请教gwd8的Q4(gwd-8-4)
Q4:
According to the passage, Frazier and Mosteller believe which of the following about
medical research?
A. It is seriously flawed as presently conducted because researchers overlook facts that are relevant to the subject of their research.
B. It tends to benefit certain subgroups of patients disproportionately.
C. It routinely reveals new variables in research on entirely new treatments.
D. It can be made more accurate by limiting the amount of information researchers collect.
E. It cannot be free of the risk that significant variables may be overlooked.
答案是E，我选了B.
E其它都不错，只是significant我拿不准。原文只是说相关的，并没有说significant。
(10) analysis. Although limiting information
collection could increase the risk that
researchers will overlook facts relevant
to a study, Frazier and Mosteller contend
that such risk, never entirely eliminable
(15) from research, would still be small in most
studies.
B确实有点牵强，我的理解是
(25) the disease under study. Often researchers
restrict study participation to patients
who have no ailments besides those being
studied. A treatment judged successful
under these ideal conditions can then
(30) be evaluated under normal conditions.
只有某些subgroup满足ideal conditions，那treatment是successful,所以benefit；但有些subgroup不同程度地满足ideal conditions，那treatment则是disproportionately benefit.
请教各位，遇到一个选项其它都很perfect，只是某个限定词看起来不舒服，但其他选项理解起来比较牵强，应该怎么办？
I also didn't chose E because of 'significant' couldn't be directly found anywhere in the passage. All other answers are not necessarily better than this one, but the word "significant" is not accurate.
Although limiting information
collection could increase the risk that
researchers will overlook facts relevant
to a study, Frazier and Mosteller contend
that such risk, never entirely eliminable
(15) from research, would still be small in most
studies.
Although limiting information
collection could increase the risk that
researchers will overlook facts relevant
to a study, Frazier and Mosteller contend
that such risk, never entirely eliminable
(15) from research, would still be small in most
studies.
isn't that the case F&M thought such risk would be small or insignificant? rather than signifant variables?
For the same reason, I didn't chose E.
any NN?
我觉得应该选D.文章开头说medical research could be improved by a move toward larger, simpler clinical trials of medical treatments.这里be improved 等于D中的 be made more accurate ，这里的simpler等于D中的 limiting the amount of information researchers collect.正好都对上了，是不是啊？请继续讨论。
support d !!
我在B,E中徘徊，最后选了B。E中的significant确实不妥。
请NN确认答案！！！
顶！！
我也选D~
我在B,E中徘徊，最后选了B。E中的significant确实不妥。
请NN确认答案！！！
顶！！
我也认识是b
并且不觉得牵强啊~~ 第二段强调应该选取更多的人当sample,因为如果只选取特定的人群而又将特殊当普遍A treatment judged successful
under these ideal conditions can then
(30) be evaluated under normal conditions.
那么只有符合被选人群特点的患者接受了successful treamtment!
而e中，如果significant variable 存在，那么risk不能用small形容了吧，我觉得这个选项就是针对文中Frazier and Mosteller contend
that such risk, never entirely eliminable
(15) from research, would still be small in most
studies. 理解得考察~~
NN来确实一下此题吧~~
upup！！
选E，因为我觉得这里选项中的significant variables是被包含在factors中的。
Although limiting information
collection could increase the risk that
researchers will overlook facts relevant
to a study, Frazier and Mosteller contend
that such risk, never entirely eliminable
(15) from research, would still be small in most
studies.
谢谢大家，容偶再想想！
I choose E. I don't believe D is right.
They believed the original way of conducting trials was too costly and suggested a more limited trial could achieve a comparable result at a reduced cost. They never suggested the new way was MORE accurate than the old one.
C的定位在L16--18,注意ONLY这个词!
所以ROUTINELY是错的!
B 不对啊，题目只说medical research ，没说是现在的还是改进以后的啊。而且就算指现在的medical research，文章没说对某个subgroup有好处啊！文章只说扩大样本范围，那么每个subgroup的人比较多，能验证实验的有效性，而现在的情况是由于条件过于苛刻，样本总数太小，只能证明总体人群的效果，而对每个subgroup来说人太少，没有代表性，就得不出结论了。
而不管怎么改进E都是对的，风险永远都存在啊！
不好意思，谁能翻译下E，好象结构有点奇怪的说！
B 不对啊，题目只说medical research ，没说是现在的还是改进以后的啊。
这个正是我想说的，不过，我认为，如果是没有改进的medical research，B就有道理了，因为选取的样本都是没有其它病的，所以由此得出的treatment对这些人最有效
D肯定不对，Line10说到"Although limiting information collection could increase the risk"，从这句就可以看出D说反了，应该是more inaccurate。虽然文章后面又说到"such risk ... would still be small in most studies"，这也顶多说明risk没有太大变化，medical research is almost as accurate as before，绝不可能是more accurate
E没有问题，significant variables就是原文的factors relevant to a study，更何况还有一个may be，强调了可能性，所以significant的说法是对的
To be discussed ...
我一开始选B,但是发现E是正确的
注意问题:According to the passage,意思是原文中说明的
B显然是个infer的答案
请教gwd8的Q4(gwd-8-4)
Q4:
According to the passage, Frazier and Mosteller believe which of the following about
medical research?
A. It is seriously flawed as presently conducted because researchers overlook facts that are relevant to the subject of their research.
"Although limiting information collection could increase the risk that researchers will overlook facts relevant to a study" so A is wrong, it's could ..not a serious flaw
B. It tends to benefit certain subgroups of patients disproportionately.
not mention
C. It routinely reveals new variables in research on entirely new treatments.
it's "new variables are likely to increase" so it's a rountinely
D. It can be made more accurate by limiting the amount of information researchers collect.
It's about the reaserchers can evalute the efficiency for diverse patients, either the proposed one or the former experiment is more accurate is not mentioned
E. It cannot be free of the risk that significant variables may be overlooked.
significant variables = facts relavent to a study; since there is always the risk, it therefore cannot be "free"
我认为选D，整个第一段就是在说limiting the amount of information researchers collect可以improve medical research.
Although limiting information collection could increase the risk that researchers will overlook facts relevant to a study
这句话只是表示作者的一个让步语气，说尽管limiting information collection 可能导致一些和研究相关的事实被忽略。
但是作者马上强调Frazier and Mosteller contend that such risk, nerver entirely eliminable from research, would still be small in most studies
总的说，作者认为采用limiting information collection 可以improve medical research，尽管存在忽略一些事实的风险，但是风险不大，
To be disscussing...........
原来选B，后来仔细看了原文，B肯定错，B的意思“医疗调查本身比例不均匀地有利于特定病人子集”，无论医疗调查本身如何，跟治疗结果是没有关系的。
根本不用考虑D，“限制数据收集使调查更精确”，原文提到地是“风险不可避免”，就是说“至少不会更精确”。
赞成E。significant不是致命因素，因为它修饰的是variable即原文的facts而不是risk，与原文相符合。
C的定位在L16--18,注意ONLY这个词!
所以ROUTINELY是错的!
我坚决支持C！
没错C的定位在L16-18，请再仔细读一下这句话。
理由如下：
1）only不能否定C的正确性。C的句意基本符合L16-18。
C: It (medical research) routinely reveals new variables in research on entirely new treatments.
医疗研究常常在对全新医疗法的研究中揭示出新的变量。
L16-18: Only in research on entirely new treatments are new and unexpected variables likely to arise.
只有在对全新医疗法的研究中，新的且未料到的变量才很可能出现。
请问这两句话有实质上的矛盾吗？routinely对应的是likely（很可能的），C中少了L16-18的only，加上或去掉only，实际意思都一样。
It (medical research) routinely reveals new variables (only) in research on entirely new treatments.
2) L16-18是一句倒装句，是ETS的爱用考点，考一下大家有没有读懂这句话。
3) E的错误正如大家讨论的，错在significant。
我也选D
medical research could be improved by
a move toward larger, simpler clinical
Line trials of medical treatments.
并没不是指more accurate.
medical research could be improved by
a move toward larger, simpler clinical
Line trials of medical treatments.
并没不是指more accurate.
up
我支持 C
我也选了C，又没NN可帮忙解答下？？赞成E。significant不是致命因素，因为它修饰的是variable即原文的facts而不是risk，与原文相符合。
同意！small risk 是指忽略significant variables的风险小
支持C。ETS不可能在E上犯这么明显的错误：原文明明说的是such risk (overlook fact relevant to a study)would be small in most studies, 在选项上就会变成 The research cannot be freed of the risk that significant variables may be overlooked ?? significant这个词，既在原文中无对应，又非常重，我不信ETS放这么个词在这里是粗心。
C为什么对，26楼的同学解释得很好，支持！！！
我也是b,e当中抉择了半天，选了B>_<
始终觉得e当中的significant有问题。 但是c当中，把likely to换成routinely显然是错的，rountinely有always的含义，但是likely to只是表示有可能，这两者概念完全不同。 我觉得要找答案应该找和原文概念以及程度都匹配选项才对。这里B，C显然程度都不匹配，相当于出现了新概念，怎么能说是according to原文呢？
虽然我也觉得B很别扭，可是就是找不到一个强烈的理由说服我选E。
有没有NN来解释一下阿，困惑中
同意！small risk 是指忽略significant variables的风险小
说的太精辟了.大家静心考虑一下,KATHY说的一阵见血!! E correct
I chose C when I was doing GWD. But when I compared the passage with the choices again, I preferred E.
"Only in research on entirely new treatments are new and unexpected variables likely to arise. " - C. It routinely reveals new variables in research on entirely new treatments.
C changes something likely happen to routinely happen, an unacceptable change.
"Although limiting information collection could increase the risk that researchers will overlook facts relevant to a study, Frazier and Mosteller contend that such risk, never entirely eliminable from research, would still be small in most studies. " - E. It cannot be freed of the risk that significant variables may be overlooked.
E adds "significant" to the "facts relevant to a study", then plays a trick by saying "may" to make this choice consistent with the sentence in the passage. Risk of overlooking "facts relevant to a study" cannot be eliminated from research and the "facts" "may" include the "significant variables". How tricky the ETS is! LET'S BEAT IT DOWN!!!
顶
晕了都
我原来选D的，现在想了想，也觉得应该选E了。有没有人知道第五题？
thkx
支持E.
选C应该是不对的。Only in research on entirely new treatments are new and unexpected variables likely to arise.
是likely to arise.所以不可能是routinely.
Q4：肯定是选D。
首先大家要搞清题目问的方式，问的是：
1、According to the passage.根据OG11对此类题目的要求是：The phrase "according to the passage" indicates that the necessary information is explicitly stated but not implied in the passage，只不过表述的方式稍有不同而已。
2、F and M believe which of the following about medical research?
结合以上两点，D正确。
1、文章第一句就说F and M assert(believe) that medical research could be improved(be made more accurate) by a move toward larger, simpler clinical trials.
2、大家对be improved=be made more accurate有争论，我们继续看第二段的第一句话：Frazier and Mosteller propose not only that researchers limit data collection on individual patients but also that researchers enroll more patients in clinical trials。第二段说要扩大病人的范围按年龄细分啊什么之类的，目的就是为了提高medical research的准确性，即more accurate.一个not only...but also把整篇文章串了起来，很好的表述了F和M的观点了。
E肯定错。见原文13-16句话：Frazier and Mosteller contend that such risk, nerver entirely eliminable from research, would still be small in most studies. 而E选项说的是significant,完全跟F和M认为的small相反。
B肯定错。According to the passage, 选项disproportionately这个词从何而来呢。再者，B选项已经是个infer题了，超出本题作为support题的要求了。
欢迎拍砖！
Frazier and Mosteller contend
that such risk, never entirely eliminable
(15) from research, would still be small in most
studies. Only in research on entirely new
treatments are new and unexpected variables
likely to arise.
原文是说：对于大多数研究来说，risk是small的，排除了research on entirely new treatments的情况，所以我认为E中的significant是对research on entirely new treatments来说的。 open to discussing. treatments来说的。 open to discussing.
treatments的情况，所以我认为E中的significant是对research on entirely new treatments来说的。 open to discussing.
treatments来说的。
open to discussing.
这个正是我想说的，不过，我认为，如果是没有改进的medical research，B就有道理了，因为选取的样本都是没有其它病的，所以由此得出的treatment对这些人最有效
D肯定不对，Line10说到"Although limiting information collection could increase the risk"，从这句就可以看出D说反了，应该是more inaccurate。虽然文章后面又说到"such risk ... would still be small in most studies"，这也顶多说明risk没有太大变化，medical research is almost as accurate as before，绝不可能是more accurate
E没有问题，significant variables就是原文的factors relevant to a study，更何况还有一个may be，强调了可能性，所以significant的说法是对的
To be discussed ...
我怎么还是觉得D正确？
Q4：肯定是选D。
首先大家要搞清题目问的方式，问的是：
1、According to the passage.根据OG11对此类题目的要求是：The phrase "according to the passage" indicates that the necessary information is explicitly stated but not implied in the passage，只不过表述的方式稍有不同而已。
2、F and M believe which of the following about medical research?
结合以上两点，D正确。
1、文章第一句就说F and M assert(believe) that medical research could be improved(be made more accurate) by a move toward larger, simpler clinical trials.
2、大家对be improved=be made more accurate有争论，我们继续看第二段的第一句话：Frazier and Mosteller propose not only that researchers limit data collection on individual patients but also that researchers enroll more patients in clinical trials。第二段说要扩大病人的范围按年龄细分啊什么之类的，目的就是为了提高medical research的准确性，即more accurate.一个not only...but also把整篇文章串了起来，很好的表述了F和M的观点了。
E肯定错。见原文13-16句话：Frazier and Mosteller contend that such risk, nerver entirely eliminable from research, would still be small in most studies. 而E选项说的是significant,完全跟F和M认为的small相反。
B肯定错。According to the passage, 选项disproportionately这个词从何而来呢。再者，B选项已经是个infer题了，超出本题作为support题的要求了。
欢迎拍砖！
支持D.
这么多争论，看来这题是测试用题
B，C，D，E答案都有人选
我觉得B首先排出因为不是直接according to passage的
C，D，E都有明显的关键词上的争论
C， rountinely --> likely?
D, Accurate -- > improved ？
E, significant -- > small ？
我自己做题时选了C但是现在还是不确定哪个答案
的确看晕了。这道题难在没有特别符合的选项，要根据推导才能作出艰难选择。但是，正因为推导，不同人的理解造成了不同的争论。也正式因为要推导，才让一个according to的题目变得匪夷所思。
说说我的理解吧，也不知道对不对。钻研这几个选项，觉得言下之意都挺奇怪的。
一；E选项的意思：It cannot be freed of the risk that significant variables may be overlooked. 医学研究不可能完全避免
重大（医疗）变数会被忽视的risk。
即重大风险还是不会忽视的。
而原文：
Although limiting information collection could increase the risk that researchers will overlook facts relevant to a study, Frazier and Mosteller contend that such risk, never entirely eliminable from research, would still be small in most studies.尽管缩小信息收集会增加研究学者忽视fact的risk，但这种risk，F和M认为可以忽略不计，尽管永远不会完全消除。即risk不影响researcher的工作。
难道这两者是一个意思吗？尽管长的很像原文，但是仔细体会意思我还是觉得不太对劲啊～
二；D选项：
It can be made more accurate by limiting the amount of information researchers collect. 意思是limiting这个做法能使medical reaserch更好。（正态度）
再看原文：尽管缩小信息收集会增加研究学者忽视fact的risk，但这种risk，F和M认为可以忽略不计，尽管永远不会完全消除。如果从limiting角度看这句话的话，Although代表“尽管如此，但是……”。所以这句话重心在后半句，所以可以认为言下之意是：risk都可以忽略不计了，那limiting这个做法尽管有缺点，但却是对的。（正态度）
所以比较来看，D从逻辑意思上，比较正确。
哪位大牛出来帮忙啊，急死人啊～
不好意思，发在一条帖子里重复出现，只能分开发了～～～
我第一次做的时候选了E
现在第二次做的时候选了C
依旧迷惑不解中
拙见：
本题很不好选，我也在犹豫。上面讨论主要集中在BCDE四个选项上。
首先排除D，limiting the amount of information researchers collect错，原文第一段说的是limit在每个病人身上的info，但是第二段说的是增加包括的样本，所以amount究竟是增加了还是减少了不知道。其实这就是个乘法，从3*2变成2*3，结果还是6。所以limit不对
再排除C，It routinely reveals new variables in research on entirely new treatments.，原文没有说routinely，说的是在全新的research中才有可能有variable，所以而且likely绝对不等于routinely，likely表示针对每次实验，有一定的可能。routinely表示在几次实验中就必有那么一两次。意思和侧重点都不一样。
E是最难排除的，我觉得关键是variable是否=fact，原文只说了research会有几率overlook fact，但是后面的only说明variable只出现在entirely new treatments中，换句话说，在老的研究中overlook的可能不是variable，所以E的说法其实是无关的，它把原文出现在不同地方的几个词给整合到了一起。
B很多朋友说没有原文支持，其实恰恰B有很多原文支持，只不过很长，我们忽略了，比如disproportionately，原文的说法是a more representative sample of the total population with
the disease（23-24），subgroup相信大家也找到了。第二段整个前面部分都说得是对一部分有代表性的人更effecient（benefit），后面就写要加多样本，从而evaluate its effectiveness for different patient subgroups。
从全文的角度讲，B涉及文章中心思想，起码是重要的分论点，E最多是个支持论点的证据，所以我支持B。
这道题区分度太小了。不知道理解的对不对。同时支持nn的说法：B只是针对原先的research的，但私以为这里就是说原先的research。
怎么四个答案都有人选。。。放弃了这题。。。
I chose C when I was doing GWD. But when I compared the passage with the choices again, I preferred E.
"Only in research on entirely new treatments are new and unexpected variables likely to arise. " - C. It routinely reveals new variables in research on entirely new treatments.
C changes something likely happen to routinely happen, an unacceptable change.
"Although limiting information collection could increase the risk that researchers will overlook facts relevant to a study, Frazier and Mosteller contend that such risk, never entirely eliminable from research, would still be small in most studies. " - E. It cannot be freed of the risk that significant variables may be overlooked.
E adds "significant" to the "facts relevant to a study", then plays a trick by saying "may" to make this choice consistent with the sentence in the passage. Risk of overlooking "facts relevant to a study" cannot be eliminated from research and the "facts" "may" include the "significant variables". How tricky the ETS is! LET'S BEAT IT DOWN!!!
I chose C when I was doing GWD. But when I compared the passage with the choices again, I preferred E.
"Only in research on entirely new treatments are new and unexpected variables likely to arise. " - C. It routinely reveals new variables in research on entirely new treatments.
C changes something likely happen to routinely happen, an unacceptable change.
"Although limiting information collection could increase the risk that researchers will overlook facts relevant to a study, Frazier and Mosteller contend that such risk, never entirely eliminable from research, would still be small in most studies. " - E. It cannot be freed of the risk that significant variables may be overlooked.
E adds "significant" to the "facts relevant to a study", then plays a trick by saying "may" to make this choice consistent with the sentence in the passage. Risk of overlooking "facts relevant to a study" cannot be eliminated from research and the "facts" "may" include the "significant variables". How tricky the ETS is! LET'S BEAT IT DOWN!!!
support!!
In addition, D is definitely wrong. "researchers collect far more background information on patients than is strictly required for their trials—substantially more than hospitals collect—thereby escalating costs of data collection, storage, and analysis".it indirectly tell us which aspect is be improved. Because current way is escalating costs, "larger and impler clinical trials of medical treatments" can improve medical research. Therefore, the "more accurate" in D is wrong.
我认为E中的signaficant应该解释为“有意义；有作用的”
也选的D
一开始选择B,不选E也是因为看到significant这个单词，觉得不妥。后来突然想到significant一词在统计上可以解释为“显著”，如果变量不显著，可以直接排除，只有显著的变量才对research结果产生影响。
我也选的D，而且现在看还是觉得D对，因为原文应该在第一段讲的是：提高医学研究靠多一些的临床。然后讲了现在的状况是用了太多从病人处得到的统计数据（而不是通过临床得到的），这个不好费钱，后面有个让步的从句，讲的还是要limit这个的重要性。第二段是F & M的观点的升华部分：扩大临床的医学研究。我认为总的来说：就那么多精力那么多钱，如果想要做到扩大临床，首先能做的就是减少数据统计这部分工作，这是一个步骤性的，至少是必须要做的。不记得哪层说了，although那句话，方向是对的，表明了F & M的观点，而且正面突出应该减少纯数据统计。
而且我也同意,significant太强了，考试就那么一分多钟时间，还要琢磨这个词对应的是不是fact那句话，把它合理化，那真的要折掉一堆人了，这样确实有点infer的意思。
个人的一些观点
同意！small risk 是指忽略significant variables的风险小
顶这个，是说overlook variables的风险小，至于这个variables是怎么样的，都有可能，大的小的，都不可避免的会overlook。
第一次选了E, review 时选了D, 仔细看了看, 还是认为D是对的. 原因如下:
1)从一段首"Frazier and Mosteller assert that medical research could be improved by a move toward larger, simpler clinical trials of medical treatments."
二段首"Frazier and Mosteller propose not only that researchers limit data collection on individual patients but also" 可得知Frazier and Mosteller 的观点与D选项更贴切.
2)E选项是迷惑选项, 给出了significant提醒我们该项是错误的, 因为significant 与一段末的only 所表达的意思南辕北辄.
请NN 指导
我认为选E
虽然文中说larger range of participants可以照顾到更多subgroups 但这并不等于说current medical trials已经benefit certain subgroups disproportionately。 并不是一种取非。所以B种说法并不可靠。
E中虽然significantly不太靠谱，因为文中说只有new treatments才会有new and unexpected variables 但注意选项里有一个might be overlooked. 所以变得正确。
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