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Prior to 1975, union efforts to organize public-sector clerical workers, most of whom are women, were somewhat limited. The factors favoring unionization drives seem to have been either the presence of large numbers of workers, as in New York City, to make it worth the effort, or the concentration of small numbers in one or two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively easy. Receptivity to unionization on the workers’ part was also a consideration, but when there were large numbers involved or the clerical workers were the only unorganized group in a jurisdiction, the multi-occupational unions would often try to organize them regardless of the workers’ initial receptivity. The strategic reasoning was based,2 first, on the concern that politicians and administrators might play off (to set in opposition for one's own gain从中渔利；在…之间挑拨离间) unionized against non-unionized workers, and, second, on the conviction that a fully unionized public work force meant power, both at the bargaining table and in the legislature2. In localities where clerical workers were few in number, were scattered in several workplaces, and expressed no interest in being organized, unions more often than not ignored them in the pre-1975 period.

一个工会的1975年之前工作---〉如此工作的2个原因---〉第3个原因，but引出第三个原因不被重视的原因---〉“新”原因的2个assumption---〉举例补充说明

But since the mid-1970’s, a different strategy has emerged. In 1977, 34 percent of government clerical workers were represented by a labor organization, compared with 46 percent of government professionals, 44 percent of government blue-collar workers, and 41 percent of government service workers.1 Since then, however, the biggest increases in public-sector unionization have been among clerical workers. Between 1977 and 1980, the number of unionized government workers in blue-collar and service occupations increased only about 1.5 percent, while in the white-collar occupations the increase was 20 percent and among clerical workers in particular, the increase was 22 percent.

1975年工会工作出现转变---〉举例1977年，小列举---〉大对比，1977-1980---〉举例1977-1980，小对比

What accounts for this upsurge in unionization among clerical workers? First, mor-e women have entered the work force in the past few years, and more of them plan to remain working until retirement age. Consequently, they are probably more concerned than their predecessors were about job security and economic benefits. Also, the women’s movement has succeeded in legitimizing the economic and political activism of women on their own behalf, thereby producing a more positive attitude toward unions. The absence of any comparable increase in unionization among private-sector clerical workers, however, identifies the primary catalyst—the structural change in the multi-occupational public-sector unions themselves. Over the past twenty years, the occupational distribution in these unions has been steadily shifting from predominantly blue-collar to predominantly white-collar. Because there are far more women in white-collar jobs, an increase in the proportion of female members has accompanied the occupational shift and has altered union policy-making in favor of organizing women and addressing women’s issues.

变化原因---〉原因一，因果句---〉原因二，also引出---〉

我对黄颜色的地方的意思和作用都非常迷惑，是为了指出工会新方法中的一个缺陷吗？通过和私人***的对比？那白的那块呢和黄颜色的有什么关系？还是和黄颜色之前的有关系？荤菜了~~~

谢谢大家。

这是说明工会变化的原因

其中最主要的原因是结构的变化  通过与私人公司对比 来通过最主要的原因是结构的变化

paopao,你能为我解释的详细一点吗？

这段开头用问句引出问题，接着用两个列举，first和also来说明原因，回答了提问。

但是黄颜色的也是原因吗？是和前两个原因并列的原因吗？我感觉上是在说了两个好原因之后开始说不好的东东了，白色和不好的有关，但我感觉自己很混乱，理不清楚~~~

谢谢。

这一段讲的是原因

原因一 更多妇女进入

原因二  女权运动

原因三  结构转变

结果

全文结构我讲过, 你查查

一.二段合起来是个大现象.

3段解释现象.

What accounts for this upsurge in unionization among clerical workers? First, mor-e women have entered the work force in the past few years, and more of them plan to remain working until retirement age. Consequently, they are probably more concerned than their predecessors were about job security and economic benefits. Also, the women’s movement has succeeded in legitimizing the economic and political activism of women on their own behalf, thereby producing a more positive attitude toward unions.(第一个解释) The absence of any comparable increase in unionization among private-sector clerical workers, however, identifies the primary catalyst—the structural change in the multi-occupational public-sector unions themselves(缺乏private-sector的comparable increase,所有解释一不对!). Over the past twenty years, the occupational distribution in these unions has been steadily shifting from predominantly blue-collar to predominantly white-collar. Because there are far more women in white-collar jobs, an increase in the proportion of female members has accompanied the occupational shift and has altered union policy-making in favor of organizing women and addressing women’s issues.(解释二)

清楚了，哈！谢谢谢谢斑竹！我以后会先查贴子的。