GWD-1-28

Q25 to Q28:

      Recently biologists have been

            interested in a tide-associated

            periodic behavior displayed by

Line     the diatom Hantzschia virgata, a

  (5)      microscopic golden-brown alga that

inhabits that portion of a shoreline

washed by tides (the intertidal zone).

Diatoms of this species, sometimes

called “commuter” diatoms, remain

(10)     burrowed in the sand during high

tide, and emerge on the sand sur-

face during the daytime low tide.

Just before the sand is inundated by

the rising tide, the diatoms burrow

(15)     again.  Some scientists hypothesize

that commuter diatoms know that it

is low tide because they sense an

environmental change, such as an

alteration in temperature or a change

(20)     in pressure caused by tidal move-

            ment.  However, when diatoms are

            observed under constant conditions

in a laboratory, they still display

periodic behavior, continuing to bur-

(25)     row on schedule for several weeks.

This indicates that commuter diatoms,

rather than relying on environmental

cues to keep time, possess an inter-

nal pacemaker or biological clock

(30)     that enables them to anticipate peri-

odic changes in the environment.

A commuter diatom has an unusu-

            ally accurate biological clock, a

consequence of the unrelenting

(35)    environmental pressures to which

it is subjected; any diatoms that do

not burrow before the tide arrives

are washed away.

      This is not to suggest that the

(40)    period of this biological clock is

immutably fixed.  Biologists have

concluded that even though a

diatom does not rely on the envi-

ronment to keep time, environmental

(45)     factors—including changes in the

tide’s hydrostatic pressure, salin-

ity, mechanical agitation, and

temperature—can alter the period

of its biological clock according to

(50)     changes in the tidal cycle.  In short,

the relation between an organism’s

biological clock and its environment

is similar to that between a wristwatch

and its owner:  the owner cannot

(55)     make the watch run faster or slower,

but can reset the hands.  However,

this relation is complicated in intertidal

dwellers such as commuter diatoms

by the fact that these organisms are

(60)     exposed to the solar-day cycle as

well as to the tidal cycle, and some-

times display both solar-day and

tidal periods in a single behavior.

Commuter diatoms, for example,

(65)     emerge only during those low tides

that occur during the day.

1. dispute the influence of environmental factors on the tide-associated behavioral rhythms displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata


2. describe how certain tide-associated behavioral rhythms displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata have changed over time


3. compare tide-associated behavioral rhythms to solar-day behavioral rhythms in the diatom Hantzschia virgata


4. examine how certain biological and environmental influences affect the tide-associated behavioral rhythms displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata


5. identify certain environmental factors that limit the effectiveness of the biological clock in the diatom Hantzschia virgata

确认E，题目问的是写做目的。所以E的identify符合题意。

我觉得选D。

这篇文章应该是包含2个方面的：1 生物钟的作用2 生物钟被环境所调节。

E的主要问题是它只提了第2个方面：环境因素对生物钟的影响。

而且limit effectiveness这个词感觉用的不准确。

我也是在D和E之间徘徊了好久，最终选了E，文章开头科学家针对一个现象提出假说，后来试验反驳了这个假说。进而进一步解释文章开头的现象。题干问写作目的，D和E之间区别很小。我最后排除D就觉得D的这个词examine.觉得E的identify这个词用的好。

不过现在觉得还是D好，examine的意思应该是调查，不是测试，下午把他看成测试了，觉得不对。理解成检查D就非常正确了。

Q15 to Q18; V03-Q23-26

      Why firms adhere to or deviate

            from their strategic plans is poorly

            understood.  However, theory and

Line     limited research suggest that the

  (5)      process through which such plans

emerge may play a part.  In particular,

top management decision-sharing—

consensus-oriented, team-based

decision-making—may increase the

(10)     likelihood that firms will adhere to their

plans, because those involved in the

decision-making may be more com-

mitted to the chosen course of action,

thereby increasing the likelihood that

(15)     organizations will subsequently adhere

to their plans.

      However, the relationship between

top management decision-sharing and

adherence to plans may be affected

(20)     by a firm’s strategic mission (its fun-

            damental approach to increasing

            sales revenue and market share, and

generating cash flow and short-term

profits).  At one end of the strategic

(25)     mission continuum, “build” strategies

are pursued when a firm desires to

increase its market share and is willing

to sacrifice short-term profits to do so.

At the other end, “harvest” strategies

(30)     are used when a firm is willing to

sacrifice marked share for short-term

profitability and cash-flow maximiza-

            tion.  Research and theory suggest

that top management decision-sharing

(35)    may have a more positive relationship

with adherence to plans among firms

with harvest strategies than among

firms with build strategies.  In a study

           of strategic practices in several large

(40)    firms, managers in harvest strategy

scenarios were more able to adhere

to their business plans.  As one of the

managers in the study explained it,

this is partly because “typically all a

(45)     manager has to do when implementing

a harvest strategy is that which was

done last year.”  Additionally, man-

agers under harvest strategies may

have fewer strategic options than do

(50)     those under build strategies; it may

therefore be easier to reach agreement

on a particular course of action

through decision-sharing, which will

in turn tend to promote adherence

(55)     to plans.  Conversely, in a “build”

strategy scenario, individual leader-

ship, rather than decision-sharing,

may promote adherence to plans.

Build strategies—which typically

(60)     require leaders with strong perso-

nal visions for a firm’s future, rather

than the negotiated compromise

of the team-based decision—may

be most closely adhered to when

(65)     implemented in the context of a clear

strategic vision of an individual leader,

rather than through the practice of

decision-sharing.

17:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

1. identify some of the obstacles that make it difficult for firms to adhere to their strategic business plans
2. compare two different theories concerning why firms adhere to or deviate from their strategic plans
3. evaluate the utility of top management decision-sharing as a method of implementing the strategic mission of a business
4. discuss the respective advantages and disadvantages of build and harvest strategies among several large firms
5. examine some of the factors that may affect whether or not firms adhere to their strategic plans

这篇文章的答案选E到是没什么争议的。

最后的定论究竟是啥呀？

E identify certain environmental factors that limit the effectiveness of the biological clock in the diatom Hantzschia virgata

大家不觉得这个太偏激了吗？

我选D，生物和环境都提到了，有什么不好？

郁闷ing....

我认为选D是正确的。这个要从全文理解。

原文作者写了那么多，最终的目的不是为了要identify certain environmental factors的(E答案中that引导从句修饰这个factor，句子的重心在environmental factors),如果是要达到这样的目的，那么开头一般应该提出一种说法说以前有人认为environmental factors是怎样怎样，然后经过作者的调查，identify了一些environmental factors。但这篇文章开头明显是说大家要开始研究这个生物的一些习性啦。然后后面提出有人假设是环境影响，但实验证明环境不是主要影响，主要影响是biological方面的。第二段又说虽然环境不是主要影响因素，但也影响了一些东西。

D答案完美的展现了这两个方面，而且包含全文主要的讨论对象behavioral rhythms displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata，呵呵。

所以D是正确答案

以下是引用rakesun在2005-7-1 23:24:00的发言：

我认为选D是正确的。这个要从全文理解。

原文作者写了那么多，最终的目的不是为了要identify certain environmental factors的(E答案中that引导从句修饰这个factor，句子的重心在environmental factors),如果是要达到这样的目的，那么开头一般应该提出一种说法说以前有人认为environmental factors是怎样怎样，然后经过作者的调查，identify了一些environmental factors。但这篇文章开头明显是说大家要开始研究这个生物的一些习性啦。然后后面提出有人假设是环境影响，但实验证明环境不是主要影响，主要影响是biological方面的。第二段又说虽然环境不是主要影响因素，但也影响了一些东西。

D答案完美的展现了这两个方面，而且包含全文主要的讨论对象behavioral rhythms displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata，呵呵。

所以D是正确答案

高！佩服！

XDF给的蓝皮书上答案是A。

我选的也是A，开篇提到生物学家对通过diatom反应出来的与潮相关的周期性活动很感兴趣。接着一些科学家假设diatoms是对环境因素的变化而作出的反应，打洞，出洞。然而，当diatoms在实验室被观察时发现，它们的活动在平稳的外界环境下仍然保持周期变化。但是，这种周期变化不是永远不变，它受到潮的cycle，solar－day cycle的影响。所以，根据作者写这篇文章的行文思路，我判断作者强调的是但是后面要说的。所以这篇文章的目的是要反对由diatom所反应出来的与潮相关的行为受环境影响。

如有疏漏，请大家指教。

我一开始选D，而且是非常支持D。但是看了楼上的发言，我觉得XDF的答案也值得探讨一下：

根据XDF的理解，本文的套路为新老观点对比。

文章先是提出了一个现象，然后some scientists说这是环境因素造成的。

接着，作者跳出来说however,实验室的结果indicate这是生物钟导致的。

然后，作者又说环境因素也不是一点作用都没有，它也会改变生物钟。

接下来，又一个however,引发出了文章的升华部分——这个关系很复杂，因为还牵涉到了solar-day cycle.

现在看看选项A：dispute the influence of environmental factors on the tide-associated behavioral rhythms displayed by the diatom HV.有道理，即反驳环境因素不是唯一影像因素。

比较一下选项D:examine how certain biological and environmental influences affect the tide-associated behavioral rhythms displaed by the diatom HV.如果说文章的目的是这个，那么文章一开头就会提出这两种影响因素，然后再分别展开说明如何影响。而不会是象本文这种结构了。

请大家都发表一些看法吧！