og12题

12. Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do

not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do

to established big businesses, because they are growing and

are seldom in equilibrium.

(A)  Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do

not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do

to established big businesses, because they are growing and

are seldom in equilibrium.

(B)   Because they are growing and are seldom in

equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to

equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same

way as they do to established big businesses.

(C)  Because they are growing and are seldom in

equilibrium, new small businesses are not subject to the

same applicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio

of debt to equity as established big businesses.

(D)  Because new small businesses are growing and are

seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ratio

of debt to equity do not apply to them in the same way as

to established big businesses.

(E)   New small businesses are not subject to the

applicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio of

debt to equity in the same way as established big

businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in

equilibrium.

OG解释最后一句：Finally, the referent of they is not

immediately clear in E.是不是they可以指代new small businesses

或者established big businesses？请问哪个是语法上指代，哪个

是逻辑上指代？逻辑上讲应指代new small businesses,小公司正在成长且较少平衡,逻辑搭配合理.关于语法上的指代白勇说:代词查找对象顺序1)主语核心词2)宾语核心词或表语名词的核心词3)修饰语中的名词,因为becasue引导的状语从句中的they应与主句主语一致,所以语法上指小公司.

但白勇又说代词前面有两个指代对象,就有争议,可以重复指代对象,用词概括指代对象,或such +名词

ets认为只要一句话中有两个以上名词(均为单数或均为复数)代词就会有歧异

ets的语法是:1. 同一代词在同一句子里不能指代不同事物. (虽然有反例, 但总的来讲比较管用).

2. 代词不可指代所有格, 而要指代中心词.

3. 代词与其指代对象单复数必须一致.

还有，本题中formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to

equity是the ratio和cash flow并列，还是the ratio和formulas并

列？如何辨别？是不是只能看逻辑意思？还有没有别的办

法？是the ratio和formulas并列,如何判别要看and前后名词词组中心词是什么formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity