gwd12-4---7

Q4 to Q7:

      The term “episodic memory” was

       introduced by Tulving to refer to what he

       considered a uniquely human capacity—

Line       the ability to recollect specific past events,

  (5)       to travel back into the past in one’s own

mind—as distinct from the capacity simply

to use information acquired through past

experiences.  Subsequently, Clayton et al.

developed criteria to test for episodic

(10)      memory in animals.  According to these

criteria, episodic memories are not of

individual bits of information; they involve

multiple components of a single event

“bound” together.  Clayton sought to

(15)      examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate

memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”

information and their binding of this infor-

mation.  In the wild, these birds store food

for retrieval later during periods of food

(20)      scarcity.  Clayton’s experiment required

       jays to remember the type, location, and

       freshness of stored food based on a unique

learning event.  Crickets were stored in one

location and peanuts in another.  Jays

(25)      prefer crickets, but crickets degrade

more quickly.  Clayton’s birds switched

their preference from crickets to peanuts

once the food had been stored for a certain

length of time, showing that they retain

(30)      information about the what, the where,

and the when.  Such experiments cannot,

however, reveal whether the birds were

       reexperiencing the past when retrieving the

information.  Clayton acknowledged this by

using the term “episodic-like” memory.

Q7:

It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements?

Animals’ abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory.

Animals do not share humans’ abilities to reexperience the past through memory.

The accuracy of animals’ memories is difficult to determine through direct experimentation.

Humans tend to recollect single bits of information more accurately than do animals.

The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory.

这两个家伙也没什么共同的观点啊，一个认为episodic-memory是人类特有的，而Clayton et al 这帮人用一个小破鸟做实验，两者不搭界嘛。Clayton et al李不会也包括tulving吧？

请指教

Tulving唯一出现只在这句

The term “episodic memory” was

       introduced by Tulving to refer to what he

       considered a uniquely human capacity—

Line       the ability to recollect specific past events,

  (5)       to travel back into the past in one’s own

mind—as distinct from the capacity simply

to use information acquired through past

experiences.

“episodic memory”这个理论其实也 use information about a specific past event 因为它recollect specific past events

其他选项似乎都可以排除 其实我一开始选了B  

但是后来看了一下  Tulving没有提到动物 更不用说动物与人的差别了

这句话就表明Clayton也不能确认鸟就有跟人一样的episodic memory了。