OG17 RC第27篇534-540翻译加疑惑

zizihuang

Jacob Burckhardt’s view that RenaissanceEuropean women “stood on a footing of perfect equality” with Renaissance menhas been repeatedly cited by feminist scholars as a prelude to theirpresentation of rich historical evidence of women’s inequality.

JB就文艺复兴时期的女性与男性立足于完美的平等的观点，反复被女性主义学者引用，作为他们展示历史上丰富的关于女性不平等的证据的前言。

In striking contrast to Burckhardt, JoanKelly in her famous 1977 essay, “Did Women Have a Renaissance?” argued that theRenaissance was a period of economic and social decline for women relative bothto Renaissance men and to medieval women.  

而JK的观点与JB观点形成鲜明对比的，在她的著名的1977文章中，她反问道：女性经历了文艺复兴吗？争论到相对于文艺复兴期的男性和中世纪女性，文艺复兴对于女性来说是一个经济和社会的衰退。

Recently, however, a significant trendamong feminist scholars has entailed a rejection of both Kelly’s dark vision ofthe Renaissance and Burckhardt’s rosy one.

然而近期，女性主义学者中的主流趋势观点摒弃JK对文艺复兴的消极观点和JB的乐观看法。

Many recent works by these scholars stressthe ways in which differences among Renaissance women—especially in terms ofsocial status and religion—work to complicate thekinds of generalizations both Burckhardt and Kelly made on the basis of theirobservations about upper-class Italian women.

近期的学者作品通过强调文艺复兴女性在工作方式上的不同，尤其是在社会地位和信仰上，来复杂化JB 和JK基于他们对上层意大利女性的观察而得出的概化类的结论。

新主流摒弃了JB和JK的关于文艺复兴女性地位的两极态度。

The trend is also evident, however, in works focusing on those middle- andupper-class European women gives them disproportionaterepresentation in the historical record.

为什么用了however， 因为上文是说很多学者的作品强调不同阶级女性的不同，而此处却是说在一些专注于一个阶级女性的作品中也有这个趋势，主体出现了相反的变化因此用了however。

然而，在一些聚焦于有写作能力的中产及上层阶级欧洲女性的作品中,这个趋势也很明显，也赋予了这些作品在历史记录中占据了和实际不相称的代表。

摒弃两级女性地位的著作也体现了这个流行，并使这些作品在历史记录里意义非凡

Suchwomen were, simply by virtue of their literacy, members of a tiny minority ofthe population, so it is risky to take their descriptions of their experiencesas typical of “female experience “in any general sense.

一般意义上，仅仅因为她们的读写能力，而将这些只占小部分的女性对她们的经历的描述作为典型的女性经历是不可靠的。

Tina Krontiris, for example, in herfascinating study of six Renaissance women writers, does tend at times toconflate “women” and “women writers,” assuming that women’s gender,irrespective of other social differences, including literacy, allows us to viewwomen as a homogeneous social group and make that group an object of analysis.

比如，在TK 的对6位文艺复兴女性作家的精彩的研究中，有时候确实趋向于将女性和女性作家混淆，不顾其他的包括认知能力等的社会性的不同，假定女性的性别应许我们视女性为同类的社会团体并把这个团体作为分析对象。

Nonetheless, Krontiris makes a significantcontribution to the field and is representative of those authors who offer whatmight be called a cautiously optimistic assessment of Renaissance women’sachievements, although she also stresses the social obstacles Renaissance womenfaced when they sought to raise their “oppositional voices.”

尽管如此，TK还是在这个领域做出了杰出的贡献，并且，尽管她也强调了当文艺复兴女性寻找机会为表示反对而发声时所遇到的社会阻力为什么用了although是因为与JK的负面观点有一个类似点，她仍可以代表那群对文艺复兴女性作所谓的谨慎乐观主意评定的作家。

cautiously optimistic assessment ofRenaissance women’s achievements对文艺复兴女性的正确认识态度。

Krontiris is concerned to show womenintentionally negotiating some power for themselves (at least in the realm ofpublic discourse) against potentially constraining ideologies, but in her soberand thoughtful concluding remarks, she suggests that such verbal opposition tocultural stereotypes was highly circumscribed; women seldom attacked the basicassumptions in the ideologies that oppressed them.

TK意在展现女性为了她们自己的一些反对潜在的制约思想的权利（至少在一些公共演讲领域）而有意地交涉协商，而在她庄重而又精心构思的结束语中，TK又暗示到，这样的口头上的对文化上刻板印象的反对，是很有局限性的。女性很少攻击那些压迫她们的基本假设前提。

按照自己理解翻译的，希望有人可以指正。

其中想问问大家那个标红的work到底是什么意思或者用法？

zizihuang

Many recent works by these scholars stress the ways in which differences among Renaissance women—especially in terms ofsocial status and religion—work to complicate thekinds of generalizations both Burckhardt and Kelly made on the basis of theirobservations about upper-class Italian women.

那个破折号后面的work是修饰那个词的 ways 还是 differences？

SukeyZhou

楼主好认真 手动点赞！

“那个破折号后面的work是修饰那个词的 ways 还是 differences？”

which从句中，differences是主语，work是谓语动词，指产生效果/奏效。

破折号补充说明内容忽略，从句就是“differences among Renaissance women work in the ways to complicate the kinds of generalizations...”

“The trend is also evident, however, in works focusing on those middle- andupper-class European women gives them disproportionaterepresentation in the historical record.

为什么用了however， 因为上文是说很多学者的作品强调不同阶级女性的不同，而此处却是说在一些专注于一个阶级女性的作品中也有这个趋势，主体出现了相反的变化因此用了however。

然而，在一些聚焦于有写作能力的中产及上层阶级欧洲女性的作品中,这个趋势也很明显，也赋予了这些作品在历史记录中占据了和实际不相称的代表。

摒弃两级女性地位的著作也体现了这个流行，并使这些作品在历史记录里意义非凡”

这里楼主的中文解释没太看懂。

个人理解是：上段末句批判了对upper-class Italian women的generalizations的问题，而这句话在说对middle- and upper-class European women同样出现了generalizations的问题（这里的generalizations和disproportionate representation是同一个概念，即用部分推出整体，导致结论不具有代表性。也就是这句话开头的“the trend”。这三个词都指这个概念。）

那么这个however是转折“observations about upper-class Italian women”与“works focusing on those middle- and upper-class European women”，即不仅“对高阶层意大利女人的观测”有这个问题，然而(没想到)“有关中高阶层欧洲女人的作品”(居然)也有相同问题。

btw楼主发帖的主题分类选错了
来做阅读小分队的路过哈哈哈哈
以上仅个人理解，批判性参考哈

zizihuang

SukeyZhou 发表于 2017-2-8 01:59
楼主好认真 手动点赞！

“那个破折号后面的work是修饰那个词的 ways 还是 differences？”which从句中，di ...

谢谢你耐心细致的解答，同意对however 的解释!

SukeyZhou

zizihuang 发表于 2017-2-16 09:10
谢谢你耐心细致的解答，同意对however 的解释!

曾豆仁

醍醐灌顶！谢谢楼主的翻译

djdyzqq

同问这句的翻译以及为什么TK 反对了这两个

我的理解是：第一段中提到的trend是反对JK和JB，第二段虽然讨论的是另一件事，但是第一句说the trend is also evident in works。。。，所以后面举例的这个TK，also entailed a rejection of both JK and JB。

PS：我对这句话的理解是：这些工作强调方法，在这个方法中，differeces work to complicate。（但是单从这一句我没有判断出他们对这个ways的态度，联系上一句话的rejection猜测为是反对的）
Many recent works by these scholars stress the ways in which differences among Renaissance women—especially in terms ofsocial status and religion—work to complicate thekinds of generalizations both Burckhardt and Kelly made on the basis of theirobservations about upper-class Italian women.

SunnySJ

感谢分享！               

LuyanWang

Jacob Burckhardt’s view that Renaissance European women “stood on a footing of perfect equality” with Renaissance men has been repeatedly cited by feminist scholars as a prelude to their presentation of rich historical evidence of women’s inequality.
立场1： JB的观点是文艺复兴期间的女人和男人基本上绝对平等被很多女性学者引用，当他们做有关于女性不平等的丰富历史证据的演讲的时候。这个人的观点被用作开场白。
        Summary: JB: 美好
-        Btw, the passage mentions that JB’s view is kind of rosy
In striking contrast to Burckhardt, Joan Kelly in her famous 1977 essay, “Did Women Have a Renaissance?” argued that the Renaissance was a period of economic and social decline for women relative both to Renaissance men and to medieval women.
立场2：和JB相反的是，JK 在她1977年的论文中说到，女人真的有过文艺复兴吗？ JK 认为文艺复兴时期女人的经济和社会地位都有很明显的降低 – 如果拿文艺复兴时期的男人和中世界时期女人的情况作对比的话。
        Summary: JK: 惨
Recently, however, a significant trend among feminist scholars has entailed a rejection of both Kelly’s dark vision of the Renaissance and Burckhardt’s rosy one. Many recent works by these scholars stress the ways in which differences among Renaissance women-especially in terms of social status and religion-work to complicate the kinds of generalizations both Burckhardt and Kelly made on the basis of their observations about upper-class Italian women.
立场3:然而，最近女性学者之间又出现了一些新的趋势， 他们不喜欢JB & JK 的观点，因为JB 过于美好，和JK 过于黑暗。  这些女性学者的工作表明，中世纪时期的女性其实不能看成一个整体，她们是很不一样的 – 因为她们的社会地位和宗教信仰都不一样。这个观点比之前JB&JK 的观点都要复杂。JB&JK是把中世纪的女性看成一个整体的，而且他们观察的对象是社会地位很高的意大利女人。
        Summary:  JB JK 不对因为generalization, 而我们- differentiation by social status and religion work

The trend is also evident, however, in works focusing on those middle- and upper-class European women whose ability to write gives them disproportionate representation in the historical record.
对立场3进行批判：
然而这个趋势（立场3的这帮人）很明显的是关注那些中产或者贵族阶级的欧洲女人，这些欧洲女人可以写作，这样有关于这些女人的历史资料会更加的多。

Summary:  这个新立场也是有偏见。

Such women were, simply by virtue of their literacy, members of a tiny minority of the population, so it is risky to take their descriptions of their experiences as typical of “female experience” in any general sense.
给出原因： 这些女人其实只是整个女性群体的一小部分，仅仅是因为她们能写（暗含，仅仅是因为她们能写所以才能被现在的学者看到），因此把她们的对自己生活的描述看成文艺复兴时期女性的生活经历是危险的。
Summary： 偏见的原因。
Tina Krontiris, for example, in her fascinating study of six Renaissance women writers, does tend at times to conflate “women” and “women writers,” assuming that women’s gender, irrespective of other social differences, including literacy, allows us to view women as a homogeneous social group and make that group an object of analysis.
打个比方吧， TK 在她很棒的一个研究中（这个研究是有关于六个文艺复兴的女作家的），有吧女人和女作家画等号的一个倾向。她假设， 不论任何其他的社会特性比如说认不认识字， 女人这个性别就可以让我们把文艺复兴时期的女人看成一个整体，然后我们可以对这个整体作分析。
Summary: 比如 -  这个偏见在研究时候的应用。
Nonetheless, Krontiris makes a significant contribution to the field and is representative of those authors who offer what might be called a cautiously optimistic assessment of Renaissance women’s achievements, although she also stresses the social obstacles Renaissance women faced when they sought to raise their “oppositional voices.”
虽然如此吧（TK把女人看作一个整体的行为是不对的），虽然TK 也表达了文艺复兴时期女性想要发出反抗声音的时候很困难，但是TK也对这个研究领域作出了很大的贡献，而且TK 也是一个 “有关文艺复兴时期女性成就的慎重的乐观评估小分队”的那些作者的代言人。

Summary: 虽然TK没有完全不偏见，但她还是有贡献的， 虽然她是乐观小分队的代表，但是她还是表达了很多不乐观的观点。

Krontiris is concerned to show women intentionally negotiating some power for themselves (at least in the realm of public discourse) against potentially constraining ideologies, but in her sober and thoughtful concluding remarks, she suggests that such verbal opposition to cultural stereotypes was highly circumscribed; women seldom attacked the basic assumptions in the ideologies that oppressed them.
TK 很担心的表示 女人在为自己的权力谈判，对抗那些潜在的有限制的意识形态的时候（至少是在公众演讲的时候）。 但是在最后的摘要/结论 –这个部分又深刻又清醒 – 她表示，这些对文化偏见的言语反对是被严格控制的，女人很少真正的改变那些压迫他们的意识形态的基础假设。
Summary: tk 表示的那些不乐观的东西是什么 – 声音并没有很洪亮也没有改变啥根本的东西。

OG 530
The author of the passage discusses Krontiris primarily to provide an example of a writer who

A.        is highly critical of the writings of certain Renaissance women
a.        critical 有两种意思，重要的和批判的。文章中说了TK是有一个很棒的研究。 但没有说她的态度是不是批判的。 至于另外一个意思，重要的，这样听起来tk是文艺复兴女人一样。所以不对。
B.        supports Kelly’s view of women’s status during the Renaissance
a.        tk  属于第三种观点， 错
C.        has misinterpreted the works of certain Renaissance women
a.        没有misinterpreted, 也没有替代，最多就是说比例不对
D.        Your answer has rejected the views of both Burckhardt and Kelly
a.        Tk 属于第三种观点，这个观点不同意jk & jb
E.        has studied Renaissance women in a wide variety of social and religious contexts
a.        no, never mention a wide Varity, 并且文中还提到了 irrespective of other social factors
takeaways: 靠排除没出现过的关键字就可以了

According to the passage, Krontiris’s work differs from that of the scholars mentioned in line 12 in which of the following ways? 第三种流派中的女性学者

A.        Krontiris’s work stresses the achievements of Renaissance women rather than the obstacles to their success.
a.        Mentioned obstables 在文章最后有这个关键字
B.        Krontiris’s work is based on a reinterpretation of the work of earlier scholars.
a.        没提到根本就
C.        Krontiris’s views are at odds with those of both Kelly and Burkhardt.
a.        那些第三排的女性学者也是的。
D.        Krontiris’s work focuses on the place of women in Renaissance society.
a.        没说-  我觉得og 解释不对
E.        Your answer Krontiris’s views are based exclusively on the study of a privileged group of women.
a.        Who can write – upper and middle class, not all social status and religion work

According to the passage, feminist scholars cite Burckhardt’s view of Renaissance women primarily for which of the following reasons?

        A.        Burckhardt’s view forms the basis for most arguments refuting Kelly’s point of view.
        B.        Burckhardt’s view has been discredited by Kelly.
        C.        Correct Burckhardt’s view is one that many feminist scholars wish to refute.
        D.        Burckhardt’s work provides rich historical evidence of inequality between Renaissance women and men.
        E.        Your answer Burckhardt’s work includes historical research supporting the arguments of the feminist scholars.

Mistake reason, did not carefully read the first sentence – contrast 第一句话没有很明显的转折词需要体会意思才可以。

It can be inferred that both Burckhardt and Kelly have been criticized by the scholars mentioned in line 12 for which of the following?

        A.        Assuming that women writers of the Renaissance are representative of Renaissance women in general  -  no, it is not JB & JK, it is TK
        B.        Your answer Drawing conclusions that are based on the study of an atypical group of women
        - Yes, they only focus on upper class Italian women, whereas the scholars wanna a wide range for social status and religion work
        C.        Failing to describe clearly the relationship between social status and literacy among Renaissance women // did not mention, it is TK’s problem
        D.        Failing to acknowledge the role played by Renaissance women in opposing cultural stereotypes // no did not mention, and TK did it successfully
        E.        Failing to acknowledge the ways in which social status affected the creative activities of Renaissance women // never mention creative activities.

The author of the passage suggests that Krontiris incorrectly assumes that

A.        Your answer social differences among Renaissance women are less important than the fact that they were women
a.        Yes, the passage mentioned that: assuming that women’s gender, irrespective of other social differences, including literacy, allows us to view women as a homogeneous social group and make that group an object of analysis.
B.        literacy among Renaissance women was more prevalent than most scholars today acknowledge
a.        never mention
C.        during the Renaissance, women were able to successfully oppose cultural stereotypes relating to gender
a.        no, the author believed that she did good job on this
D.        Renaissance women did not face many difficult social obstacles relating to their gender
a.        They did, and the author thinks it is right
E.        in order to attain power, Renaissance women attacked basic assumptions in the ideologies that oppressed them
a.        Tk did not assume that
The last sentence in the passage serves primarily to

        A.        suggest that Krontiris’s work is not representative of recent trends among feminist scholars
        B.        undermine the argument that literate women of the Renaissance sought to oppose social constraints imposed on them
        C.        Correct show a way in which Krontiris’s work illustrates a “cautiously optimistic” assessment of Renaissance women’s achievements
        D.        summarize Krontiris’s view of the effect of literacy on the lives of upper- and middle-class Renaissance women
        E.        Your answer illustrate the way in which Krontiris’s study differs from the studies done by Burckhardt and Kelly

Mistake reason:没有读题， 没看到the last sentence - -

The last sentence: Krontiris is concerned to show women intentionally negotiating some power for themselves (at least in the realm of public discourse) against potentially constraining ideologies, but in her sober and thoughtful concluding remarks, she suggests that such verbal opposition to cultural stereotypes was highly circumscribed; women seldom attacked the basic assumptions in the ideologies that oppressed them.
TK 很担心的表示 女人在为自己的权力谈判，对抗那些潜在的有限制的意识形态的时候（至少是在公众演讲的时候）。 但是在最后的摘要/结论 –这个部分又深刻又清醒 – 她表示，这些对文化偏见的言语反对是被严格控制的，女人很少真正的改变那些压迫他们的意识形态的基础假设。
Summary: tk 表示的那些不乐观的东西是什么 – 声音并没有很洪亮也没有改变啥根本的东西
ν        Fits the cautiously optimistic assessment well. 不乐观的是什么

The author of the passage implies that the women studied by Krontiris are unusual in which of the following ways?

        A.        They faced obstacles less formidable than those faced by other Renaissance women.
        B.        They have been seen by historians as more interesting than other Renaissance women.
        C.        They were more concerned about recording history accurately than were other Renaissance women.
        D.        Your answer Their perceptions are more likely to be accessible to historians than are those of most other Renaissance women.
        E.        Their concerns are likely to be of greater interest to feminist scholars than are the ideas of most other Renaissance women.

Easy question

分析：这篇文章的难点在于隐晦。没有特别明显的转折词汇。比如说，第一句话需要仔细体会意思才能感觉到，jb的观点是被批判的。后来没有特别明确的说tk和第三种流派的学者的区别。而是让我们自己从文字中体会。 Tk 是研究认识字的女人，第三种流派是大范围。

问题在于，第三种流派的人取材都有限制因为他们找不到不会认字的女人留下来的材料-因为他们不认字。他们想要广泛一点，但是没有广泛的材料 TK 的问题是她研究认识字的女人，但是她的问题是觉得女作家可以代表文艺复兴的女人。 （hahaha这么看来两种最后一样啊 ）。Tk 没想要广泛，因为她觉得女性性别>其他社会因素。但是TK 的工作也很有贡献就是了。

蟹黄味蚕豆

今天再次读这一篇文章 确实非常的隐晦 对于这个however 个人认为是这么理解的
一般在英文中however中有几个作用：
我们最熟悉的肯定是转折
he is considered a rich man，however，he is not。表达的意思是对前面的否定，

引入不同，这个引入不同不一定是转折（因为转折在很大程度传达出否定前面的表达，对后面的表达表示更多的倾向）
举例： he is tall，however， he is not that handsome。这个however并没有否定前面he is tall 而只是引入了对这个男生另外一个方面的讨论。

表示惊奇、居然，表示对人们预想的应该是如何的不同
这个就是这篇文章里面用的
JB和JK的观点都是基于upper class做出来的 这些都是被新的学者批判的
然而K的观点，也是基于一个少数群体作出来的，however，他们居然也表现出了对JK和JB观点的批判
不知道能不能理解
就好像 不抽烟的人批评抽烟的人 是在伤害自己 伤害他人
但是 抽烟的人 居然也在说 抽烟的人不好 伤害他人 伤害自己 个人觉得 这么理解的话 应该是最顺畅的

新的学者批判JB和JK的观点，因为他们忽略了女性在经济地位和社会地位上的不同。那些专注于研究中上层的人（也忽略了这些差别，正如文章后面所讲的对K的部分的批判），居然，也对JB和JK的观点表示了反对。