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[讨论]gwd28-3-6

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楼主
发表于 2005-9-1 19:20:00 | 只看该作者

[讨论]gwd28-3-6

 
這是28篇
幫幫忙吧
我下星期就要考了
大家討論討論
 
28-passage one
Social learning in animals is said to occur when direct or indirect social
 interaction facilitates the acquisition of a novel behavior. It usually takes 
the form of an experienced animal (the demonstrator) performing a 
behavior such that the naïve animal (the observer) subsequently 
expresses the same behavior sooner, or more completely, than it would
 have otherwise. One example of social learning is the acquisition of
 preferences for novel foods. Some experiments have suggested that 
among mammals, social learning facilitates the identification of beneficial
 food items, but that among birds, social learning helps animals avoid toxic 
substances. For example, one study showed that when red-wing blackbirds 
observed others consuming a colored food (30) or a food in a distinctly
 marked container and then becoming ill, they subsequently avoided food 
associated with that color (35) or container. Another experiment showed that house sparrows consumed less red food after they observed others eating (40) red food that was treated so as to be noxious.  Studies on non-avian species have not produced similar results, leading researchers to speculate that avian social learning may be fundamentally different from that of mammals.
But Sherwin's recent (50) experiments with domestic hens do not support 
the notion that avian social learning necessarily facilitates aversion to novel 
(55) foods that are noxious or toxic. Even when demonstrator hens reacted
 with obvious disgust to a specific food, via vigorous head (60) shaking and 
bill wiping, there was no evidence that observers subsequently avoided eating 
that food. Sherwin's research team speculated that ecological or social constraints
 during the evolution of this species might have resulted in there being little benefit
 from the social learning of atability, for instance, selective
 pressures for this mode of learning would be reduced if the birds rarely encountered 
noxious or toxic food or rarely interacted after eating such food, or if the consequences
 of ingestion were minimal. (80) In a related experiment the same researchers showed
 that if observer hens watched demonstrator hens react favorably to food of a particular color, then observer hens ate more food of that color than they ate of food of other colors. These results confirmed that avian species can develop preferences for palatable food through social learning.





28-3: The primary purpose of the passage is to discuss the


A: techniques used in certain experiments on social learning in birds


B: reasons for the differences between social learning in birds and in mammals


C: question of how social learning manifests itself in birds


D: basis for a widespread belief about a difference in behavior between birds and mammals


E: possible reasons why birds may or may not learn from each other in a particular way



28-4: missing


28-5: According to the passage, which of the following is true of the experiments on domestic hens conducted by Sherwin’s research team?


A: Only a small number of observer hens appeared to learn to avoid food that was demonstrated by other hens to be noxious.


B: Observer hens ingested food preferentially only after numerous instances of witnessing demonstrator hens preferentially ingest that type of food.


C: Observer hens appeared unable to recognize when demonstrator hens found a particular food especially palatable.


D: Observer hens appeared unable to recognize when demonstrator hens found a particular food especially palatable.


E: Demonstrator hens altered their behavior less obviously in response to noxious foods than in response to highly palatable foods.





沙发
发表于 2005-11-6 20:02:00 | 只看该作者
板凳
发表于 2006-9-25 20:06:00 | 只看该作者
大人,文章都不一样的说
地板
发表于 2007-8-31 20:08:00 | 只看该作者
up
5#
发表于 2007-8-31 20:22:00 | 只看该作者
怎么没人讨论啊,三题里面我错了两题
后来想想,又有点通了,原来那个hen也属于birds啊......
文章是主要在研究birds的social learning
1p:介绍了social learning
2p:提出了一个关于birds的观点---旧观点
3p:转折,提出新观点
第一题就解决了
第二题是不是因为文中提到:even when demonstrator hens reacted with obvious disgust to...,...也就是说事实上hens反应没有那么明显.
剩下的那四个选项都找不到对应的
第三题做对了,可从最后一段得到
[此贴子已经被作者于2007-8-31 20:33:26编辑过]
6#
发表于 2008-2-22 14:20:00 | 只看该作者
主要是第二题问那个关于实验的是对的,偶还是觉得A好。第三段里说:Even when demonstrator hens reacted with obvious disgust to a specific food, via vigorous head shaking and bill wiping, there was no evidence that observers subsequently avoided eating that food. 这里直接说明鸡对讨厌的食物是会有强烈反应的。,而且没有证据表明其他鸡也学会了避开这些食物
A: Only a small number of observer hens appeared to learn to avoid food that was demonstrated by other hens to be noxious。 反过来想,如果有很多鸡都避开讨厌的食物,那就说明鸡是可以学会避开讨厌的食物的,和文中的结论显然不符。正因为只有少数鸡不吃这类食物,才说明证据不足啊
E. Demonstrator hens altered their behavior less obviously in response to noxious foods than in response to highly palatable foods。文中只提到鸡对讨厌食物的反应。再提到对可口食物的反应时,只是说“react favorably ”,丝毫没有提到反应的程度。所以不能说鸡对可口食物的反应要更明显。
所以偶选A.
7#
发表于 2008-3-31 21:16:00 | 只看该作者
第二题我选了D    Demonstrator hens reacted
adversely to ingesting certain novel foods, 文章里面说
Even when demonstrator hens reacted with obvious disgust to a specific food, via vigorous head shaking and bill wiping,
正好是paraphrase, reacted with obvious disgust to a specific food = reacted adversely to ingesting certain novel foods.
楼上选的A我也考虑过, 尽管有道理, 但毕竟文章里面没有提到
8#
发表于 2008-4-13 23:33:00 | 只看该作者
第二题我也选了D,想法和楼上的一样。不明白哪里有hens对两种食物的反应程度的对应?
9#
发表于 2008-8-4 14:05:00 | 只看该作者

28-3: The primary purpose of the passage is to discuss the

A: techniques used in certain experiments on social learning in birds

B: reasons for the differences between social learning in birds and in mammals

C: question of how social learning manifests itself in birds

D: basis for a widespread belief about a difference in behavior between birds and mammals

E: possible reasons why birds may or may not learn from each other in a particular way

我做这个有问题:为什么选C呢?哪里有question呢?请指导!:) 
10#
发表于 2008-8-5 10:41:00 | 只看该作者

up up,同问同问

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