GWD 12-5

The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity，the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences.  

第一句说明了Tulving的概念，即“episodic memory”是专属于人类的，这种能力不仅指简单利用过去的信息，而且指能将信息综合成对过去事件的再现。

Subsequently, Clayton et al developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals.  

第二句，Clayton等人则试图定义动物的episodic memory。其实这里的动物的episodic memory已与Tulving 所指的人类的“episodic memory”有些不同了，是在原来基础上，进一步发展的新认知。而本文就是强调介绍了这种新认知。

According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together.  

第三句，进一步阐述了新认知中对episodic memories的理解标准，实际上在此标准方面和Tulving基本没有区别。即都确认了“简单利用过去信息”和“将信息综合成对过去事件再现”这两种能力。

Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information.  

第四句是说Clayton力求对scrub jays的两种能力进行实验确认。

In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity.  

第五句介绍这些鸟的特点，即能反映物体、地点和时间这三方面信息。

Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event.  

第六句介绍实验内容。

Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another.  

第七句介绍实验标的物。

Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly.

第八句介绍鸟的偏好差异。

Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when.

第九句是说鸟的偏好反映其对不同物体、地点和时间的确认能力，即第一种能力。

Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.

第十句是说实验并不能证明鸟表现了第二种能力。

Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory.

第十一句是说Clayton也承认这一点实验缺陷，从而将这种记忆能力进一步定义为“episodic-like” memory，而其论点未发生根本转变

由上述，可将文章分为层次，第1句是提出一个概念。第2、3句提出文章中心论题。第4－9句是说实验情况。第10、11提出实验的缺陷。

Q4:

The primary purpose of the passage is to(是选Ｂ　吗)

A.     explain how the findings of a particular experiment have been interpreted and offer an alternative interpretation. 没有其他解释出现，只是一种修正罢了。

B.     describe a particular experiment and point out one of its limitations. 文章重点就是对新的认知进行论述。

3. present similarities between human memory and animal memory，不是以此为主题，主题是鸟类的episodic memory。
   

4. point out a flaw in the argument that a certain capacity is uniquely human. 没有指出第一人论点的缺陷。
   

所以，建议答案为B。

Q7: (a 还是e)

It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements? 相同点。第一人是，第二人是

1. Animals’ abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory. 第一人是，第二人是。
   

2. Animals do not share humans’ abilities to reexperience the past through memory. 第一人是，第二人基本否。
   

3. The accuracy of animals’ memories is difficult to determine through direct experimentation. 第一人无，第二人否。
   

4. Humans tend to recollect single bits of information more accurately than do animals. 第一人无，第二人无
   

5. The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory。第一人否，第二人否
   

所以，建议答案为A。

以上请指正。