[SC总结] 从句, 前面没有逗号的分词, 前面没有逗号的with同为限定性修饰

这三种限定性修饰的区别, 在我看来, 并不是correctiveness的问题. 我不鼓励把它作为解题点, 尽量靠其他明显, 有把握的知识点进行排除.

这个总结的一些观点只取证于OG, 加上我的主观分析, 所以很可能有错. 请大家辩证来看, 帮助完善.

以下例子均取自OG.

A.  对于政府法令的限制修饰(注意不是定语从句), 用现在分词.

100.  Wisconsin, Illinois, Florida, and Minnesota have begun to enforce statewide bans prohibiting landfills to accept leaves, brush, and grass clippings.

(A) prohibiting landfills to accept leaves, brush, and grass clippings
(B) prohibiting that landfills accept leaves, brush, and grass clippings
(C) prohibiting landfills from accepting leaves, brush, and grass clippings
(D) that leaves, brush, and grass clippings cannot be accepted in landfills（C）
(E) that landfills cannot accept leaves, brush, and grass clippings
Prohibiting 限制修饰bans

178.  In the last few years, the number of convicted criminals given community service sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have risen dramatically.

(A) sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have
(B) sentences, performing specific jobs that benefit the public while being allowed to remain unconfined, have
(C) sentences, performing specific jobs beneficial to the public while they are allowed to remain unconfined, have
(D) sentences which allow them to remain unconfined in their performing of specific jobs beneficial to the public has（E）
(E) sentences allowing them to remain unconfined while performing specific jobs that benefit the public has
Allowing限制修饰sentences

在这里必须要注意: 我说的是限制修饰, 而非宾语从句.
130.  In a 5-to-4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that two upstate New York counties owed restitution to three tribes of Oneida Indians for the unlawful seizure of their ancestral lands in the eighteenth century.

(A) that two upstate New York counties owed restitution to three tribes of Oneida Indians for the unlawful seizure of
(B) that two upstate New York counties owed restitution to three tribes of Oneida Indians because of their unlawful seizure of
(C) two upstate New York counties to owe restitution to three tribes of Oneida Indians for their unlawful seizure of
(D) on two upstate New York counties that owed restitution to three tribes of Oneida Indians because they unlawfully seized（A）
(E) on the restitution that two upstate New York counties owed to three tribes of Oneida Indians for the unlawful seizure of
这题的正确答案是A. rule后面that引导的是宾语从句(rule虽然是政府法令, 但它是动词), 而非限制性定语从句. 不要混淆.

B. 分词比从句简洁, 但分词有局限性: 不能跳跃修饰.
178.  In the last few years, the number of convicted criminals given community service sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have risen dramatically.

(A) sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have
(B) sentences, performing specific jobs that benefit the public while being allowed to remain unconfined, have
(C) sentences, performing specific jobs beneficial to the public while they are allowed to remain unconfined, have
(D) sentences which allow them to remain unconfined in their performing of specific jobs beneficial to the public has（E）
(E) sentences allowing them to remain unconfined while performing specific jobs that benefit the public has
In B and C the verb phrases (performing... ) do not clearly modify criminals, because another noun (sentences) intrudes, ...

而定语从句可以跳跃修饰, 也可以就近, 关键看逻辑意思.

114.  From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.
(A) baggage so light
(B) baggage being so light
(C) baggage, yet being so light
(D) baggage, and so light (E)
(E) baggage yet was so light

虽然这是个非限定性定语从句, 但我认为它是代词按逻辑意思指代最经典的例子!

除了以上涉及的, 我没有发现两者之间的其他区别.

C.     with(前面没有逗号)也是限定修饰. 但with有两点禁忌.

1.     with所修饰的名词就是它的逻辑宾语, 后面不可以再补出宾语.
102.  Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott Joplin’s ragtime opera Treemonisha was not produced until 1972, sixty-one years after its completion.
(A) Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged
(B) Except for a concert performance with the composer himself staging it
(C) Besides a concert performance being staged by the composer himself
(D) Excepting a concert performance that the composer himself staged（A）
(E) With the exception of a concert performance with the staging done by the composer himself
B: …and the prepositional phrase containing this participle (with... it) is unidiomatic.

192.  Cajuns speak a dialect brought to southern Louisiana by the four thousand Acadians who migrated there in 1755; their language is basically seventeenth-century French to which has been added English, Spanish, and Italian words.
(A) to which has been added English, Spanish, and Italian words
(B) added to which is English, Spanish, and Italian words
(C) to which English, Spanish, and Italian words have been added
(D) with English, Spanish, and Italian words having been added to it（C）
(E) and, in addition, English, Spanish, and Italian words are added
虽然这里OG没有对D中with…it的结构提出质疑, 但我相信这也是错误的原因之一.

2.        当把with放在句末做修饰的时候要很小心, 因为with既可以做修饰, 又可以做伴随, 所以会有歧义.

212. The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.

(A) aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving
(B) aimed at the decreasing of operating costs and to improve
(C) aiming at the decreasing of operating costs and improving
(D) the aim of which is the decreasing of operating costs and improving（A）
(E) with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve
Also, with the aim... improve can easily be construed as referring to the Baldrick Manufacturing Company and so does not refer unequivocally to policy.With在句子的谓语动词之后, 特别是在句末, 跟在名词后面, 很容易引起歧义, 因为分不清究竟限定修饰名词, 还是做谓语的伴随.

但当with前面的名词是特指, 不可以被限定性修饰, 这个禁忌就不存在.

56. Architects and stonemasons, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport.

(A)  huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport
(B)   without the benefits of animal transport or the wheel, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya
(C)  the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the benefit of animal transport or the wheel
(D)  there were built, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, huge palace and temple clusters by the Maya  (C)
(E)   were the Maya who, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, built huge palace and temple clusters
这个without没有歧义, 肯定做伴随. 因为the Maya不可能被限定(Maya人就是Maya人, 不能说什么样的Maya人造了…言下之意, 还有另外一部分Maya人没有参与建造, 而句子本身要表达的意思是整体Maya人, 即使要对其进行修饰, 也只能是非限定性修饰.) 另外还有一些因为是特指而不会引起歧义的例子:

今天头一直很晕, 再加上总结的很仓促, 请大家斧正.

MM总结的很好，建议加精！语法区应该多些对单独考点的讨论，这样大家对容易混淆、容易错的考点会有更深的认识。

对MM总结的内容提出一些额外信息和更正，同样是我个人理解，供讨论：

携隐补充：分词短语的修饰歧义还在于它既可以作定语修饰就近的名词，也可以作状语修饰主句的谓语。

携隐补充：本题我觉得不是跳跃修饰，本题的with small...可以视为一个插入语，而插入语是可以去掉而完全不影响句子意思和结构的。因此这里的which可以视为直接跟在a canoe后面，对这个which从句来说，最近的名词就是canoe。

携隐补充：除了我第一点中提到的重复性和一次性的区别，白勇的书里还有说，当涉及到完成时态时，分词短语必须转化为定语从句。就是说，当出现having done的分词短语，必须改为which have done的定语从句。

携隐补充：本题中，with是介词，介词后面只能跟名词或ing分词，而本题的B跟了“名词＋ing＋代词”这样的形式，所以OG解释说是unidiomatic的。

携隐补充：本题我认为with的用法没有错，with后面跟的是English，Spanish，and Italian words这个名词短语，而后面的having  been added to it是修饰前面这个名词短语的。我前面说过了，分词短语不可以用在完成时上，having been added是错的。

携隐补充：一般来说，修饰成分是形容词、分词短语和定语从句，主要还是考分词短语和定语从句，如果考介词短语修饰语的话，一般是考修饰歧义（介词短语到底是作定语还是作状语）。这是我个人感觉，MM可以继续总结看看。

感谢，薰衣紫草mm的总结和携隐mm的添砖加瓦

又一个经典的总结

个人观点, 请多指教: 我并不认为分词就一定代表延续, 而从句就一定是一次性. 在GMAT中, 我觉得两者在意思上没有明显的区别.

OG199. Because the Earth's crust is more solid there and thus better able to transmit shock waves, an earthquake of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern United States than it does in the West.

(A) of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern United States than it does in the West

(B) of a given magnitude will typically devastate 100 times the area if it occurs in the eastern United States instead of the West

(C) will typically devastate 100 times the area in the eastern United States than one of comparable magnitude occurring in the West

(D) in the eastern United States will typically devastate an area 100 times greater than will a quake of comparable magnitude occurring in the West (D)

(E) that occurs in the eastern United States will typically devastate 100 times more area than if it occurred with comparable magnitude in the West

正确答案中的occuring若按照延续性或"状态"是讲不通的. 地震不可能一直发生. 但政府法令却可以自成一类用分词. 我觉得是基于以下原因:

象importance, need, necessity这样的词后面若有修饰不能用that, 只能用of. 因为that是说明性的, 而of是限定性的. importance, need, necessity本身的意思足够明确, 不用在进一步说明, 而只能限定. 比如我们只能说....样的需要, 却不能说需要这个概念本身是什么. 需要就是需要, 不用解释. 同样. 一个法令比如说ban, ban本身就告诉我们这是一个禁令. 我们不用解释禁令是什么意思, 大家都知道, 但用分词的时候却起了修饰的作用, 告诉我们内容是什么.