’s roughly 100,000-neuron brain. Coauthor Misha Ahrens of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Ashburn, Va., likens the method to shining a thin sheet of light instead of a lamp in a foggy area; the thin layer would be scattered far less by the fog than the diffuse lamplight would.
The map, described March 18 in Nature Methods, shows activity once a second. It may be the first time vertebrate brain activity has ever been revealed in such detail. To go further and capture the brain’s workings at a rate of 1,000 times a second, as scientists would like, will require major changes in microscope technology, Ahrens says.
Another exciting prospect is the use of quantum dots, nanoscale semiconducting spheres that can be engineered to glow a different color or brightness depending on voltage or neurotransmitter levels.
Researchers even envision artificial cells that could serve as liaisons between measurement tools and neurons, says George Church, a Harvard University geneticist who helped plan the initiative and was a leading figure in the Human Genome Project.
【217】
【Time5】
Flipping switches
While imaging and measurement tools would enable researchers to link neuron activity or neurotransmitter levels with certain functions or dysfunctions of the brain, manipulating individual neurons could lead to even more powerful experiments. It also could lead to clinical applications.
In the burgeoning field of optogenetics, neurons are engineered to turn on or off in response to light. “We can selectively activate individual neurons. By doing that, you can really get at issues of causality,” says Clay Reid, a neurobiologist at the Allen Institute for Brain Science in Seattle.
Reporting April 3 in Nature, researchers at the National Institute on Drug Abuse in Baltimore and the University of California, San Francisco used optogenetics to produce or diminish compulsive cocaine use in rats by manipulating the activity of a specific group of neurons.
Researchers hope the findings lead to new therapies for drug addiction, but the road to clinical application is a difficult one and requires a sustained investment. “The evolution of optogenetics or similar techniques needs a lot of help, because the benefits are going to far, far outweigh the costs,” says coauthor Antonello Bonci of NIDA.
A huge advantage of optogenetics, he says, is that it can manipulate neurons almost in real time. But it can’t be used for long periods. In his lab, Bonci complements optogenetics with another promising technique that has lower time resolution but can be used for longer. It involves implanting neurons engineered to respond to certain compounds. Injecting those compounds can activate or silence the cells.
【254】
【The Rest】
Preparing for the data flood
Monitoring and manipulating individual cells is only part of the challenge; tracking a million neurons a thousand times a second will produce a lot of data. Software, databases and hardware will be needed to store and distribute that information, and to process and analyze it. Project proponents met at Caltech in January to discuss how to address the data needs — roughly a gigabyte a second for a million neurons simultaneously, or 30 million gigabytes a year.
Researchers could compress the data by a factor of 10 without sacrificing crucial details, according to a report from the meeting. Ultimately, the data problem shouldn’t be insurmountable, Yuste says. Another proposed big science project, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, would produce around 10 million gigabytes of astronomical data annually starting in the early 2020s — right when million-neuron tools could come online, he notes.
Technical obstacles aren’t the only worry Yuste and his colleagues have. The recurring state of fiscal crisis in Washington makes it difficult to get any big project off the ground. Uncertainty over funding has fueled skepticism among scientists, who wonder whether money would be taken from other research to fund a “Big Science” project that lacks a concrete final goal.
National Institutes of Health Director Francis Collins notes that his agency has formed a workgroup of neuroscientists and some nanoscientists — supportive and skeptical alike — to guide the project’s timetable and scientific goals. One of the cochairs is Cori Bargmann, a Rockefeller University neuroscientist who previously raised concerns that the project could take funding from other neuroscience work.
Gary Marcus, a neuroscientist at New York University, says he is concerned that the project focuses too much on tool development, but notes that the administration’s proposal may be flexible enough to fund projects in other areas of neuroscience.
He fears what will happen if the tools are developed but don’t yield all the promised insights. “We will surely learn something,” Marcus says. “Whether we learn everything we want to know is another question.”
【336】
Part II Obstacle
Article III (Check the tittle later)
A Different Kind of Smart
Animals’ cognitive shortcomings are as revealing as their genius
By Susan Milius
Web edition: April 18, 2013
Print edition: May 4, 2013; Vol.183 #9 (p. 24)
【Time6】
Zola the crow is about to face a test that has baffled animals from canaries to dogs.
She’s a wild New Caledonian crow, and for the first time, she’s seeing a tidbit of meat dangling on a long string tied to a stick. She perches on the stick, bends down, grabs the string with her beak and pulls. But the string is too long. The meat still hangs out of reach.
In similar tests, dogs, pigeons and many other species routinely falter. Some nibble at the string or keep tugging and dropping the same segment. Some pull at a string that’s not connected to food just as readily as a string that is. Eventually many get the hang of reeling in the tidbit, but they seem to learn by trial and error.
Zola, however, does not fumble. On her first attempt, she anchors the first length of string by stepping on it and immediately bends down again for the next segment. With several more pulls and steps, Zola reels in the treat.
Watching the crow, says Russell Gray, one of the researchers behind the string-pulling experiment, “people say, ‘Wow, it had a flash of insight.’ ” At first glance it seems Zola mentally worked through the problem as a human might, devising a solution in an aha moment.
But Gray, of the University of Auckland in New Zealand, has had enough of such supposed animal geniuses. Asking whether the crow solves problems in the same way a human would isn’t a useful question, he says. He warns of a roller coaster that scientists and animal lovers alike can get stuck on: first getting excited and romanticizing a clever animal’s accomplishments, then crashing into disappointment when some killjoy comes up with a mundane explanation that’s not humanlike at all.
Gray is looking for a way to get off the roller coaster. In Zola’s case, he and his colleagues devised several different variations on the string-pulling test that would never trip up a human, and the crow’s smooth performances fell apart. Whatever Zola was doing to solve the puzzle, Gray says, it’s not full, humanlike insight.
That may disappoint some people, but not Gray. “Often we learn the most when we see what we can change that makes the apparently impressive performance collapse,” he says.
He and a handful of other researchers are studying not only what animals can do, but also what they can’t. Forget the animal Einsteins — give Gray the not-so-miraculous beasts that ace one version of a test but flunk another.
After all, seeing an animal succeed at a mental challenge reveals little about how it evolved that capacity. Evolution doesn’t proceed by astonishing leaps, but by baby steps. “I’m interested in halfway scenarios, intermediate scenarios,” Gray says. These modest capabilities, he argues, offer the richest inspiration for understanding the small steps that build up into the rich diversity of animals’ mental powers.
Clever creatures
That’s not to say that scientists haven’t been looking for signs that animals have humanlike thought processes. Recent decades have seen a flood of reports that animals share some degree of capabilities once assumed to be uniquely human. Recently hatched chicks manage simple addition and subtraction, correctly keeping track of which of two hidden groups of familiar objects is larger. Foraging rock ants look as if they’re among the very few animals to show true teaching behavior. Sheep have sophisticated powers of facial recognition and can remember 50 of their fellows for two years. Black bears can learn to sort images into categories, such as bears versus humans. Dolphins can use tools, carrying sponges that protect their sensitive snouts while foraging.
None other than Charles Darwin noted many examples of humanlike cleverness in animals, which he celebrated as support for evolution’s tenet of shared deep ancestry, says Sara Shettleworth of the University of Toronto.
The unintended result of Darwin’s remarks was such uncritical enthusiasm for anecdotes about clever animals, however, that a backlash struck as early as 1894. That year, British psychologist C. Lloyd Morgan published what’s called Morgan’s canon, the principle that suggestions of humanlike mental processes behind an animal’s behavior should be rejected if a simpler explanation will do.
Still, people seem to maintain certain expectations, especially when it comes to birds and mammals. “We somehow want to prove they are as ‘smart’ as people,” Shettleworth says. We want a bird that masters a vexing string to be employing human-style insight.
Aha moments
New Caledonian crows face the high end of these expectations, as possibly the second-best toolmakers on the planet.
Their tools are hooked sticks or strips made from spike-edged leaves, and they use them in the wild to winkle grubs out of crevices. Gray first saw the process on a cold morning in a mountain forest in New Caledonia, an island chain east of Australia. Over the course of days, he and crow researcher Gavin Hunt had gotten wild crows used to finding meat tidbits in holes in a log. Once the birds were checking the log reliably, the researchers placed a spiky tropical pandanus plant beside the log and hid behind a blind.
A crow arrived. It hopped onto the pandanus plant, grabbed the spiked edge of one of the long straplike leaves and began a series of ripping motions. Instead of just tearing away one long strip, the bird ripped and nipped in a sequence to create a slanting stair-step edge on a leaf segment with a narrow point and a wide base. The process took only seconds. Then the bird dipped the narrow end of its leaf strip into a hole in the log, fished up the meat with the leaf-edge spikes, swallowed its prize and flew off.
“That was my ‘oh wow’ moment,” Gray says. After the crow had vanished, he picked up the tool the bird had left behind. “I had a go, and I couldn’t do it,” he recalls. Fishing the meat out was tricky. It turned out that Gray was moving the leaf shard too forcefully instead of gently stroking the spines against the treat.
The crows’ deft physical manipulation was what inspired Gray and Auckland colleague Alex Taylor to test Zola and other wild crows to see if they employed the seemingly insightful string-pulling solutions that some ravens, kea parrots and other brainiac birds are known to employ. Three of four crows passed that test on the first try, so next the researchers set out to test the crows’ limits.
Gray and Taylor set up a platform instead of a perch, which limited what the crows could see while pulling the string. The birds could investigate the string and the dangling meat from the sides but had to hop onto the platform and pull the string up through a slot. The supposedly insightful toolmakers had a terrible time. Out of four birds that had never confronted a dangling tidbit, only one hauled in the treat, and that was on the fifth try. Another bird failed at 10 opportunities, pulling at the string 188 times but never stepping on it.
In another test, researchers laid the string on a table in S-curve loops. The birds could see the meat, but they wouldn’t see it moving closer until they’d pulled enough times to reach the last segment of string.
An animal with true insight, in theory, would recognize that continuing to pull the string would eventually pull in the meat. But in this setup, the birds “completely fail,” Gray says. Some gave the string a tug at first, but only one kept hauling. And that bird was just as happy to pull on a string not connected to meat as on one that was, Gray, Taylor and their colleagues reported in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B in a 2012 paper titled “An end to insight?”
After seeing all this, the researchers proposed that Zola and the other crows had solved the first test — the perch with the hanging string — not by insight in the human sense, but through an enhanced ability to pay attention. New Caledonian crows, which do have relatively large brains for their body size, may be able to notice and absorb in detail the consequences of what they’re doing. Reaching down to grab the dangling string isn’t a big change from normal poking and exploring. And when the meat rises a bit, the birds absorb the positive feedback and take another step-pull.
As mental prowess goes, Gray says, “that’s not a miracle, just a small tweak in cognition.”
【1420】
【Extensive reading】
Physics test
Researchers have done a similar kind of tweaking using experiments based on Aesop’s fables. In one of the old tales, a thirsty crow finds a jug partly full of water but can’t reach down far enough for a drink. So the bird plops stones into the jug until the water level rises.
Nathan Emery and Chris Bird of Queen Mary, University of London taught real-life rooks a version of this trick. The researchers gave birds a tube partly filled with water and a waxworm bobbing on the water’s surface. The rooks readily dropped stones into the water until they could grab the treat. (Orangutans in lab tests have solved the problem in their own way, taking mouthfuls of water from their drinking supply and spitting into the tube to raise the water level.)
To see if the behavior extended to a related group of birds, Nicola Clayton and her colleagues tested Eurasian jays. “The birds often walk around the tubes having a good look first,” says Clayton, who studies the evolution of animal cognition at the University of Cambridge in England. Soon two of five jays began to drop stones into the water to score a waxworm. Those two also learned a preference for dropping in pieces of rubber that sink instead of foam chunks that float uselessly on the surface. “This is especially striking because when we tested children, the children don’t pass this version of the task until quite late in development,” Clayton says. One 5-year-old grasped the value of sinking objects, but overall the successful children averaged more than 8 years of age.
Then researchers devised a counterintuitive set-up, offering three tubes partly filled with water. The treat floated in the middle one, but that tube was too narrow for a stone. The only way a jay or child could score the treat (kids got tokens to exchange for stickers instead of waxworms) was to drop stones into one of the outer tubes that had a hidden connection to the narrow middle tube. Jays just didn’t get it, but a substantial number of 8- to 10-year-olds did, although “most of them didn’t understand why the setup worked,” Clayton says. “They attributed it to magic.”
Neither the jays nor the kids managed the trickiest tasks the way an adult human would. But like Gray, Clayton is intrigued by the partial successes. In the last test, she speculates, children may be better able than jays to accept the counterintuitive quirk of the secretly connected tube. “Without a belief in magic,” she says, “jays fail to figure it out.”
Reading minds
Besides studying how birds solve physical problems, Clayton has tested the notion that a bird can imagine, in some sense, what’s going on in another animal’s head. People have this ability, called theory of mind, but proposing, as Clayton does, that the Western scrub-jay can infer what another bird is thinking is a striking conclusion.
Scrub-jays cache food, and possess prodigious powers for remembering where. They also steal from each others’ caches, with higher-ranking birds tending to steal from lower-ranked birds. Clayton has found that if a bird with a larcenous past knows it’s being watched as it stashes a tidbit, it’s likely to later shift the cache to an unobserved location. This suggests that the birds have something like a theory of mind, Clayton says, because they understand that the bird watching them may come steal their stores. Yet nonthieves aren’t as likely to recache the food. So jays that steal may project their own behavior onto other birds that are watching them.
Elske van der Vaart of the University of Amsterdam has been looking for a simpler explanation. Maybe the birds are not relying on something even close to a human’s theory of mind, she and her colleagues suggested in PLOS ONE in 2012. Maybe all the hiding and rehiding is just a side-effect of something as simple as stress. Being watched is stressful, the researchers say, as is failing to find a cache. In experiments with virtual birds in a computer simulation, flustered individuals that were being watched and following a simple rule (they cached as far away as possible from observers) hid and rehid their hoard much as real scrub-jays do.
But real birds don’t behave like simulated birds, Clayton and Cambridge colleague James Thom reported in January in PLOS ONE. Given a chance to hide peanuts in ice cube trays, birds cached about the same number of treats in both more and less stressful conditions.
“Sometimes the simplest explanation is not the best,” Clayton says.
So the debate about theory of mind continues. Van der Vaart says the supposedly serene ice cube–tray situations might have held hidden stresses that confounded the results. And other predictions from computer simulations still need testing. “I certainly do think it’s possible that [crows and related species] could have something like a theory of mind, and it would be very exciting if they did,” she says. “But right now, I don’t think we know enough to be able to say one way or the other.”
Flub factor
Research on elephant insight and chimps’ understanding of the physical world has approached the question of limits from the other direction, with scientists tweaking tests that animals normally flub to discover what specific factors let them improve.
Chimps may not understand how the physical world works well enough to attribute phenomena to underlying causes such as gravity, solidity and other such qualities — or at least that’s been a long-standing proposal. Amanda Seed of the University of St. Andrews in Scotland isn’t so sure. “The difference between human and ape folk physics may not be as clear-cut as that,” she says.
In a classic lab test, chimps seem not to grasp basic cause and effect. To coax a treat out of a device called a trap tube, an animal has to use a stick to poke the treat to one end. If nudged in the wrong direction, the food tumbles irretrievably into a hole. “Chimps appeared not very good at telling that their food would fall into a trap,” Seed says.
In one of Seed’s first chimp experiments, she redesigned the trap so the chimps could poke with their fingers instead of a stick. In a video of the new experiment, a chimp stands in front of a clear plastic box and without much ado, pokes a finger through a series of little holes, working a tidbit along in the correct direction and safely out of the box.
The problem may have been the same one faced by floundering human pool players who spend too much time watching the cue instead of the ball. Chimps may not have a different conception of surfaces and holes than people do, but rather a different capacity to focus attention or remember. Without the tool to distract them, they may absorb more of what poking around in the tube is actually doing.
Revealing such hidden animal talents requires devising the right kind of test, which often takes a bit of ingenuity. Preston Foerder of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga was testing for insight in elephants, for instance, by putting food out of reach and providing a stick as a tool for getting it. Working with three elephants at the Smithsonian National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C., Foerder found that they readily picked up a stick. But instead of pointing it at hard-to-reach food, they banged the walls, scratched themselves and threw it around. “This was about three months of research off and on, and I was commuting from New York City to do it,” he says. “Then I had my own insight.”
Foerder moved the food and sticks outdoors and provided a cube or tub that could be moved over to the food if an elephant wanted to stand on it. In its seventh session of straining toward the food, 7-year-old elephant Kandula moved the cube into position as a stepstool and snagged some fruit (SN Online: 8/24/11).
“Elephants are more olfactory than visual,” Foerder says, and sniff with their trunks. When holding a stick, their trunks face the wrong direction for detecting what the stick is poking, and the trunk openings may even be closed. The experience points out that people may have to step outside their primate biases to get an idea of what another animal can do, Foerder says.
In the end, experiments that test animals’ cognition by determining when they succeed and when they fail may reveal more about human minds than other species’. Whether humankind truly wants to find all it looks for isn’t so clear. Homo sapiens is hardly modest about its brainpower, perhaps wanting to discover a bit of mental kinship while remaining mental kings.
【1460】
哇噻，你好好厉害哦，今天居然读完了4765词。看来，阅读也不是很难嘛。
作者: 铁板神猴 时间: 2013-4-22 17:37
4765………… 我是来见证这一时刻的
1'32''
1'09''
2'03''
1'29''
1'50''
1'51''
7'57''
作者: 2012Michelle 时间: 2013-4-22 17:38
铁板神猴 发表于 2013-4-22 17:37 
4765………… 我是来见证这一时刻的
你是来满屏爬猴头的，咩哈哈~
作者: 杀G给猴看 时间: 2013-4-22 17:44
加猴头！
作者: 2012Michelle 时间: 2013-4-22 17:46
杀G给猴看 发表于 2013-4-22 17:44
加猴头！
小杀。。。我笑歪了，噗。。。都被我带坏了，猴猴会扁我的。不过，我坏坏地说，真希望大家保持队形啊。。。
作者: 铁板神猴 时间: 2013-4-22 17:55
世风日下，人心不古……
作者: kimwang53 时间: 2013-4-22 21:39
占座来了
作者: 枣糕兔 时间: 2013-4-22 22:28
占了个座！
———————————————————————————作业的分割线————————————————————————————
Speed
01'48
01'08
01'56
01'12
01'22
the rest 01'50
Obstacle
08'34
Main idea: Big test fot Zola, a crow that has the chance to "prove" animals' human insight, turns out to be a disappointment for human----the crows simply don't act in human sense.
Attitude: Positive(+)
Structure:
>>>Introduction of the central topic: Zola, a crow is facing a huge challenge----a well-designed experiment to find out the "human sense" in its way of thinking.
In the test, the crow tried remarkably different way from other animals to get the meat hanging on the string and looked quite human-like. The whole discovery made the scientists very excited and crave for more evidence to support this plausible theory.
>>>Usual comments and expectations: Usually people get excited from this test result because we'd like to think animals can think and act just like us. But there's usually a rollar coaster afterwards with some "expert" standing out and claiming another whole different theory that could also explain the animal's human-like behavior and turn out to be a "happy coincidence". Then we get straight back to disappointment and stuck on the process to find out more.
>>>Researchers won't give up this time: The researchers do not want to back down this time and try all the possible ways to find out the "aha" moment when a crow solves its problem. They designed more experiments and carried them out with enthusiasm. The crow still showed promising behaviours in the first test. But when they change the experiment with a dangling string, holding the meat in the centre of it. The poor bird "completely failed".
>>>Conclusion----This is what we've got: Eventually, the researchers conclude that in the experiment, the crows didn't act in the human sense, but were driven by the sense of concentration. When they get a positive response, they tended to carry on with what they were doing until they finally got the treat.
下面这段原文的概括和分析写的很好，逻辑感比较强，很喜欢这种写法！
回忆的时候一直在想这段是怎么说的……
【After seeing all this, the researchers proposed that Zola and the other crows had solved the first test — the perch with the hanging string — not by insight in the human sense, but through an enhanced ability to pay attention. New Caledonian crows, which do have relatively large brains for their body size, may be able to notice and absorb in detail the consequences of what they’re doing. Reaching down to grab the dangling string isn’t a big change from normal poking and exploring. And when the meat rises a bit, the birds absorb the positive feedback and take another step-pull.】
that’s not a miracle, just a small tweak in cognition.
——————————————————————————————为了保持队形的分割线————————————————————————————————————
保持队形！！！！！
作者: JennyF 时间: 2013-4-22 22:43
1. 1'59' poker face actually give nothing away. experiment . volunteer, video: hand/ face, negative correlation, then conclude that the give nothing away..
2. 1'15 to confirm the conclusion, another experiment. same result: not the face, but the hand give away. positive correlation: confidence, and the smoothy clips.
3. 2'07 Further study of brain activity. 1. more money 2. the significant effect: the comparison between current tech and the future tech.
4. 1'10 an example, one method the effect: the detail. and to further study, the micro-tech should change; another method
5. 1'17 the effect of the methods…. and the clinic application. active specific neurons- p- drug addiction. it's difficult and need a sufficient investment, but worth to do
6. 9'01 human like progress?
作者: GraceM 时间: 2013-4-22 23:10
先加猴头后看文！hiahiahia~
作者: imfishy 时间: 2013-4-22 23:29
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作者: 晓野的野 时间: 2013-4-22 23:37
先过来占座位，啦啦啦~
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先把时间贴上来，科技文神马的最无力了，看到专有名词就茫然，一茫然就紧张，一紧张就看得更快，看得快就不知道在讲什么。orz
2:04
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1:25
10:33
作者: Yolanda818 时间: 2013-4-22 23:41
今天量大，而且文章比昨天难啊
作者: 2012Michelle 时间: 2013-4-22 23:43
枣糕兔 发表于 2013-4-22 22:28
占了个座！
兔兔那个保持队形分割线把我笑惨了，大半夜的。
PS，队友们都很给力，难为我 为老不尊 地逗猴猴，太欢乐有木有！
作者: 宝宝的瓜 时间: 2013-4-23 00:05
timer 1 1:59
the poker face is expressless gaze game .but the Professor and his colleage in SU found even the best poker gives the game away.How the proffesor take the expriment and how they get the conclusion the vollenteer score the pokers in 7 point scale.the professor finds the relationship between the figures and lists the differences.
timer 2 2:02
the professor take the expriment in another way but get the same results . inspiring by other's expriment,the professor asked the volenteers to observe whether the action is smoothly. the figures show that there is an positive corelation between the 2 things. so if you want to guess the cards of the pokers,gaze on their hands instead of their eyes.
timer3 3:36
the prisendent of american announce that the goverment will support the research about the human brain activity in next 10 years.and give them 100 million $ in2014
give the picture that the professors take effort to rearch the brain activity but the result is not so good.
the research need 3 new methods to get further study. one is the technology that can trait each neurons . the second is .... the last is the data base can be shared among the scientists.
最后一段不记得了。。。
timer4 1:55
the research use the laser microscope to map the zabra fish's 10000 neurons' activity in each second.and the result is a such new exprience for this feild.the researches can even see the artificial cells.
timer 5 1:53
the scientist find that the individual netrons gives more clear map of the brain activity.the researches test the netrons response to the light.and they test the brain netrons of the drug rats to find the new things in the feild of the addiction to drugs. the scientists say that the optogenetics' benefits can outweight the cost and have the further impact to other research.
作者: huizhuo0309 时间: 2013-4-23 00:13
占座！！猴头不会加。。。=.=
今天的心情实在是太down了，跟gmat没关系，感情问题。我会看文章，但是实在是不想计时了。
我想说的是 这世界上有心无力的事太多了，我这种又sensitive又sentimental还emotional的女生真是呵呵呵呵呵呵呵呵呵呵呵呵
1- 1:39
people with best poker face can give games away, because they do so with their hands not with their heads.
the introduction of a experiment that can illustrate the findings stated above
2- 1:22
to confirm the result, the researcher does another experiment and same result is concluded: there's a positive correlation between smooth behaviors and confidence. people can judge the quality of cards from card holders' hand behavior
if you want to know how bad or good the cards, the secret is to see hands
3- 1:45
Obama announced efforts to develop advanced tools for tracking human brain activity
there are three tools to do this
4- 1:01
5- 1:22
6- 5:58
作者: blairwashere 时间: 2013-4-23 01:15
01.33.6
01.00.0
02.00.6
01.43.3
02.00.0
最近缺席了好多 来跟队形
作者: spencerX 时间: 2013-4-23 07:04
谢谢分享~~
0:01:33
0:00:58
0:01:56
0:01:09
0:01:12
0:01:47
0:07:49
0:07:20
保持队形
作者: cookiezwy 时间: 2013-4-23 07:07
先占~
Speed
1. 00'02'22
You can judge the quality of the player's hands by only oberserving hands and arms of the player, instead of everything
including his or her face
2.00'01'12
How do people judge the quality of cards holding by one player? The better the card is, the more confidently
and smoothly the player push the chip into the middle of the table.
3. 00'02'13
A proposal for developing more advanced tools and technology for brain research is passed. Currently the tools cannot
bring indept results about what our brian. They call for 3 kinds of tools
4. 00'01'11
Some prospect about the advanced tools.
5. 00'01'46
Manipulating individual neurons can bring more significant experiment and leads to clinical appilcation.
obstacle
00'11'09
MI: An experiment conducted to test the ability of New Caledonian crow to use tools, not by insight in the human sense.
Intro: Researchers conducted experiment on crows' ability to use tool, but not to explain whether in a humanlike way.
>>> Many studies were interested in proving that animals share similar way to solve problems but turned out to be diasppointing
And Grey only takes small step to learn how the animal evolve the mental capacity.
>>>None other than Darwin noted many examples of humanlike cleverness in animals.
>>>Grey's experiment was started with the accidental sight of crow's clever behavior. After testing its capability, researchers
test their limits and by contrast they failed.
>> researchers concluded that crow's first success is not resulted from human insight, but an enhanced ability.
Extension
00'10'41
>>>Jays do better in test than five-to-eight year old kids, but worse than 8-to-10-year-old kids
>>> It seems that animals can read minds of others, which is revealed when jays looked for other place to recache food
when they were watched. But other explaination is that they were just more stressful being watched than otherwise.
>>>Some experiments flub to discover the factors letting animal improve.
>> For climps, they have same conception of objects as human do but just less capacity to remember or pay attention
>> For elephants, that they do not use stick does not prove their incapacity to use tools, because the way of using tool researcher design
go against their natural ability.
> People should get out of their primate biases to get an idea of what other animals can do.
作者: beckybei11 时间: 2013-4-23 07:52
152
Peopleused to believe that better poker players usually have a poker face.However, new research shows that although poker payers have a pokerface, their hands give them away.
115
Theresearchers tried to find the reason why the hands give the pokerplayers away, and found out that anxiety is the reason. Poker playersmay pay attention to the hands of their opponents not their face inthe future games.
230
Thepresident has put more effort on the research of the human brainactivity. The researchers are trying to push the brain activities toa new scale, in order to achieve the real time mapping. There arethree tools that the researchers are proposed to use now. The oldtool is hard to use on human, the new tools can avoid thisdisadvantage.
124
Thelaser microscopes and the quantum dots are exciting prospect in use.Researchers estimated the liaisons between tools and neurons by theartificial cells.
130
Individualneurons can lead to powerful experiment even clinical applications.
801
Thestring pulling experiment has show that the cow maybe have a humanthinking pattern.
Theresearchers are trying to find whether the mental pattern of the cowis similar to human being; The researchers are also trying to findwhat animals can do and what they cannot.
Humantried to find out the similarity between human thinking pattern andthe animal thinking pattern for a long time. Although someexperiments show that animal thinking patterns are different fromhuman's, human being still hold the expectation that animal havesimilar or same thinking pattern as human.
Aresearch show that birds do not have similar thinking pattern ashuman beings. What the birds achieved is due to their ability to payattention.
作者: 浅弦泠音 时间: 2013-4-23 07:59
艾玛 今天好欢乐〜占个座
作者: 枣糕兔 时间: 2013-4-23 10:54
2012Michelle 发表于 2013-4-22 23:43
兔兔那个保持队形分割线把我笑惨了，大半夜的。
PS，队友们都很给力，难为我 为老不尊 地逗猴猴，太欢乐 ...
哈哈哈哈发完作业发现还差个队形！于是就滚去加上了_(:3 J L)_
大米是大家做阅读的mentor啊！不要谦虚啦~！
大家一起加油！
作者: vividlai 时间: 2013-4-23 12:59
1-1'30
the poker face may not just have some correlation with faces, the best poker face players may give the game away because of their hands
it is diffcult for the volunteers to judge a player's performance when they were only shown the player's face
2-1'10
those who get the card more smoothly are considered more confident of their performances.
3-1'51
Obama decided to put more effort on tracking the brain activity, the new tool will offer a big picture on millions of neurons in groups
3 tools are needed for the development
4-1'08
laser telescopes are being used now
5-1'25
manipulating individual neuron can lead to great power, which can be applied to clinical use, but it still has a long way to go
the benefits that the new technology brings are far more than its cost
obstacle
8‘00
有空再来写回忆~
作者: 2012Michelle 时间: 2013-4-23 13:36
枣糕兔 发表于 2013-4-23 10:54
哈哈哈哈发完作业发现还差个队形！于是就滚去加上了_(:3 J L)_
大米是大家做阅读的mentor啊！不要谦虚啦~ ...
哈哈，我也是来保持队形并交作业的。上猴头~
顺便说，越障的内容挺多，但逻辑结构跟G的文很像，比较严密的对不赞同的观点进行论述，观点+论据+总结。
作业
Time1 2'01"
Poker players have various movements of their faces, hands and shoulders, which parts are above the poker table. A study was done by some experts and volunteers about this.
Time2 1'05"
Even though students can make judgments on experienced poker players how their cars are from their hand movements.
Time3 2'13"
A study on brain circuit is ongoing, but tools needed to be developped.
Time4 1'07"
Further explanation on how the researches will go.
Time5 1'07"
The research might be useful for some clinical application such as drug addiction.
The rest 1'24"
The research needs hardware to store and run the data from the equipments. Some experts adoubts the research relies on equipments too much.
Obstacle 7'54" + Extensive 7'59"
Main idea: Gray found that Zola's researches on animal mind have limitations to explain the mindpower of other species comparing with human.
Author's attitude: Neutral
Article structure:
1) Qutation of Zola's study on mindpower of animal: what she has done in the researches and what the findings are.
2) Gray argued that Zola's researches have limitation, not to find out what animal can do but also what they cannot.
>>>> General introduction about Gray's argument based on Zola's findings.
---> 1st example: Crow's tests vs. other 4 types birds
~~ Conclusion 1: Crow is the only type can pass the test but others cannot.
---> 2nd example: Crow can get water by dropping stones into half-filled water contain vs. small children.
~~ Conclusion 2: Few children can pass the tests like Crows.
---> 3rd example: Birds test on simulated and real situations.
~~ Conclusion 3: Results are not found yet, need continue the researches.
---> 4th example: Elephants tests for hard-reach-food.
~~ Conclusion 4: not all the elephants can pass the tests.
3) General Conclustion: Cannot use human mind to do the experiments, more researches are still needed for the study.
作者: 枣糕兔 时间: 2013-4-23 13:43
2012Michelle 发表于 2013-4-23 13:36
哈哈，我也是来保持队形并交作业的。上猴头~
顺便说，越障的内容挺多，但逻辑结构跟G的文很像 ...
嗯对啊！
读起来也挺有意思的，我们确实常常被一些human like的动物行为惊喜到，然后觉得它们其实跟人一样聪明神马的……很有意思的文章！最后那段也写的超棒，意思表达得很贴切~
好文章，看大米！【。哈哈
作者: 2012Michelle 时间: 2013-4-23 13:46
枣糕兔 发表于 2013-4-23 13:43
嗯对啊！
读起来也挺有意思的，我们确实常常被一些human like的动物行为惊喜到，然后觉得它们其实跟人一 ...
是我运气好找到了，这种文一般专栏文、论文引言等容易看到，但篇幅比较长，跟G的实战文还是有区别的。呵呵~
作者: Apolloemma 时间: 2013-4-23 14:03
As mental prowess goes, that is not a miracle, just a small tweak in cognition. Author may keep faith in Morgan's canon.
作者: bjzixuan 时间: 2013-4-23 16:59
第一篇2'10‘’
poker face is the face mastered in order to help the player win the game.However a survey shows that even people with the best
poker faces give the game away because of they are give away by their hands.
第二篇1'44''
第三篇2'30''
第四篇2'00''
第五篇2'01
extensive reading 6'58''
作者: 绝望的小老鼠 时间: 2013-4-23 20:16
跳读还不是很熟练啊，乱跳一气，基本上是只要看不懂就想跳。
越障主旨：
乌鸦拽绳子不是因为它有洞察力，而是因为它会观察，会随着练习提高集中注意力的能力，并从随时出现的情况变化获得积极的反馈。 乌鸦在某种程度上比8岁以里的孩子都聪明。
有一种山雀有洞察同伴思想的能力，即将自己会会进行的举动投射在同伴身上。
作者: 绝望的小老鼠 时间: 2013-4-23 20:21
看完 大米的 总结表示： 我的越障只回忆出了一小部分，没能抓住主旨呀~~~
作者: xjl4428 时间: 2013-4-23 21:57
掌管 5 00:02:09.22
掌管 4 00:01:51.90
掌管 3 00:02:51.54
掌管 2 00:01:36.21
掌管 1 00:02:41.61
第五天
作者: 关心一点cheryl 时间: 2013-4-23 22:18
我去，我发现我就是弱智。。。今天居然追了一天前几天的文章，我晕死。。。。
作者: 关心一点cheryl 时间: 2013-4-23 22:34
2'07"
1'06"
2'15"
1'13"
1'23"
1'40"
作者: angelann728 时间: 2013-4-23 23:10
Time1 3:26 第一天…我原谅自己了
Even best poker players are hard to master themselves with their hands. (give nothing away 是不泄密？) Stanford professors made an experiment to verify this fact. Three clips (head/body/hand) selected present different parts of body activities. Volunteers were asked to choose the better one through the clips. The statistics demonstrate the relationship between the guesses and reality.
Timer2 1:59
Next question- how? The professor asked volunteers the confidence or smooth move of the players, rather than directly decide who is better. The correlation rate is much higher.
Timer3 3:49
America continues studying neurotechnologies next year. Because existing tools …, new tools can…. And put forward three sets of technologies. one measure, another ? (忘了 大概程度可以猜一下) , third analyze for all researchers.
Timer4 3:11
two exciting prospect- one is … emits “ light sheet” and map 80% neural cells and activities (first time); another is … C同位素… color (生物上那种五颜六色的图吧)
Timer5 2:18
Introduce the importance of opt…neu…(很长那个词) on manipulating individual neurons.
The rest 2:47
The difficulties they are facing. One is how to store the data. Another is the finance problem- the politics prefer to support “Big Science”.
太困了 被窜宿舍的拖着聊天 她怎么不走呢。。 洗个衣服回来补obstacle
作者: quoxo 时间: 2013-4-23 23:12
1. 2'23 Poker players hands may show the quality of the cards.
2. 1'32 Anxiety influences smooth body movements. From the player's pushing chips to the table, the quality of cards can be guessed.
3. 2'48 Obama's focus on human brain research; the shortcomings of old tools; 3 new tools are to be developped;
4. 1'40 new methods are discussed.
5. the manipulation of neurons: its object, experiment and implication
6. obstacles: too much data and funding; a group was formed for guidance of the project, which seemingly has no clear object.
Obstacle，好难，先查了好多单词，才明白这只乌鸦到底是怎么做的。大致意思是： Poeple thinks that some animals' human-like wistom is actually not hume-like at all. A scholar poved this by experiments on a kind of crow.
作者: gyb192483 时间: 2013-4-23 23:33
TIME1： 01'50'' Poker face is not most important part for a player. An experiment is taken to see the fact. Many undergarduated were involved in this experiment. Some of them were shown only the hand of the player while others are shown the face and head of the players. The experiment indicates that students who watch the player with only the visiable hand will have a correlateion of 0.7.
TIME2: 01'20'' In order to verify the conclusion, the perfessor ask another sets of students to do experiment again. The result is same. Then the professor wondered that the anxiety will affect human being's posture. Then the professor took another test to these students. In stead of asking the student to evaluate the quality of the card, the professor ask the student to decide which play is confident. The result shows that the student can easily tell which player is confident from the posture of the hand. If the player is confident, then his posture of handling the card will be smooth. Then the conclusion is that if you want to know the quality of the player, you should take care of his hand
TIME3: 02''08 President Obama signed a project to further study human's brain. Scientists have worked for this assignment for a few years. Three tools need to be develop to study the brain. The first one is for creativity, second for technology and third for store.
TIME4: 01'20'' Scientists use the laser to study the brain neuron. It is the first time for scientists to study neuron in such detail. Another method quantum dots is also used to do the study
TIME5: 01'30'' Studying the neuron can lead the knowledge of the brain. manipulating the indivisual neuron can even lead a experiment or clinic application. They took the rat to do the test. They injected the cocaine to the rat. They found that the rat becomes less additive by manipulating the neuron. But the effort can not last too long. The clinic application still need to go far away. But another scientist has claimed that the appliction can last longer from the experiment in his own lab
Obstacle:
Main idea: to study whether the animal has certain wisdom as human
Attitude of the author: neutral
Experiment is taken for crow, dog, and other animals
==> crow is clever than other animals and more humanlike
==> Don't be optimistic. It can not prove that animal is clever and humanlike in brain. It is only a kind of occasional behavor
==> But scientists still expect that animal can have a humanlike brain
==> One example comes out to satisfy this demand. New Caledonian crows can do some complet activity and it can verify the expection
==> Then another experiment is taken for new caledonian, but this time the crow failed
==> Then the conclusion is made. The reason of why Zola can not do what new caledonian have done is that new caledonian can have a further insight than zola can
作者: gyb192483 时间: 2013-4-23 23:39
谢楼主！
作者: 且行且安 时间: 2013-4-23 23:40
1,1'58
poker face---study's conclusion : not heads but hands--the study--the study's results--different correlations are based on different seeing about the player
2,1'20
study again,the same results---Q:how to judge the cards from hands---a new study a little bit different from the previous one---the new study's findings---conclusion:judge the quality of the cards not from the eyes but from the hands
3,2'16
brain research supported by the fiscal went a step further---the current tools and the new tool ---the importance of developing the new tools---explain the functions of three tools---the existing tools tough while new technologie will solve the problem
4, 1'13
for instance---the map will make the brain's working further--another prospect--even envision artificial cells
5, 1'28
the study lead to application--expriment of rats--hope to application of drug addiction--but the study is difficult and needs funds--the huge advantage and a disadvantage
6, 1'46
one obstacle:technology to storing data----another obstacle: lack funding for projects that lack concrete goals
7, 7'50
Some think Zola's behavior is humanlike---Gray points out that it is not humanlike---He have looked signs of humanlike---not by insight in human sense,but through the ability to pay attention
作者: gyb192483 时间: 2013-4-23 23:57
猴哥，我请假个问题。最近发现做速度的文章的时候 速度不如以前快了，而且理解的也不如以前透彻了。我发现有点越练越不如以前的趋势，这可如何是好啊？ 请指教
作者: tristarunning 时间: 2013-4-24 00:00
02’23’’
Researchers find a negative correlation between the guess and reality when seeing the head and positive correlation between the guess and reality when seeing the arms.
01’17’’
Researchers have launched a different experiment and find out the movement of the hand shows the level of emotions and gives away the information.
02’34’’
Government has invested a fortune to develop tools for brain research. Researchers call for developing three sets of tools to better understand brain circuits.
01’18’’
Different kinds of tools are expected and developed.
01’36’’
Experiments such as manipulating neuron can be very useful and powerful. And optogenetics is of great advantage.
06’49’’
Experiment on crow does not show that crow has capability of human sense but the crow’s sense to concentrate.
作者: 映雪瑶渊 时间: 2013-4-24 00:03
米爷，楼上几个没保持队形哦！
作者: 茗茗m 时间: 2013-4-24 00:17
2‘18
A study shows that even people have the best cards, they would ruin the good hand. In fact, they do so not because their heads but because their hands.
When students just saw the player's face, their guesses and reality have a negative correlation. However, when students could see arms and hands, their guesses and reality have a positive correlatiion.
1'5
Mr S found that students could judge the quality of cards from players'behavior. But how?
Because people, who have a good card, usually tend to be confident and have smooth behavior.
2'34
Obama have planned to develop tools in order to track human brain activity. This tool will has a great significance to study the brain activity.
Different from the existing tools, which can monitor only small neurons, the new tools would able to know how the neurons work and build a brain map
Researchers hope that these tools have three functions. One can analyze and store the brain data, one can control neurons, the other one i forget.
1'51
Researches use laser to map the brain activity of fish . There is a map showed brain activity once a second. it maybe the first time to describe brain activity with such details
剩下没读懂
1’39
the tools able to link neuron activity to neuron levels.
lead to clinical applications
8'53
一个实验，乌鸦去够棍子上的肉？？貌似， 结果失败。人们惊奇乌鸦的思考行为像人类
同一个实验，狗还有其他动物去做，最后成功，但是经过一遍遍总结
G 说事实上乌鸦的思考行为并不像人类。并且G和其他人学习了动物能做什么，不能做什么
观察动物可以了解他们的大脑是怎么运行的， 实际上，动物脑容量的进化不是一下子完成的，而是像婴儿学步一样，一**完成的
但这并不意味着科学家们没有去探索动物是怎么像人类一样，举例，羊，黑熊。
S 说实际上他们想让动物和人类一样聪明
那个AHA moments没怎么读懂
两个测试，一个好像是乌鸦的极限，一个没读懂
作者: angelann728 时间: 2013-4-24 00:25
Obstacle 11:27 各种词不认识 实验过程什么的基本悲剧
Several experiments were conducted to prove two main points:
(1) Whether animals have capabilities like those of human. (过程很曲折 exciting- disappointment- think critically: it is worthy and rewarding from another perspective)
(2) analyze the limit of these capabilities
Conclusion.
作者: 2012Michelle 时间: 2013-4-24 01:45
Yolanda818 发表于 2013-4-22 23:41
今天量大，而且文章比昨天难啊
我覺得這是典型的對不熟悉題材的恐懼感。學著去克服，今天會遇到的，考試中也可能遇到。
量大其實内容不難，淡定下來讀，沒有捷徑。
加油！
作者: 2012Michelle 时间: 2013-4-24 01:45
huizhuo0309 发表于 2013-4-23 00:13
占座！！猴头不会加。。。=.=
今天的心情实在是太down了，跟gmat没关系，感情问题。我会看文章，但是实在 ...
加油，很多問題一定會克服過去的，熬過去就好了。
作者: 2012Michelle 时间: 2013-4-24 01:50
绝望的小老鼠 发表于 2013-4-23 20:16
跳读还不是很熟练啊，乱跳一气，基本上是只要看不懂就想跳。
越障主旨：
我其實也沒太看懂越障，生詞比較多。但，結構還是比較容易抓的，沉住氣，嘗試去看作者的態度，他爲什麽要寫這篇文章，寫出來干嘛的？每句話每個詞都看懂是做不到的。
我的做法是抓他在論述過程中所提到的試驗方法和結論（這篇文章的結構、思路很清晰），縂的想表達什麽。
對於越障，基本上分2步走（建議的考試對策）：
1）抓結構、找信息點--〉就是定位了；
2）如果想精讀，回頭再把自己不確定的地方找出來看。
我的體會就是這些了，希望對你有幫助。
作者: 2012Michelle 时间: 2013-4-24 01:50
绝望的小老鼠 发表于 2013-4-23 20:21
看完 大米的 总结表示： 我的越障只回忆出了一小部分，没能抓住主旨呀~~~
慢慢來，熟能生巧。加油！
作者: 2012Michelle 时间: 2013-4-24 01:51
关心一点cheryl 发表于 2013-4-23 22:18
我去，我发现我就是弱智。。。今天居然追了一天前几天的文章，我晕死。。。。 ...
先克服畏難情緒，然後踏實去做，一定會有進步的！！ 加油！
作者: 2012Michelle 时间: 2013-4-24 01:53
quoxo 发表于 2013-4-23 23:12
1. 2'23 Poker players hands may show the quality of the cards.
2. 1'32 Anxiety influences smooth bod ...
科技類的文章就是這個特點，我最開始看到恐龍、星星、DNA什麽的就想哭。堅持看了很多文，混了臉熟，慢慢就開始開竅看懂了。加油！
作者: 2012Michelle 时间: 2013-4-24 01:56
gyb192483 发表于 2013-4-23 23:57
猴哥，我请假个问题。最近发现做速度的文章的时候 速度不如以前快了，而且理解的也不如以前透彻了。我发现 ...
猴猴可能比較忙，我來説說我的看法吧。
速度不是千篇一律要以每分鐘多少詞來評估，主要是基於讀懂的情況下練習的。還有就是題材，比如通常情況下經濟和抒情類文章相對簡單，因爲大家熟。法律、科技的文章相對來説會比較難，所以速度相對較慢也屬於正常的。
如果是剛開始練習小分隊，還有一個誤區：跟其他隊友比速度。這萬萬不可取，首先你不知道其他隊友練習了多久及基礎如何。建議發現並記錄閲讀過程中所出現的問題，及時跟隊友交流，同時感受在閲讀過程中的進步和興趣的提高。
相信通過一系列一段時間的訓練下來，你會感受到明顯的進步的。
加油！
作者: 2012Michelle 时间: 2013-4-24 01:57
映雪瑶渊 发表于 2013-4-24 00:03
米爷，楼上几个没保持队形哦！
你來上個猴頭就行啦，幫大家刷屏，哈哈。
作者: 关心一点cheryl 时间: 2013-4-24 08:59
2012Michelle 发表于 2013-4-24 01:51
先克服畏難情緒，然後踏實去做，一定會有進步的！！ 加油！
好的！我最近在努力调整心态~我觉得能遇到真正让自己想坚持下来的事情不容易，如果认定了就不要放弃~！加油！
作者: Sylvia77 时间: 2013-4-24 09:11
2:59
pocker pace may give the game away. a study showed face was a negative correlation. however arms and hands was found a positive correlation.
1,50
How the students could judge the a palyer's cards from his hands?
If a player have confidence in his cards, he will push their cards smoothly.
2:55
The development of the tools for tracking human brain activity??????
1:37
An example of researchers use microscopes to measure calcium ions..
1,47
The experiments of manipulating individual neurons
Obstacle 9：09 各种生词不认识啊，结构也不会抓
作者: ywxkdxh 时间: 2013-4-24 10:42
(～ o ～)~zZ
阅读的时候计时器木有弄好··
time6: A test on a crow shows that it seems to have the humanlike insight. But later tests show that crows didn't act in human sense, but by an enhanced ability to pay attention.
作者: dongr87 时间: 2013-4-24 10:45
谢谢michelle：） 好详细和俏皮的介绍
我也来加个猴头
2:22
To win a poker game, you need to master your face. A research suggests poker players' faces are cheating volunteers.
1:20
The secret of the quality of cards lies in the hands of the player. When they place cards smoothly to the table, the cards are more likely to be good.
2:52
A new project related to brain is started up. It will bring a new tool to monitor thousands of neurons as a map at the same time.
1:25
Some applications and promising prospect about the map.
1:42
The consequences about the new tech, especially in clinical application.
1:58
Two problems are in front of the project. Information flood and over funding.
obstacle
8:59
Scientists tested a lot of animals with a string- meat experiment, they find many animals seem to have insight ability as human do. But previous researches show that's only animal behavior, not like human insight. But as many researches have found animals' similarity to human, scientists put an experiment of crows on an island near Australia to figure it out.
They put the meat among the tangling strings. Three fourths of the crows will give a tug to the string, they passed the first test. But only few would haul the strings till they get the meat. The research suggests that to pull the string is only their cognition instead of a miracle
作者: huizhuo0309 时间: 2013-4-24 16:18
2012Michelle 发表于 2013-4-24 01:45
加油，很多問題一定會克服過去的，熬過去就好了。
谢谢M！！！今天准备满血复活计时看一遍！！吼吼！！ChaseDreamer是打不倒的！！
作者: artpresent 时间: 2013-4-24 20:42
加猴头先再看文！
2:18
1:05
2:34
1:13
1:16
9:08
越障回忆：
观点：最近有一个实验，科学家觉得可以证明乌鸦也有人的思维。
反驳：也许一个很简单的解释就能推翻前面动物有人的思维
这个科学家研究动物的“思维”能做什么和不能做什么
动物还是有很多INSIGHTFUL的地方，举了不少例子
能做的是动物进化的一小步，这个很重要，不一定是真的有思想。
后面有一组对比实验的，改变东西的分布，然后乌鸦就不行了。
作者: gyb192483 时间: 2013-4-24 21:47
2012Michelle 发表于 2013-4-24 01:56
猴猴可能比較忙，我來説說我的看法吧。
速度不是千篇一律要以每分鐘多少詞來評估，主要是基於讀懂的情況 ...
谢谢大米的细心回复。嗯，我要多和队友交流交流
作者: Yolanda818 时间: 2013-4-24 23:28
2012Michelle 发表于 2013-4-24 01:45
我覺得這是典型的對不熟悉題材的恐懼感。學著去克服，今天會遇到的，考試中也可能遇到。
量大其實内容不 ...
嗯嗯~谢啦！ 对于不熟悉的题材，我的理解能力很弱啊。。
作者: 铁板神猴 时间: 2013-4-25 09:37
2012Michelle 发表于 2013-4-24 01:56
猴猴可能比較忙，我來説說我的看法吧。
速度不是千篇一律要以每分鐘多少詞來評估，主要是基於讀懂的情況 ...
大米姐说的很到位了~ 我就不补充了
作者: okplokpl0714 时间: 2013-4-25 10:44
怒补作业！！
TIME1--00:02:07
Hands are more important for judging than face bets in poker
TIME2--00:01:23
another study has also proved that if you want to judge the your opponent's hand,you should look at his hands.
TIME3--00:02:08
brain research of development of advanced tools for tracking human brain activity will start
TIME4--00:01:36
some prospects of brain activity tracking system
TIME5--00:01:28
Principle of optogentrics and a huge advantage of it
越障--00:08:03
1420个字。。好吧，我只知道有鸟和string的故事。。。
作者: 448406078 时间: 2013-4-25 21:00
谢谢LZ~~~
辛苦啦~~~
(*^__^*)
1-336
Only the facial expression won let people win in a bets. A research is done by offering volunteers the vidoe of bets players: only face, hand and arm, and chest, arm and head and let volunteers guessed the hands gusture. The result show that only 0.07 corrolate when the volunteer guess just by the facial and sometimes the better facial the worse the hand perform.
2-223
The researcher re-ran the experiment and the result is the same, even students who are new-comers can judge the game only by the play's hand movement. The research guess that the reason may because the confident have an effect on the players' smoothly move. And the researcher use another experiment to assess this hypothesis, the result is that confident and smooth have high possitive relation. The suggstion is that players should look at competitor's movement to judge their performance.
3-359
Brain research has been added into the agend of State's focus and will spend $100 in 2014. The research will develope on all society and to track the inner connections in coordinated groups, resolving the problems of dysfunction. Tools, which consist measure- manipulate- access, must be more important than mapping and the original one is too invasive to use on humans.
4-217
Recent study has already involved a micorscopes to measure irons. And the study is the first to measure vertebrate brain activities so detail. Researchers also use quantum dots and they hope to have a artificial cells to act as liaison.
5-254
After determine the tools, the manipulation secction coming so that more experiments is needed even clinical applications. Researchers hoped can find solutions to drugs addiction.
[rest] One worry- technique: the store, catalogy, and analysis the big floor of data. Research could compress the data so that they will not suffers from any sacrifice. Another worry- finance: will a new crisis coming? will government will take money from other aspect to support a seem no gain research. Don't worry, we can get money from other research and we will sure learn something.
OBSTACLE
Manlike Crow?
The test has been done to the crow and many other animial to check their manlike thought, and the result is that only corws accompished but that cannot be an indicator that crow share the same ability as human.
Any animials have some behaviors similarities the same as human, often scientists found that similarity and take it for grant of a more manlike species, then found another differences in action making them dismay again. Scientists always want to find from birds and vertebrate the more manlike one, but it may be a evolution process causing the certain similarities.
Crows become the most popular animial assumed to be the most manlikly.
Gray did a lot of researches on crows and assume that a bigger brain maybe will let crow have a better cognitive ability, but in most studies the crows failed to accomplished, showing the limination that crow may just enjoy a certain action and had no cognitive for the rewards.
作者: yoq77 时间: 2013-4-25 21:32
1.1'11'' The poker face changed with hands only and the testified with lots of students.
2.51'' The secreat is on your hands.
3.1'26'' Scientist take lots of trails to figure out the brain activities.
4.1'04'' Microscope and aqutum dots prove the brain projection.
5.49'' Neurons effect cells and also used in clinical trials.
作者: kasheet 时间: 2013-4-25 22:48
2'43
the best poker faces give the game away with their hands
1'54
the disruption of soomth movements might be the explanation
2'43
Advanced tools for tracking human brain activities are needed and on the way
1'59
the new technology uesd for tracking brain activities
1'44
optogenetics is with good prospect and needs more investment
13'52
Zola can make tools, and it may have a "flash of insight" like human beings.
>different opinions about zola
>experiment to investigate
>conclusion
作者: kun5850 时间: 2014-4-22 14:15
压力大
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