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[备考心经] GRE330备考建议与详细备考方法

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发表于 2015-10-8 11:01:43 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式




GRE330备考建议与详细备考方法
一、备考建议
1节:词汇篇
1.1     重视搭配
GRE考试,无论是填空还是阅读,其实更加注重考查词汇的搭配。而许多的书籍和培训也没有及时地告诉学生。导致国内的考生在备考的时候,往往忽略这点。
例如,当我们备考看到“abreast”这个词汇的时候,考生第一反应是该词的中文释义为:并肩,并列。而实际上,记住该释义对于考试的你几乎是没用的。因为在真题中,该词会以常用的搭配的方式出现。
官方真题例1.1
Given the flood of information presented bythe mass media, the only way for someone to keep abreast of the news is to rely on abridgedaccounts.

该题来自最新的官方指南,我们不难看出,对于abreast的考查并非是单独孤立的考查,而是整个常用搭配的考查。如果考生备考不注意整个问题,很可能就只会事倍功半。
于是,在本书中,考生会看到我们把该词的常用搭配加粗并且加下横线:
abreast 【常考】 adv. 了解,跟上(最新情况):up todate with; if youkeep abreast of a subject,you know all the most recent factsabout it
【例】He will be keeping abreast of thenews. 他将时刻关注最新消息。
【注】常用搭配为:keep abreast of
同样,比如bestow一词在实际考试中,常考的搭配为:bestow sth on/upon sb而本书的该词给出的形式为:
bestow :【常考1】v. 给予;赠与;授予:to bestowsomething on someone means to give or present it to them.
【例】The Queen has bestowed a knighthood on him. 女王已经授予他爵士头衔。
官方真题例1.2
Famous among job seekers forits largesse, the company, quite apart from generous salaries, bestowed on its executivesannual bonuses and such perquisites as low-interest home mortgages and companycars.

该句的bestowed的表达很明显已经出现了倒装(关于倒装更加详细的分析,请看后面句子篇)。bestow 的搭配一般是bestowsth. on sb. 而该句中的sth. 放在sb.(its executives)后面。
整一句的意思大概是说它在找工作的人中因为它的慷慨而知名,这个公司,除了它慷慨的工资外,还提供每年的分红和一些额外补贴,例如低利息的房屋抵押和公司的小车它的经理们。
许多刚备考的考生不知道,除了上面提到的动词的常用搭配外,考试中经常会出现名词的搭配。这些名词一般都有一个特别,那就是其保留它们的动词的常用介词搭配。比如subordinate的常用搭配为subordinate…to…,而在考试中其名词形式经常表达为subordinationof…to…,类似的表达的词汇还有fail….to….free from….
例如:
官方真题例1.3
A common argument claims thatin folk art, the artist's subordination of technical mastery to intensefeeling----the direct communication of emotion to the viewer.

(A)    facilitates  (B)         averts  (C)    neutralizes   (D)    implies   (E)   represses

分析:注意到该题中有一个名词的常用搭配:subordination of….to…,意思为:置于次要地位;看轻:If you subordinatesomething to another thing,you regard it or treat it as less important than the other thing.
【例1He was bothwilling and able to subordinate all else to this aim. 为了这个目标他愿意并能够把其他一切都放在次要的位置。
【例2economicsubordination to Europe. 经济上从属于欧洲
该句主要就是探讨艺术家对待精湛技巧和强烈情感的关系。而如果艺术家使技术上的精湛技巧从属于强烈感情的话,那么肯定是有利于艺术家情感的表达。于是答案选A。该句中,重复的表达有:feeling=emotion
参考翻译:
一个普遍的观点认为,在民间艺术中,艺术家使技术上的精湛技巧从属于强烈感情的做法有利于直接将情感传递给观众。
官方真题例1.4
Given how patent theshortcomings of the standard economic model are in its portrayal of humanbehavior, the failure of manyeconomists to respond to themis astonishing. They continue to fill the journals with yet more proofs of yetmore improbable theorems. Others, by contrast, accept the criticisms as achallenge, seeking to expand the basic models to embrace a wider range ofthings people do.

分析:一般而言,刚备考的考生在看到failure的时候,第一反应想到的可能就是失败的意思。而failure作为其动词fail的名词形式,依然保留其动词的常用搭配,也就是fail…to…,意为“没做到”。因此官方真题中的“failure of many economists to”并非许多经济学家的失败,而是许多经济学家没做到….
参考翻译:
考虑到标准的经济模型在描述人类的行为的缺点那么明显,而许多经济学家却看不到这些缺点,这是令人非常惊讶的。他们继续杂志上发表更多不可能正确的理论的证据。与之相反,其他的科学家接受这些批评,并且把它们看作一个挑战,努力去扩大这个基础模型以致可以包括一个更加广泛的人们的行为的范围。

官方真题例1.5
From the outset, theconcept of freedomof the seas from theproprietary claims of nations was challenged bya contrary notion--that of the enclosure of the oceans for reasons of nationalsecurity and profit.
分析:该题需要注意的是,主语为the concept,谓语为waschallenged。实际为两种概念的逻辑关系。对于freedom一词,考生熟悉的释义为“自由”。
而在真题中,该词经常考查的释义为:
freedom: n. 摆脱;免除;不受影响的状态:exemption from an unpleasant oronerous condition
【例】all the freedomfrom pain that medicine could provide. 医药可以提供的对痛苦的解脱
参考翻译:
从一开始起,海洋应独立于国家宣布对其私有权的思想就受到一个相反的观点挑战,这个相反的观点是出于国家安全和利益的原因而对海洋私有化。
1.2     重视熟词僻义
GRE考试,特别是在填空中,很多词汇并非考生所熟悉的释义。而不少词汇书会建议考生直接复习所谓的四六级词汇或者干脆忽略这些词汇。而这两种做法都是不可取的。首先,国内的四六级的词汇的释义和GRE考试相差甚大,其次,这些单词往往看起来简单,但是在实际考试中,正是考生的致命点。因此,在编写该书的过程中,笔者尤其注意这点,旨在帮助考生熟悉每一个单词的实际常考释义,做到全面、科学、精确备考。
例如,当我们备考看到“strong”,“decline”,“run”以及“argue”等这些词汇的时候,不少考生的直接反应是“这些单词也太简单了,关注它们简直是对我智商的侮辱”。而实际上,在真题中,strong往往表示:“坚定的,自信的;有说服力的”;decline除了大家熟悉的“下降”的释义外,常考的还有“n. 衰落; v. 拒绝”;run常常和for或者against搭配,意为“竞选”的意思;而argue当和for在一起的时候,意为:“支持….”,而和against搭配的时候,却为“反对”。
具体如下:
strong
【常考1】adj. ()坚定的,坚决的,自信的:Someone who is strong is confident and determined, and is not easily influenced or worried by other people
官方真题例1.6Although normally diffident, Alison felt so strongly about the issue that she put aside her reserve and spoke up at thecommittee meeting.尽管通常很自卑,但艾莉森对于这个观点非常有信心,以致于她抛弃了拘谨沉默的做法并且在委员会会议上公开发言。
【常考2】adj. 有说服力的:persuasive, effective, and cogent
【例】a strong statement.一个有说服力的观点
官方真题例1.7
As for the alleged value of expert opinion, one need only consult governmentrecords to see
strong evidence of the failure of such opinions in many fields.
解析:答案选D。考生要清楚alleged意为所谓的,表示怀疑的态度:questionably true or of a specified kind : supposed,so-called。该题的意思为:对那些所谓的专家的价值,一个人只需要查阅政府的档案即可知道这种观点在许多领域都失败的有说服力的证据。
小结:
考生在备考词汇过程中,要尽可能关注每一个单词的实际常考释义和搭配。而一个名词的常用介词搭配问问会保留该词的动词形式的常用介词搭配。例如subordination…to…; failure…to…; freedom….from….等。与此同时,不要轻视那些看起来简单的词汇,做到科学、全面、高效备考。
2节:句子篇
2.1 重视分类学习
在平时的课堂里,笔者一直会刻意对学生进行句子的分类训练和讲解。当然,由于篇幅的问题,这里笔者仅仅探讨倒装句的分析,更多的讲解和分析,我们会在课堂里或者笔者后面出版的阅读书籍中详细讲解。
一般而言,GRE的难句分为:倒装句、插入语、复杂修饰、双重否定等。
倒装句的特征和说明
表格1
倒装的特征和原因:
  
在考试中,一般的表达为:动词+A  +介词+B,但是在实际题目中,经常会出现如下倒装形式:动词+介词+B + A。当A的表达形式过于复杂或者出现从句等复杂修饰成分的时候,
  
为了让句子避免“头重脚轻”,这时候往往会出现倒装的表达。
  
  
一般表达
  
  
倒装表达
  
  
释义
  
  
take  A as B
  
  
take as B A
  
  
A当作B
  
  
dismiss A as B
  
  
dismiss  as B A
  
  
认为AB
  
  
advocate  A as B
  
  
advocate  as B A
  
  
提倡A作为B
  
  
retain A as B
  
  
retain as B A  
  
  
A保留作为B
  
  
write  A into B
  
  
write  into B A
  
  
A写进B
  
  
bestow A on B
  
  
bestow on  B  A
  
  
A赠给B
  
make A possible
make  possible A
使A成为可能
官方真题例2.1
Dramatic literature often ------- thehistory of a culture in that it takesas its subject matter the important events that have shaped and guidedthe culture.

(A) confounds  (B) repudiates  (C) recapitulates   (D) anticipates   (E) polarizes


解析:
该题出现了倒装表达take as B  A
而很明显,
B=its subject matter;
A= the important events that have shapedand guided the culture;
因此该句的大概意思即是:戏剧文学经常_____文化的历史,因为戏剧文学把那些塑造和引导文化的重要事件当作它的题材。
由于该戏剧文学仅仅把它们的重要事件当作题材,因此答案选C;也就是戏剧文学经常概括文化历史,因为戏剧文学把那些塑造和引导文化的重要事件当作它的题材。
官方真题例2.2
Yet Waizer’s argumenthowever deficientdoes point toone of the most serious weaknesses of capitalism-namely, that it brings to predominant positionsin a society people who, no matter how legitimately they have earned theirmaterial rewards, often lack those other qualities that evoke affection oradmiration.

解析:
该题出现了倒装表达bring to …B   A
其中,
B= predominant positions in a society;
A= people who, no matter how legitimatelythey have earned their material rewards, often lack those other qualities that evokeaffection or admiration;
该句的大概意思即是:可是Waizer的观点,无论多么不足,它确实指出了资本主义的一个严重的缺点,那就是,它(资本社会)那些人带到这个社会非常高的地位就是那些经常缺乏其他可以唤起我们喜欢和欣赏的品质的人,不管他们是如何合法地获得他们的物质回报。
2.2 重视句子的逻辑关系和联系
官方真题例2.3:
The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, ofcourse, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition causedthe warming and cooling trends or were caused by them
解析:
The correlation ofcarbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes inatmospheric composition causedthe warming and cooling trends or were caused by them.
看一个句子的时候,分几步走。
step 1: 先找主语: correlation,然后找主语的谓语: does not establish,后面整个句子是谓语的宾语,第一步结束。
step 2, 回去理解correlation后面of 的定语部分的修饰语,准确来讲,是二氧化碳和温度的关系,这时候一定记得是二氧化碳和温度的关系,因为主语后面会不断被重复,第2步结束。
step 3, whether 后面的是一个从句,步骤模仿step 1,先找从句的什么?记得?对,是主语,也就是:changes 那么下一步你想对了,就是找changes的谓语,没错,就是caused, 后面的就是caused的宾语
所以整一句从句的意思就是:大气成分的改变--->(导致)暖和冷的趋向。
以上步骤只属于基础的训练和理解,下面进行更深一层的训练和理解:
先回忆一下,刚刚有没有记得主句的主语的部分?对,就是二氧化碳和温度的关系。
现在我们一起来思考几个问题:
1, warmingand cooling重复了原文前面的哪部分?
2,atmosphericcomposition重复了原文前面的哪部分?
没错,所谓的warming and cooling就是代表文章上面的温度。而所谓的atmosphericcomposition就是代表上文的二氧化碳。
需要提醒的是,句子最后的地方:were caused bythem;
需要注意2个问题:
1,  这里省略了前面的从句的主语(大气的改变);
2,  被它们所引起,这里的代词them 实际为:前面的暖和冷的趋向---也就是温度的趋向。
因此整一句话的意思就是说二氧化碳和温度的关系还没确定到底是大气成分的改变(也就是二氧化碳所占的比例的改变)导致了温度的改变(文章用趋向的单词)呢?还是,温度的改变导致了大气的成分的改变(二氧化碳的比例的改变)。
下面来看看该句逻辑思维图:
二氧化碳和温度的关系无法确定:
1,到底是二氧化碳所占大气的改变--->(产生了)温度的趋向,还是;
2,温度的趋向---->产生了二氧化碳的大气的成分的改变
官方真题例2.4:
Despite hypotheses ranging from armed conflict to climate change, theabandonment of more than 600 Pueblo cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde by A.D. 1300still puzzles archaeologists. Researchers analyzing refuse from one Pueblocommunity found remains of maize—a Pueblo crop—in 44 percent of samples fromyears when the community flourished, but in only 10 percent of samples fromyears near the time of depopulation, while the remains of wild plants increasedsignificantly.
分析:
1句:
Despitehypotheses ranging from armed conflict to climate change, theabandonment of more than 600 Pueblo cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde byA.D. 1300 stillpuzzlesarchaeologists.
第一句中,despite表示广义的相反逻辑,主语为theabandonment, 谓语为puzzles。而一个句子中,任何成分后面的时间和地点往往作为不重要的细节,因此考生可以略读,该句应该略读的部分为:in Mesa Verde by A.D. 1300
该句大意也即是:尽管存在很多假设,例如从武装的冲突到气候的改变等等,超过600个普埃布洛人抛弃他们的悬崖居住处的这个事情依然让研究者困惑。
2句:
Researchers analyzing refuse from one Pueblo community foundremains of maize—a Pueblo crop—in 44 percent of samples from years when thecommunity flourished, but inonly 10 percent of samples from years near the time of depopulation, while the remains of wild plantsincreased significantly.
分析:
该句的主语为researchers,谓语为found,后面的全部内容为宾语。
其中,这部分“analyzing refuse from onePueblo community”为researchers的定语部分,refuse为考生不熟悉的名词形式,意为:某物的抛弃或者被认为没有用或不值钱的东西或物质:the worthless or useless part ofsomething : leavings
但是该句的重点在后面部分,也即是研究者发现的具体内容,而but为广义的对比逻辑,也就是该地繁荣和衰落的时候的比较:
在该地方繁荣(flourished)的时候,玉米的残留的东西是44%
在该地方衰落(depopulation)的时候,玉米的残留的东西仅10%
因此玉米的残留的东西呈现的是下降的逻辑关系
以上只是玉米的残留的东西的比较,而该句更广一层的比较是while引导的广义的比较,也即是玉米的残留的东西和野生植物残留东西的比较。
具体而言就是:玉米的残留的东西呈现的是下降的逻辑关系,而野生植物呈现的是增加的逻辑关系
因此该段的大意为:尽管存在很多假设,普埃布洛人抛弃他们的悬崖居住处的这个事情依然让研究者困惑。研究者发现,玉米的残留的东西是不断减少的,而野生的植物的残留的东西不断增加的。
最后我们来看题目:
According to the passage, which of the following is likely true regarding the consumption of wild plantsin the Pueblo community investigated by researchers?  
A It decreased dramatically as the settlement began to decline.
B It significantly affected the food supply of wild animals living nearby.
C It increased as domesticated sources of fooddeclined.
D It represented a continuation of centuries-old traditions.
E  It fell markedly as theconsumption of wild animals increased.
题目解析:
题目问的是野生植物的消耗的情况,那肯定是增加的,于是选项C很明显是符合的。而C选项中的“domesticated sources of food”实际为同义替换原文的“maize”。

小结:
如果笔者没说错的话,大多数的考生学了那么多年英文,当备考GRE阅读文章的时候,每看到一句英文,自己看懂的标准就是:是否翻译得通顺。如果翻译得通顺,就以为理解了,而如果不通顺,就是不理解。考生在后面的备考里,应该注意改掉这些不好的习惯,弱化翻译,重视句子的内部逻辑关系和联系
3节:阅读篇
自从2011年8月GRE改革取消了类反题目,增加阅读部分的比例(占verbal题目总数的50%)后,GRE阅读部分的重要性可想而知。但是,GRE阅读,特别是文学、社会科学等文章类型一直以来都是广大中国考生最头痛的,也是最难提高的部分。于是,经过多次考试实战和多年阅读文章的研究,笔者发现在GRE阅读的文章里,还是有一些广大考生所不熟悉的“规律”。因此,在本文里,笔者将尝试去解开GRE阅读中最让考生头痛的“阅读规律”---逻辑、结构以及文章的同一概念的同义替换----希望可以帮助广大考生快速提高阅读分数和阅读能力。
官方真题例3.1:
建议考生先自己阅读下面的文章,阅读完后再看后面我们给出的分析。
Notable as important nineteenth-centurynovels by women, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Emily Bronte’s WutheringHeights treat women very differently. Shelley produced a “masculine” text inwhich the fates of subordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on theactions of male heroes or anti-heroes. Bronte produced a more realisticnarrative, portraying a world where men battle for the favors of apparentlyhigh-spirited, independent women. Nevertheless, these two novels are alike inseveral crucial ways. Many readers are convinced that the compelling mysteriesof each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion and fierce, thoughshadowy, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical intentions, thoughefforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated muchcontroversy. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironicdisjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well asironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama andconcealed authorial intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrativetechnique.

分析:
Notableas important nineteenth-century novels by women, Mary Shelley’s Frankensteinand Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights treat women very differently. Shelley produced a “masculine” text in which the fates ofsubordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of maleheroes or anti-heroes. Bronte produced a more realistic narrative, portraying aworld where men battle for the favors of apparently high-spirited, independentwomen. Nevertheless, these twonovels are alikein several crucial ways. Many readers are convinced that the compellingmysteries of each plot conceal elaborate structures of allusion and fierce,though shadowy, moral ambitions that seem to indicate metaphysical intentions,though efforts by critics to articulate these intentions have generated muchcontroversy. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironicdisjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironictensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealedauthorial intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique.

首先,该篇文章的主题句分别为第1句和第4句。
从结构的角度而言
1层结构为文章提到的2个作者在各自的作品中对待女性的不同点。接着用2个句子分别来具体描写它们的不同之处。
2层结构为文章提到的2个作者在各自的作品中对待女性的相同点。接着还是用2个句子分别来具体描写它们的相同之处。
从逻辑的角度而言,
differently为对比逻辑关系里的不同逻辑。
alike为对比逻辑关系里的相同逻辑。
Nevertheless,为转折(也即是广义的相反)逻辑。需要提醒的是,考生要注意到nevertheless转折的并非是其最前面的那一句,而是该篇文章的第1层逻辑的不同点,也就是第一句。笔者这样说只是想时刻提醒读者,阅读的精髓本质并非是简单地对原文的中文翻译,而是看到句子与句子的结构、逻辑关系和联系、文章的主旨与细节
下面一起来题目:
例题:
Theprimary purpose of the passage is to
A. defend acontroversial interpretation of two novels
B. explainthe source of widely recognized responses to two novels
C. delineatebroad differences between two novels
D.  compareand contrast two novels
E. criticizeand evaluate two novels

解析:
该题很明显为主旨题目。直接从刚才我们对文章的结构和逻辑分析不难得出,该篇文章主要的逻辑是对比逻辑。因此考生在看选项的时候,切记要先看动词。很快我们可以得出答案为D选项。
例题2
Accordingthe passage, Frankenstein differs from Wuthering Heights in its
A use of multiple narrators
B  method of disguising theauthor’s real purposes
C  portrayal of men asdeterminers of the novel’s action
D creation of a realistic story
E  controversial effect onreaders
解析:
该题为细节中的不同逻辑关系的题目。具体而言就是问Frankenstein WutheringHeights2本小说不同之处在于Frankenstein(题目用代词its表示)的什么。
考生这时候应该思考一下,该题的答案应该定位到原文哪一层结构?没错,就在第1层。因为只有第1层才说的是不同之处。而题目更加详细地问我们是Frankenstein这本小说怎样。于是回到原文对应的地方:“Shelley produced a “masculine” text in which the fates ofsubordinate female characters seem entirely dependent on the actions of maleheroes or anti-heroes.
我们不难得出,该句的大意是在说:Frankenstein这本小说描写的是女性角色的命运完全依赖于男性的行为。从逻辑关系的角度而言,就是女性角色和男性角色的行为的逻辑关系。那么答案也必然是对该逻辑关系的同义替换。所以答案不难得出是C选项。有意思的是,原文的表达是:女性角色的命运完全依赖男性的行为;而正确答案的表达为:男性决定女性角色。由于篇幅的关系,更全面的逻辑关系和原文对正确选项的替换类型,我们会在课堂上或者后面出版的阅读书籍中详细阐述。
官方真题例3.2
建议考生先自己阅读下面的文章,阅读完后再看后面我们给出的分析。
Although scientists observe that anorganism’s behavior falls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how thesepatterns are affected when the organism is transported to a new environment. Oneexperimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticut waters to Illinoiswaters. She noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when itwas high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms hadadapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. Although she could not posit anunequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change,Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possibleexogenous influences (those outside the organism) on the oysters’ rhythms. Anotherexperimenter, Hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from Californiamaintain their original rhythms even at the South Pole. He concluded thatendogenous influences (those inside the organism) seem to affect an organism’srhythmic behavior
解析:
Although scientists observe that an organism’s behaviorfalls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how these patterns areaffected when the organism is transported to a new environment. One experimenter, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticut waters to Illinoiswaters. She noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when itwas high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms hadadapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. Although she could not posit anunequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change,Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possibleexogenous influences (those outside the organism) on the oysters’ rhythms.Another experimenter,Hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from California maintain theiroriginal rhythms even at the South Pole. He concluded that endogenousinfluences (those inside the organism) seem to affect an organism’s rhythmicbehavior
该篇文章的主旨为第1。由第1句中的disagree一词可以预判文章后面应该会出现关于disagree后面的部分的内容的不同的观点。
文章的结构于是不难得出可以分为2层。
1层即是第一句,为该篇文章主题句。
2层中分为2小点。第1点为one部分的内容,也即是Brown的实验的具体内容和发现的结果以及结论。第2点为Hamner的具体的实验的内容和结论。
需要提醒考生的是,文章中主题和细节的重复的部分。也就是当考生看完主旨句的时候,就应该意识到,scientists,  organism’s behavior,  environment都是抽象词,文章后面会不断具体重复这几个主题抽象词。
例如:
scientists=Brown+ Hamner
organism= oysters+ hamsters
environment= Connecticut+ Illinois+ California
behavior= opened their shells widest + adapted to +maintain their original rhythms
官方真题例3.3
A Marxist sociologist has argued thatracism stems from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalistsystem—that racial prejudice is generated by capitalists as a means ofcontrolling workers. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discriminationagainst Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as“racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as arace in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as alsoincluding hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California andthe Jews in medieval Europe. However, since prejudice against these latterpeoples was not inspired by capitalists, he has to reason that such antagonismswere not really based on race. He disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) ofboth the intolerance faced by Jews before the rise of capitalism and the earlytwentieth-century discrimination against Oriental people in California, which,inconveniently, was instigated by workers.
分析:
A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems from the class struggle that is unique to the capitalist system—that racial prejudice  is generated by capitalistsas a means of controlling workers. His thesis worksrelatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks inthe United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as “racially-based negative prejudgments against agroup generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also including hostility toward suchethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.However, since prejudice against these latter peoples was not inspired by capitalists,he has to reason that such antagonisms were not really basedon race. He disposes thusly (albeit unconvincingly) of both the intolerancefaced by Jews before the rise of capitalismand the early twentieth-century discrimination against Oriental people inCalifornia, which, inconveniently, was instigated by workers.
上面的不同的颜色或者符号标记,代表该GRE文章中大量的---同义替换
如下:
1, racism—racialprejudice—discrimination—racial prejudice—racially-based negativeprejudgments---hostility—antagonisms—intolerance--discrimination
2   stemsform---generated by---inspired by ---based on—instigated by ---provoked by
3,    capitalist system---- capitalists---- capitalism
4,   A Marxist sociologist--- His---- He
5,    class struggle----a means of controlling workers
6,  against—toward—against….(很多很多的against)…
7    Chinese---- Oriental people

那么大家思考过没有,文章在后面展开过程中,为啥不断地同义替换那几个词?也就是大家如果在看文章第一句:A Marxist sociologist has argued that racism stems from the class strugglethat is unique to the capitalist system—that racial prejudice is generated bycapitalists as a means of controlling workers.的时候,应该想到什么?其实,如果对GRE阅读熟悉的话,就应该清楚,很多文章的写作意图是反驳别人的观点。那么我们思考一下,后面作者会怎么反驳那个马克思学家?对,应该是从如下两点:
1在某某情况下,也存在racism,可是不是由于classstruggle.
2、在某某情况下,也存在racism,可是那时候,还没有capitalistsystem.
也就是我们在后文的不断的反驳中,不得不去重复这几个概念:偏见、来自于、资本主义
第一点反驳:在某某情况下,你得说也存在这种偏见
第二点反驳:同样,你也得说,在某某情况下,也存在偏见,可是那时候还没有资本主义
试想一下,如果我们在看文章的时候,在脑海里,把刚才那些所有的同义替换的单词,都理解为同一个概念,或者说idea,那么我们看文章的时候,就可以把前面看到的概念和后面看到的“联系”起来。这样,就不会像大多数的中国考生那样,看到后面的intolerance, antagonisms 的时候,就开始绞尽脑汁地回想那些单词的中文意思。
那么,大家再思考一下,如果我们能够有这种deliberate oversimplification---在看文章的时候,有意的把那些相同的概念的单词联系起来,脑海里出现同一个“概念”,而不是每个单词的对应的中文翻译。那么,看起文章来,就够快,而且,最重要的是,你可以把整篇文章串起来!这样,在考场上看文章的时候,才可以在规定的时间里,看完文章并且做完题目。以上所探讨的问题,也是考生在备考的时候,应该注意到并且熟悉的一点。
小结:
从上面笔者对阅读文章的分析,读者不难发现,真正对阅读文章的理解远远不是简单的翻译即可,而是要深入熟悉阅读文章的内部的结构与逻辑关系。备考的时候,只要考生对GRE阅读文章的结构、逻辑关系以及出题规律的无比熟悉,而并非简单的记忆词汇和进行题海战术,那么对的阅读的攻破也将唾手可得。

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沙发
发表于 2015-10-17 08:18:09 | 只看该作者
谢谢分享
板凳
发表于 2015-10-18 04:13:23 | 只看该作者
豁然开朗,多谢版主
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