For once, the whys are turning out to be more important than the hows. A study shows that consumers who become fixated on how to achieve a goal probably face more difficulty in achieving their aims than people who think abstractly about why they want to do something. The authors of the study conducted four experiments to examine consumer behavior when it came to the goal of saving money. In one such experiment, some people were asked to make a specific plan to save money, whereas others were not asked to plan. Then some people were asked to focus on why they wanted to save money. Later on all participants were given the opportunity to buy candy. Subjects who were thinking concretely and formed a specific plan were less able to avoid the candy purchase than those who had not formed a plan at all.
To elucidate the results, the authors cite the instance of person who wants to save money and hence makes a plan for achieving this goal. This person plans to save money by purchasing fewer clothing items at the mall. On investigating how this plan influences the person's response to other money-saving opportunities, for example, would the person be more likely to order a cheaper meal at a restaurant, avoid making an impulse purchase, or combine errands to save money on gas etc., the authors found that when people focus on concrete aspects of how they want to achieve goals, they become more closed-minded and consequently less likely to take advantage of opportunities that fall outside their plans. In contrast, people who focus on the why aspect are more likely to consider out-of-plan opportunities to achieve their goals.
Furthermore, in the same experiment, the group that performed the best was the one that was asked to focus on the “why” and had formed a plan implicitly. Accordingly, the authors conclude that planning is more effective when people plan with the complete understanding of “why”. They suggest that this strategy is particularly effective when the original plan turns out to be unrealistic in terms of feasibility or when other goal-directed activities become available.
1. The author is primarily concerned with
A. addressing a key issue in consumer psychology and behavior
B. making the readers understand how they can save money
C. describing a theory that deals with goal determination
D. advocating consumers to follow a particular strategy while making and executing plans
E. presenting a study, explaining its findings, and outlining its final conclusion.
2. Which of the following statement can be derived on the basis of the analysis done by the study authors?
A. Fixating on how to achieve a goal makes the plan less feasible
B. Planning can be more effective in certain circumstances
C. A good strategy is one that always accounts for every possible opportunity available to achieve a particular goal
D. People who want to save money get fixated on little details and lose sight of the big picture
E. Out of all the aspects of a plan, the why aspect is the most important to achieve the desired goal.
3. Through the second paragraph, the author of the passage intends to
A. to describe a new aspect of the study.
B. to present an explanation.
C. to evaluate the merits of one strategy while discussing the demerits of another.
D. to generate awareness about a particular aspect of consumer psychology.
E. to discuss a feature of the study
4. Each of the following is a statement that is mentioned with respect to the study described in the passage EXCEPT
A. The feasibility of a plan is dependent on whether a person has an understanding of why the plan is devised.
B. In the experiment to save money, those who planned explicitly did not perform better than those who understood why but planned implicitly.
C. The strategy to keep an open mind and focus on the reason behind achieving the goal can help when alternate means of achieving the goal exist.
D. People focusing on the reason behind achieving a particular goal are likely to consider other goal-directed activities that may not have been a part of the original plan.
E. People fixated on the how aspect of a plan tend to ignore such opportunities that are not a part of their original plan.
我的选择： EBEA作者: kevinnn0719 时间: 2021-3-31 22:22
来了作者: Gsbdjxbc 时间: 2021-3-31 22:27
EEBB作者: irisville 时间: 2021-3-31 22:43
提出了一个理论，介绍了相关实验->进一步解释理论背后的原因->进一步总结
EABA作者: miemie_yang 时间: 2021-3-31 22:48
答案：E E B A
第一段
作者观点：有时，“知道为什么”比“如何做”更重要
给出一个study about how and why
给出4个experiments中的一个-saving money
specific plan
focus on why
第二段
instance of person for elucidation
purchasing fewer clothing
other money-saving opportunities
第三段
same experiment
more effective
understanding of why
implicit plan
strategy of why is particularly effective
original plan is unrealistic in terms of feasibility
goal-directed activities available 作者: 塔塔Thanos 时间: 2021-3-31 23:52
结构：1、提出观点the whys are turning out to be more important than the hows.
2、用study观点佐证
3、用两组实验结果验证
答案：EECA作者: Sibaiyuan 时间: 2021-3-31 23:56
ECBA 错了一题作者: SchodingerCat 时间: 2021-4-1 00:31
第一段：（话题引入）（研究结论）（其中一个实验的介绍和结果）
第二段：（对于实验的解释和分析实验结果的原因）
第三段：提升到结论“planning is more effective when people plan with the complete understanding of “why”.
“presenting a study, explaining its findings, and outlining its final conclusion.”
1）A study shows __ fixated on how比why更难实现目标；experiments；
2）To elucidate the results
3）Furthermore, in the same experiment,......
this strategy is particularly effective作者: Syl小via 时间: 2021-4-1 12:49
?作者: 苦觉 时间: 2021-4-1 12:50
先发答案对一对。EAEA作者: narawang321 时间: 2021-4-1 12:50 作者: jose3fine 时间: 2021-4-1 13:23
EBBA作者: LeenaVS 时间: 2021-4-1 13:23
P1 终于有一次，Why比How重要。
研究表明，fix how的人更多面对困难。
一个存钱实验，有固定plan的人更难拒绝。
P2 理解结果，映射存钱的人，用拒绝购物实现存钱目标。
当出现计划之外的机会，他们无法利用机会。
对比，专注why的人，更可能考虑计划之外实现目标。
P3 更进一层，同一实验，最好表现是why+implict plan
所以，complete理解why有效。
作者建议，2种情况下特别有效。
EBDD作者: 咖喱团 时间: 2021-4-1 14:00
P1：For once, the whys are turning out to be more important than the hows.一个实验去研究对比了两种人，结果发现比起明白自己为何要省钱的人，那些制定了计划如何省钱的人更不能拒绝购买糖果。
P2：为了说明结果，作者引用了一个人的例子。作者发现why的人更open-minded，how的人更close-minded。
P3：表现最佳的是明白why且没有清晰计划的人。因此作者总结道计划在人们明白为什么要这么做之后才更有效，他们认为，当最初的计划在可行性方面被证明是不现实的，或者当其他以目标为导向的活动可用时，这种策略特别有效。
EADA作者: ccccherry 时间: 2021-4-1 14:05
描述型文章。先给出一个话题。然后说有个实验来证明他。第二段主要解释实验结果。第三段做这个实验的authors的结论和对人们的建议。
ECBC 作者: Izzieezi 时间: 2021-4-1 14:32
作者：How < Why
[展开]
Study：√
Individual instance：√（focus on plan will forget out-of-plan opportunities）
作者最后结论：先why 再 plan
2. 对上述实验的解释。
结果知道why的人会考虑outside their plan的机会来实现目标，只知道How的人不会。
3. 表现最好的是 know why and plan implicitly---> know why, more effective
effective particularly: plan is unfeasible; other goal-directed activities are available.
EBBA作者: Ninalu986 时间: 2021-4-1 19:57
结构：
1、提出结论：提出消费者行为研究的结论——消费者明白why比明白how更容易达到目的。
2、举例分析：具体举例子并分析消费者仅知道how导致的思维缺陷和透彻明白why的优点。
3、补充说明观点：进一步补充说明什么样的带why消费者更能达到目的。
答案：ecba作者: Alex_xuan 时间: 2021-4-1 20:10
文章结构：
1.提出观点——whys are important than hows.
2.Bg: a study found: customers focus on hows face more difficulties than those focus on whys
3做实验验证观点,其中一个实验主题是省钱试验，结果发现：当他们有目标，有具体计划时往往只能按照计划行事；最有效率的是思考why后有个抽象计划的人。
作者总结：完全明白why+一个计划，人们更有效率。
阅读答案：EBBC 作者: wangminghan 时间: 2021-4-1 20:13
EABD惨
第一段：
明确主旨：这一次why 比how 更重要。制定具体策略来省钱的消费者往往不如那些知道为什么省钱的人容易达到目标。主旨下面是具体study 内容介绍。
第二段分析了研究结果。结果表明，制定了详细省钱策略的人容易忽略计划外支出。
第三段：是作者analysis。也包含了第二题的答案。Accordingly, the authors conclude that planning is more effective when people plan with the complete understanding of “why”.
EBBA作者: sanfanwangyue 时间: 2021-4-1 20:58
P1 Finding:
A study about consumer behavior shows that consumers who came up with a concret plan actually spent more than those who think about the whys with no plan.
P2 Explanation:
The former kind of people got carried away by focusing too much on the hows. On contrary, people who think about whys are more likely to explore outside opportunities to achieve the goals.
P3 Conclusion:
“Planning is more effective when people plan with the complete understanding of whys”, especially when plan A is unfeasible and other plans are available.
EDBA作者: 再战请勿拦 时间: 2021-4-1 21:04
EAEA
P1 why比how重要 ←支持— P2 instance from the experiments, P3 main conclusion draw from the experiments, the best practice considering why&how theory 作者: CNJYD 时间: 2021-4-1 21:06
[引出study] A study:consumers (fixated on how) harder to achieve aims than(think abstractly about why)
The authors conduct four experiments.
[进一步描述] The authers cite the instance of a person to eluciadte the results. The author found that people become become closed-minded when they focus on concreate aspects of "how" and consider outside opportunities when they are focus on "why".
in the same experiment: the best way is to focus on "why" and have a plan implicitly.
The authors conclude that planning is more effective when people understand "why"
EBBA 作者: Meredith_gao 时间: 2021-4-1 21:52
Main idea: knowing why is more important than knowing how.
Para 1: the finding of an experiment that consumers are separately asked why and how before consumption. (result → knowing how is difficult to avoid purchasing)
Para 2: a instance of purchasing cloths cited by the authors who did the experiment and the authors explain the reason: planning makes people think only within a scope. Knowing why makes people able to think out of scope opportunity and easier to achieve the goal.
Para 3: a further step in the same experiment. knowing why and how turns out to be even more efficient than knowing how. (a even more efficient way)
可以排掉：
C a good stategy 这里说的是一个好的Stategy应该具有的特点---与文章无关
D 首先这不是一个结论 而是一个针对部分人的现象，其次后面 little details and lose sight 这俩的匹配也不对
E 对于all 这里与文章内容相违背，文章中明确说明确实有的时候planning会更好
Para 1: how 比why重要了。于是做了个实验：给一拨人制定攒钱的计划，另外一拨人不制定攒钱的计划。那些制定计划的很少乱花钱（买糖果）。
Para 2: 解释实验现象：how会更加明确目的，而why容易think out of box.
Para 3: 表现最好的是why+plan。当有不切实际的目标时会让这个组合更有效。
第二题迷惑选项E太过于绝对。第3段强调了在有plan的条件下why表现才好。
第四题 超时了。 Guess A
4. Each of the following is a statement that is mentioned with respect to the study described in the passage EXCEPT
A. The feasibility of a plan is dependent on whether a person has an understanding of why the plan is devised. - 文章第三段说的是要有plan而不是why。
B. In the experiment to save money, those who planned explicitly did not perform better than those who understood why but planned implicitly.-第三段描述，why+plan表现最好。
C. The strategy to keep an open mind and focus on the reason behind achieving the goal can help when alternate means of achieving the goal exist. - keep an open mind 对应think out of box。focus on reason 对应why。
D. People focusing on the reason behind achieving a particular goal are likely to consider other goal-directed activities that may not have been a part of the original plan. - 关注why的容易考虑original plan之外的因素 V
E. People fixated on the how aspect of a plan tend to ignore such opportunities that are not a part of their original plan. - 2段plan容易忽略其他机会。（与why相比）作者: 糖糖822 时间: 2021-4-2 07:01
EBBB作者: vivianjy 时间: 2021-4-2 08:58
补作业
大纲
1.the whys are turning out to be more important than the hows.
presenting one experiment in a study.
2.To elucidate the results
plan-save money
concrete aspect-closed-minded/why consider out-of-plan achieve goals
3.conclusion: best/effective-why+plan
effective: original plan-feasibility/other goal-directed activities become available
