gwd8-27-28

ncwang2004 · 发表于 2004-11-21 12:10:00

gwd 8 Q27
Jon Clark’s study of the effect of

the modernization of a telephone

exchange on exchange maintenance

work and workers is a solid contribution

(5) to a debate that encompasses two

lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological

determinism and social constructivism.

Clark makes the point that the char-

(10) acteristics of a technology have a

decisive influence on job skills and

work organization. Put more strongly,

technology can be a primary determinant

of social and managerial organ-

(15) ization. Clark believes this possibility

has been obscured by the recent sociological

fashion, exemplified by

Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes

the way machinery reflects social

(20) choices. For Braverman, the shape of

a technological system is subordinate

to the manager’s desire to wrest control

of the labor process from the

workers. Technological change is

(25) construed as the outcome of negotiations

among interested parties who

seek to incorporate their own interests

into the design and configuration of the

machinery. This position represents

(30) the new mainstream called social constructivism.

The constructivists gain acceptance

by misrepresenting technological determinism:

technological determinists are

(35) supposed to believe, for example, that

machinery imposes appropriate forms

of order on society. The alternative to

constructivism, in other words, is to

view technology as existing outside

(40) society, capable of directly influencing

skills and work organization.

Clark refutes the extremes of the

constructivists by both theoretical and

empirical arguments. Theoretically he

(45) defines “technology” in terms of relationships

between social and technical

variables. Attempts to reduce the

meaning of technology to cold, hard

metal are bound to fail, for machinery

(50) is just scrap unless it is organized

functionally and supported by appropriate

systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark

shows how a change at the telephone

(55) exchange from maintenance-intensive

electromechanical switches to semielectronic

switching systems altered

work tasks, skills, training opportunities,

administration, and organization of

(60) workers. Some changes Clark attributes

to the particular way management

and labor unions negotiated the introduction

of the technology, whereas

others are seen as arisi
Jon Clark’s study of the effect of

the modernization of a telephone

exchange on exchange maintenance

work and workers is a solid contribution

(5) to a debate that encompasses two

lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological

determinism and social constructivism.

Clark makes the point that the char-

(10) acteristics of a technology have a

decisive influence on job skills and

work organization. Put more strongly,

technology can be a primary determinant

of social and managerial organ-

(15) ization. Clark believes this possibility

has been obscured by the recent sociological

fashion, exemplified by

Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes

the way machinery reflects social

(20) choices. For Braverman, the shape of

a technological system is subordinate

to the manager’s desire to wrest control

of the labor process from the

workers. Technological change is

(25) construed as the outcome of negotiations

among interested parties who

seek to incorporate their own interests

into the design and configuration of the

machinery. This position represents

(30) the new mainstream called social constructivism.

The constructivists gain acceptance

by misrepresenting technological determinism:

technological determinists are

(35) supposed to believe, for example, that

machinery imposes appropriate forms

of order on society. The alternative to

constructivism, in other words, is to

view technology as existing outside

(40) society, capable of directly influencing

skills and work organization.

Clark refutes the extremes of the

constructivists by both theoretical and

empirical arguments. Theoretically he

(45) defines “technology” in terms of relationships

between social and technical

variables. Attempts to reduce the

meaning of technology to cold, hard

metal are bound to fail, for machinery

(50) is just scrap unless it is organized

functionally and supported by appropriate

systems of operation and maintenance.
At the empirical level Clark

shows how a change at the telephone

(55) exchange from maintenance-intensive

electromechanical switches to semielectronic

switching systems altered

work tasks, skills, training opportunities,

administration, and organization of

(60) workers. Some changes Clark attributes

to the particular way management

and labor unions negotiated the introduction

of the technology, whereas

others are seen as arising from the

(65) capabilities and nature of the technology

itself. Thus Clark helps answer

the question: “When is social choice

decisive and when are the concrete

characteristics of technology more

important?”

ng from the

(65) capabilities and nature of the technology

itself. Thus Clark helps answer

the question: “When is social choice

decisive and when are the concrete

characteristics of technology more

important?”
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Q27:

The author of the passage uses the expression “are supposed to” in lines 34-35 primarily in order to

A. suggest that a contention made by constructivists regarding determinists is inaccurate

B. define the generally accepted position of determinists regarding the implementation of technology

C. engage in speculation about the motivations of determinists

D. lend support to a comment critical of the position of determinists

E. contrast the historical position of determinists with their position regarding the exchange modernization
28. which of the following statements about the modernization of the telephone exchange is supported by information in the passage?
A.      The new technology reduced the role of managers in labor negotiations.
B.      The modernization was implemented without the consent of the employees directly affected by it.
C.      The modernization had an impact that went significantly beyond maintenance routines.
D.      Some of the maintenance workers felt victimized by the new technology.
E.      The modernization gave credence to the view of advocates of social constructivism.
The answer of 27 and 28 is b, c. 我选了a, e.
那位nn 帮忙顶一下!

G-CRACKER · 发表于 2004-11-21 22:20:00

27题，答案可能有误；

藕也选A, 另，甜橙更正的GWD答案这题也选A.

28题E不对，全文都在反驳constructivism. C可以从下面黄色这部分推出来(changes result from modernization)

Some changes Clark attributes

to the particular way management

and labor unions negotiated the introduction

of the technology, whereas

others are seen as arising from the

(65) capabilities and nature of the technology

itself.

BTW, 26题你是怎么选的？原文中只有如下的一段话是关于constructivist gain acceptance 的。

The constructivists gain acceptance

by misrepresenting technological determinism:

technological determinists are

(35) supposed to believe, for example, that

machinery imposes appropriate forms

of order on society.

msfox · 发表于 2004-12-8 23:47:00

26选B。constructivist的理论阻碍了人们对技术作用在社会变革的理解。

tqbiao · 发表于 2005-3-24 17:17:00

感觉28只能用排除法解决呀

小女公子 · 发表于 2005-5-27 23:05:00

28. which of the following statements about the modernization of the telephone exchange is supported by information in the passage?
A.    The new technology reduced the role of managers in labor negotiations.
B.    The modernization was implemented without the consent of the employees directly affected by it.
C.    The modernization had an impact that went significantly beyond maintenance routines.
D.    Some of the maintenance workers felt victimized by the new technology.
E.    The modernization gave credence to the view of advocates of social constructivism.
同问28……虽然用排除法蒙出来了，可是我根本说不上abde四个

选项到底是哪里错了。全是感觉

keepforward · 发表于 2005-6-28 22:01:00

maintenance routines是否指48-50行所指的“硬件", “went significantly beyond" 指的是58-60行所指的“软件”？

大家觉得可以这样理解吗？

wangyu73cn · 发表于 2005-6-29 14:01:00

以下是引用keepforward在2005-6-28 22:01:00的发言：

maintenance routines是否指48-50行所指的“硬件", “went significantly beyond" 指的是58-60行所指的“软件”？

大家觉得可以这样理解吗？

我觉得，楼上这样考虑反映的是一个侧面吧。我看C选项的意思是从文章中全篇反映的。对于楼上提出的部分，补充一下，需要注意此处的结构，从理论和实际层面进行论述了C选项的意思：Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he (45) defines “technology” in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery 50) is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone (55) exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semielectronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of (60) workers.

yukon · 发表于 2005-7-11 11:45:00

菜菜的问题：maintenance routines.如何翻译，什么意思啊？保守的力量？

wangyu73cn · 发表于 2005-7-11 12:30:00

金山：maintenance routine，定期[例行]维护

rosebudxiaojie · 发表于 2005-9-12 15:23:00

27题支持B

The author of the passage uses the expression “are supposed to” 应该,被期望in lines 34-35 primarily in order to

suggest that a contention (争辩,论点)made by constructivists regarding determinists (决定论者)is Inaccurate
define the generally accepted position of determinists regarding the implementation of technology

关键在于理解misrepresent technological determinism:后的misrepresent的具体内容

A和B的差别一是在于到底作者用are supposed to是为了说明决定论者,还是决定论者的观点的,二是Be supposed to是否反映出...inaccurate.

be supposed to为”应该,被期望”的意思.反映不出虚拟的意思,也反映不出…inaccurate这层含义.

inaccurate这层意思是从misrepresent这个词中体现的, 冒号后面的内容已经不是再反映inaccurate而是在说misrepresent的具体内容.这个具体内容就是决定论者是如何认为the implementation of technology的,所以答案是B

选项中regarding后面的内容重点看,这是选项间差别所在

gwd8-27-28

gwd8-27-28

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