Gwd 8 25-28

代楼主贴出文章。刚才写了近1小时，将每句话分析了一下，唉，忘了及时保存，可惜啊。只好再简单讲讲吧。

Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution (5) to a debate that encompasses two
lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.
1段1句，点题。同时持正评价。指出科技历史学和科技社会学中的两个生动命题：唯科技主义和社会结构主义。

Clark makes the point that the char-(10) acteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization.
1段2句，克拉克观点。

Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organ-
(15) ization.
1段3句，进一步详细阐述。

Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social (20) choices.
1段4句，提出对立人物布雷沃曼的对立观点。

For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers.
1段5句，布雷沃曼观点。

Technological change is (25) construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery.
1段6句，深入阐述布雷沃曼观点。

This position represents (30) the new mainstream called social constructivism.
1段7句，指出布雷沃曼观点即社会结构主义的新兴主流观点。

The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are (35) supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society.
1段8句，开始指出社会结构主义的错误理解。

The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside (40) society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
1段9句，指出其对科技的错误认识。

Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments.
2段1句，克拉克从两方面进行批驳。

Theoretically he (45) defines “technology” in terms of relationships between social and technical variables.
2段2句，克拉克给出理论定义，驳斥1段9句的错误。

Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery (50) is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance.
2段3句，继续理论批判。

At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone (55) exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semielectronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of (60) workers.
2段4句，在实践方面，给出电话交换机的例子。

Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the (65) capabilities and nature of the technology itself.
2段5句，对于上面例证的有关分析。

Thus Clark helps answer the question: “When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?”
2段6句，给出正评价，卡拉卡回答了核心问题。

全文脉络清晰，卡拉卡主张科技主导，并从理论和时间方面驳斥了布雷沃曼为代表的社会结构主义的错误主张，重要错误在于将科技脱离于社会之外。

非常清楚了，谢谢。

我怎么会看不懂的呢？搞不懂。

The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside (40) society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
1段9句，指出其对科技的错误认识。

我在看这篇文章的时候就是被这一句话乱了方寸，the alternative to constructivism被我当成了techonlogy determinism，现在明白这里指得应该是constructivism的另外一个错误的理解，其实和上面那句是对称的哦。鬼子的文章可能就是比较追求形式！

我刚刚做了这篇，做的一塌糊涂错3个。我也没看懂。

终于看明白了。本文值得好好读即便。。。

对了，那个ALTERNATIVE TO THE CONSTRUCTIVISM，竟然是指他们错认为……的意思？？？

请教一下这篇的27，28

GWD-8-Q27:

The author of the passage uses the expression “are supposed to” in lines 34-35 primarily in order to

A. suggest that a contention made by constructivists regarding determinists is Inaccurate

B. define the generally accepted position of determinists regarding the implementation of technology

C. engage in speculation about the motivations of determinists

D. lend support to a comment critical of the position of determinists

E. contrast the historical position of determinists with their position regarding the exchange modernization

答案b,我a

GWD-8-Q28:

Which of the following statements about the modernization of the telephone exchange is supported by information in the passage?

A. The new technology reduced the role of managers in labor negotiations.

B. The modernization was implemented without the consent of the employees directly affected by it.

C. The modernization had an impact that went significantly beyond maintenance routines.

D. Some of the maintenance workers felt victimized by the new technology.

E. The modernization gave credence to the view of advocates of social constructivism.

答案c， 美在原为找到

同问。。。

我觉得27也是A。如果那个supposed to 后面的定义是generally accepted的话，怎么会可能被误解。是consturctivist曲解了对方的意思。所以supposed to做应该是来解释。。。

Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance.请教各位NN，这句话是什么意思啊？

以下是引用questionmark在2005-4-8 18:54:00的发言：

Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance.请教各位NN，这句话是什么意思啊？

把科技的含义简化为冰冷坚硬的金属的试图注定是要失败的，因为机器不过是小碎片除非它被有机的组合起来且被正确的操作系统和维护所支持。