求教OG-87-置疑答案和自己

20. In tests for pironoma, a serious disease, a false positive result indicates that people have pironoma when, in fact, they do not; a false negative result indicates that people do not have pironoma when, in fact, they do. To detect pironoma most accurately, physicians should use the laboratory test that has the lowest proportion of false positive results.

Which of the following, if true, gives the most support to the recommendation above?

(A) The accepted treatment for pironoma does not have damaging side effects.

(B) The laboratory test that has the lowest proportion of false positive results causes the same minor side effects as do the other laboratory tests used to detect pironoma.

(C) In treating pironoma patients, it is essential to begin treatment as early as possible, since even a week of delay can result in loss of life.

(D) The proportion of inconclusive test results is equal for all laboratory tests used to detect pironoma.

(E) All laboratory tests to detect pironoma have the same proportion of false negative results.

看了OG的解释还是不明白.

偶总是觉得, 这个题目没有说明. 给的答案是E. 那么就是说所有的FALSE NEGATIVE结果一样, 但是没有说比FALSE POSITIVE 的结果比例高或者低. 这个是个常常的错啊!!!!!

另外, 上面很多条件没有用到. 偶选的是A. A这个其实是个ASSUMPTION啊...取非的话, 结论就完全不成立了!!!!如果the accepted treatment for P does have damaging side effects 的话, 那么一定是宁愿错过一千个有病的, 不能误诊一个啊...

解释里面说A, C是无关选项...极度郁闷!!!!

这题属于典型的目的论.  为了...., 应该怎么样. 教你个办法. 所有与目的不干的,必不时正确答案.

比如说A,  如果A 正确,题目要改成 TO AVOID THE SIDE EFFECT.... 之类的.  题目要求的是正确率.

哎哟....偶想想看ING. 嗯, 还没有想通哩. 明天再看看.

谢谢BRYONY哥哥先

并祝考试顺利

mm,这题我是从意思上解的，偶不懂别的方法，你看看这样有没有帮助：

正确率最高，意味着错误率最低，错误率包括了f/n 和f/p两种，如果f/n 不变，那么f/p越小，总的错误率也越小.

题目以外：当然f/n & f/p同时变小，那么总的错误率当然更小，但是题目没有这样的选项 。

如何？给我答复吧。

懂了这个. 真的懂了. 目的论!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

hidden premise是

1. 肯定有这个目的---dreadpower哥哥的帖子里面的例子2就是这个典型!

http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&ID=45853&page=1

2.这个方法是必须的, 关键性的

支持: 别的方法不好, 不准, 没法比较

而且此题是"支持" 只要有支持作用就可以!!!!!只要说出一点点别的方法的弱点就是支持了

嘻嘻, 懂了就好. 差不多就这样了.反正, 万变不离其宗.

等偶考完了来总结总结.

赫赫, 如果考的不好,偶就

嗯, 目的论和方法论偶有些笨笨的分不清楚....能不能请GG再讲讲

OG118

118. According to a review of 61 studies of patients suffering from severely debilitating depression, a large majority of the patients reported that missing a night’s sleep immediately lifted their depression. Yet sleep-deprivation is not used to treat depression even though the conventional treatments, which use drugs and electric shocks, often have serious side effects.

Which of the following, if true, best explains the fact that sleep-deprivation is not used as a treatment for depression?

(A) For a small percentage of depressed patients, missing a night’s sleep induces a temporary sense of euphoria.

(B) Keeping depressed patients awake is more difficult than keeping awake people who are not depressed.

(C) Prolonged loss of sleep can lead to temporary impairment of judgment comparable to that induced by consuming several ounces of alcohol.

(D) The dramatic shifts in mood connected with sleep and wakefulness have not been traced to particularchanges in brain chemistry.

(E) Depression returns in full force as soon as the patient sleeps for even a few minutes.

这个应该也是目的论. 嗯, 这个目的就是treat depression.  E就是否定了方法正确性. 不能实现目的的方法. 所以选E.

A和目的无关.

B是方法容易不容易做到, 和方法本身的正确性无关

C方法有没有其他的好作用, 坏反映, 和此方法与目的的关系无关

D更加是无关的东东.

题目偶是对了. 可是想理解的好些

请求指教.

og-114. The more frequently employees take time to exercise during working hours each week, the fewer sick days they take. Even employees who exercise only once a week during working hours take less sick time than those who do not exercise. Therefore, if companies started fitness programs, the absentee rate in those companies would decrease significantly.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

(A) Employees who exercise during working hours occasionally fall asleep for short periods of time after they exercise.

(B) Employees who are frequently absent are the least likely to cooperate with or to join a corporate fitness program.

(C) Employees who exercise only once a week in their company’s fitness program usually also exercise after work.

(D) Employees who exercise in their company’s fitness program use their working time no more productively than those who do not exercise.

(E) Employees who exercise during working hours take slightly longer lunch breaks than employees who do not exercise.

这个题目偶理解是A-B模式的方法论. 方法companies started fitness programs. 方法本身的正确性已经证明了. 问题就是方法是不是可行

E选项就是指出, 方法虽然好, 但是方法不能作用在该去作用的人头上, 那么就是方法不能实现那个目的. 这里就是方法的可行性. 不要求方法的唯一性.

请求指教

也就是说, 论证就是

现象==>(唯一的解释)==>

解释==>有所评价==>

目的==>找effective的方法==>

方法==>考虑能不能作用在target上面==>

达到目的==>进行==>

归纳总结==>推广归纳出的经验===>

新的现象===>重新一轮的解释, 目的, 方法, 应用, 归纳......

???