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GWD5-Q9 to Q12:

      Behavior science courses should

       be gaining prominence in business

       school curricula.  Recent theoretical

Line       work convincingly shows why behav-

  (5)      ioral factors such as organizational

culture and employee relations are

among the few remaining sources of

sustainable competitive advantage in

modern organizations.  Furthermore,（表递进方向一致略读）

 (10)      empirical evidence demonstrates

clear linkages between human

resource (HR) practices based in

the behavioral sciences and various

aspects of a firm’s financial success.

 (15)      Additionally, some of the world’s most

successful organizations have made

unique HR practices a core element

of their overall business strategies.

这一段主要讲behavior science 课程应该加到business school 的课程里，原因是它是the few remaining sources of sustainable competitive advantage in modern organizations .

      Yet
            (说明新的观点出现)the behavior sciences

 (20)      are struggling for credibility in many

business schools.  Surveys show

that business students often regard

behavioral studies as peripheral to

       the mainstream business curriculum.

 (25)      This perception can be explained by

the fact that business students, hoping

to increase their attractiveness to

prospective employers, are highly

sensitive to business norms and

 (30)      practices, and current business

practices have generally been

moving away from an emphasis on

       understanding human behavior and

toward more mechanistic organiza-

 (35)      tional models.  Furthermore, the

       status of HR professionals within

organizations tends to be lower

than that of other executives.

这一段描述了behavior sciences现在在business school的状况不好，一方面学生不关注，课程也不强调，另一方面公司里HR的地位也lower than executive

      Students’ perceptions would

 (40)      matter less if business schools

were not increasingly dependent on

external funding—form legislatures,

businesses, and private foundations—

for survival.  Concerned with their

 (45)      institutions’ ability to attract funding,

administrators are increasingly tar-

geting low-enrollment courses and

degree programs for elimination.
                

因为学校依赖external funding，所以学生对课程的接受程度很重要，那些被选较少的课程被学校审查之类的（我的理解啊）

（最后一段是结论段）

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Q9:

The primary purpose of the passage is to                                

1. propose a particular change to business school curricula  ( A为什么不对？)
2. characterize students’ perceptions of business school curricula
3. predict the consequences of a particular change in business school curricula
4. challenge one explanation for the failure to adopt a particular change in business school curricula
5. identify factors that have affected the prestige of a particular field in business school curricula分析影响商学院一特定领域课程的声望的因素，，，

这题我二次做错的原因：

好好想想文章的中心，从建议加到因为重要，到但是学生不喜欢，总结所以学生喜不喜欢才决定加不加，所以本文并不是在强调这门课程怎么样，而是强调结论什么决定是否加课程，所以在做主旨题的时候一定要注意but/yet/however转折之后的新观点，和作者的观点到底在哪儿，则主旨题的答案应包括那部分。

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Q10:

The author of the passage mentions “empirical evidence” (line 10) primarily in order to

1. question the value of certain commonly used HR practices
2. illustrate a point about the methodology behind recent theoretical work in the behavioral sciences
3. support a claim about the importance that business schools should place on courses in the behavioral sciences
4. draw a distinction between two different factors that affect the financial success of a business
5. explain how the behavioral sciences have shaped HR practices in some business organizations
                   （没说怎么样shape ）
                   

behaviors science are  the few remaining sources of sustainable competitive advantage in modern organizations .

empirical evidence demonstrates
            clear linkages between human
            resource (HR) practices based in
            the behavioral sciences and various
            aspects of a firm’s financial success.

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Q11:

The author of the passage suggests which of the following about HR professionals in business organizations?

1. They are generally skeptical about the value of mechanistic organizational models.
2. Their work increasingly relies on an understanding of human behavior.
3. Their work generally has little effect on the financial performance of those organizations.
4. Their status relative to other business executives affects the attitude of business school students toward the behavioral sciences.
5. Their practices are unaffected by the relative prominence of the behavioral sciences within business schools.

Furthermore, the status of
                HR professionals within organizations tends to be lower than that of other executives.

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Q12:

The author of the passage considers each of the following to be a factor that has contributed to the prevailing attitude in business schools toward the behavioral sciences EXCEPT

1. business students’ sensitivity to current business norms and practices
2. the relative status of HR professionals among business executives
3. business schools’ reliance on legislatures, businesses, and private foundations for funding
4. businesses’ tendency to value mechanistic organizational models over an understanding of human behavior

5. theoretical work on the relationship between behavioral factors and a firm’s financial performance (根本不会影响)

GWD5-Q22 to Q25:

      Most pre-1990 literature on busi-

       nesses’ use of information technology

       (IT)—defined as any form of computer-

Line       based information system—focused on

  (5)      spectacular IT successes and reflected

a general optimism concerning IT’s poten-

tial as a resource for creating competitive

advantage.  But toward the end of the

1980’s, some economists spoke of a

 (10)      “productivity paradox”:  despite 让步词后边就可以猜出stagnated的意思huge IT

investments, most notably in the service

sectors, productivity stagnated.  In the

retail industry, for example（举例快速略读）, in which IT

had been widely adopted during the

 (15)      1980’s, productivity (average output per

hour) rose at an average annual rate of

1.1 percent between 1973 and 1989, com-

pared with 2.4 percent in the preceding

25-year period. //
                Proponents of IT argued

 (20)      that it takes both time and a critical mass

       of investment for IT to yield benefits, and

       some suggested that growth figures for

the 1990’s proved these benefits were

finally being realized.  They also argued

 (25)      that measures of productivity ignore what

would have happened without investments

in IT—productivity gains might have been

even lower.  There were even claims that

IT had improved the performance of the

 (30)      service sector significantly, although mac-

roeconomic measures of productivity did

not reflect the improvement.

这一段主要说1990之前IT本认为是一种带来竞争优势的资源，但是自80代之后，提出“productivity paradox”论点，并论证
            正/反

      But some observers questioned why,

       if IT had conferred economic value, it did

 (35)      not produce direct competitive advantages

for individual firms.  Resource-based

theory offers an answer, asserting that,

in general, firms gain competitive advan-

tages by accumulating resources that are

 (40)      economically valuable, relatively scarce,

and not easily replicated.  According to

a recent study of retail firms, which con-

firmed that IT has become pervasive

and relatively easy to acquire, IT by

 (45)      itself appeared to have conferred little

advantage.  In fact, though little evidence

of any direct effect was found, the fre-

quent negative correlations between IT

and performance suggested that IT had

 (50)      probably weakened some firms’ compet-

itive positions.  However, firms’ human

resources, in and of themselves, did

explain improved performance, and

some firms gained IT-related advan-

 (55)      tages by merging IT with complementary

resources, particularly human resources.

The findings support the notion, founded

in resource-based theory, that competi-

tive advantages do not arise from easily

 (60)      replicated resources, no matter how

impressive or economically valuable

they may be, but from complex, intan-

gible resources.

质疑如果IT能够经济价值那为什么不为企业直接产生竞争优势呢？答案resource based theory 解释的竞争优势来自于一些复杂无形的资源

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GWD5-Q22:

The passage is primarily concerned with

1. describing a resource and indicating various methods used to study it
2. presenting a theory and offering an opposing point of view
                   （B为什么不对）
3. providing an explanation for unexpected findings
4. demonstrating why a particular theory is unfounded
5. resolving a disagreement regarding the uses of a technology

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GWD5-Q23:

The passage suggests that proponents of resource-based theory would be likely to explain IT’s inability to produce direct competitive advantages for individual firms by pointing out that

1. IT is not a resource that is difficult to obtain

2. IT is not an economically valuable resource
3. IT is a complex, intangible resource
4. economic progress has resulted from IT only in the service sector
5. changes brought about by IT cannot be detected by macroeconomic measures

Resource-based
            theory offers an answer, asserting that,
            in general, firms gain competitive advantages by accumulating resources that are
            economically valuable, relatively scarce,
            and not easily replicated.  According to
            a recent study of retail firms, which confirmed that IT has become pervasive
            and relatively easy to acquire

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GWD5-Q24:

The author of the passage discusses productivity in the retail industry in the first paragraph primarily in order to

1. suggest a way in which IT can be used to create a competitive advantage
2. provide an illustration of the “productivity paradox”
3. emphasize the practical value of the introduction of IT
4. cite an industry in which productivity did not stagnate during the 1980’s
5. counter the argument that IT could potentially create competitive advantage

But toward the end of the
            1980’s, some economists spoke of a “productivity paradox”:  despite huge IT
            investments, most notably in the service
            sectors, productivity stagnated. .  In the
            retail industry, for example

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GWD5-Q25:

According to the passage, most pre-1990 literature on businesses’ use of IT included which of the following?
                

1. Recommendations regarding effective ways to use IT to gain competitive advantage
2. Explanations of the advantages and disadvantages of adopting IT
3. Information about ways in which IT combined with human resources could be used to increase competitive advantage
4. A warning regarding the negative effect on competitive advantage that would occur if IT were not adopted
5. A belief in the likelihood of increased competitive advantage for firms using IT

Most pre-1990 literature on businesses’ use of information technology(IT)—defined as any form of computer
            based information system—focused on
                spectacular IT successes and reflected
                    a general optimism concerning IT’s potential as a resource for creating competitive
                    advantage. 

GWD5-Q35 to Q37:

      Even more than mountainside slides

       of mud or snow, naturally occurring forest

       fires promote the survival of aspen trees.

Line       Aspens’ need for fire may seem illogical

  (5)      since aspens are particularly vulnerable

to fires; whereas the bark of most trees

consists of dead cells, the aspen’s bark

is a living, functioning tissue that—along

with the rest of the tree—succumbs quickly

(10)         to fire.
                ( 自然山火促进Aspens 的生长，树皮的原因)

      The explanation is that each aspen,

while appearing to exist separately as

a single tree, is in fact only the stem or

shoot of a far larger organism.  A group

 (15)      of thousands of aspens can actually

constitute a single organism, called a

clone, that shares an interconnected root

system and a unique set of genes.  Thus,

when one aspen—a single stem—dies,

 (20)      the entire clone is affected.  While alive,

a stem sends hormones into the root

system to suppress formation of further

stems.  But when the stem dies, its

       hormone signal also ceases.  If a clone

 (25)      loses many stems simultaneously, the

resulting hormonal imbalance triggers a

huge increase in new, rapidly growing

shoots that can outnumber the ones

destroyed.  An aspen grove needs to

 (30)      experience fire or some other disturbance

regularly, or it will fail to regenerate and

spread.  Instead, coniferous trees will

       invade the aspen grove’s borders and

increasingly block out sunlight needed by

the aspens.

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GWD5-Q35:

The primary purpose of the passage is to explain the

1. qualities that make a particular organism unique
2. evolutionary change undergone by a particular organism
3. reasons that a phenomenon benefits a particular organism

4. way in which two particular organisms compete for a resource
5. means by which a particular organism has been able to survive in a barren region

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GWD5-Q36:

It can be inferred from the passage that when aspen groves experience a “disturbance” (line 30), such a disturbance

1. leads to a hormonal imbalance within an aspen clone
2. provides soil conditions that are favorable for new shoots
3. thins out aspen groves that have become overly dense
4. suppresses the formation of too many new aspen stems
5. protects aspen groves by primarily destroying coniferous trees rather than aspens

If a clone
            loses many stems simultaneously, the
            resulting hormonal imbalance triggers a
            huge increase in new, rapidly growing
            shoots that can outnumber the ones

destroyed.

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GWD5-Q37:

The author of the passage refers to “the bark of most trees” (line 6) most likely in order to emphasize the

1. vulnerability of aspens to damage from fire when compared to other trees
2. rapidity with which trees other than aspens succumb to destruction by fire
3. relatively great degree of difficulty with which aspens catch on fire when compared to other trees
4. difference in appearance between the bark of aspens and that of other trees
5. benefits of fire to the survival of various types of trees

Aspens’ need for fire may seem illogical
            since aspens are particularly vulnerable
            to fires; whereas the bark of most trees
            consists of dead cells, the aspen’s bark
            is a living, functioning tissue that—along
            with the rest of the tree—succumbs quickly
            to fire

GWD6-Q5 to Q7:

      According to a theory advanced

       by researcher Paul Martin, the wave

       of species extinctions that occurred

Line       in North America about 11,000 years

  (5)      ago, at the end of the Pleistocene era,

can be directly attributed to the arrival

of humans, i.e., the Paleoindians, who

were ancestors of modern Native

Americans.  However（转折新的观点出现）, anthropologist

 (10)      Shepard Krech points out that large

animal species vanished even in areas

where there is no evidence to demon-

strate that Paleoindians hunted them.

Nor were extinctions confined to large

 (15)      animals:  small animals, plants, and

insects disappeared, presumably not

all through human consumption.  Krech

also contradicts Martin’s exclusion of

climatic change as an explanation by

 (20)      asserting that widespread climatic

       change did indeed occur at the end of

       the Pleistocene.  Still, Krech attributes

secondary if not primary responsibility

for the extinctions to the Paleoindians,

 (25)      arguing that humans have produced

local extinctions elsewhere.  But,

according to historian Richard White,

even the attribution of secondary

responsibility may not be supported

 (30)      by the evidence.  White observes that

Martin’s thesis depends on coinciding

dates for the arrival of humans and the

       decline of large animal species, and

Krech, though aware that the dates

 (35)      are controversial, does not challenge

them; yet recent archaeological

discoveries are providing evidence

that the date of human arrival was

much earlier than 11,000 years ago.

M认为某物种的消失是因为人类的出现，但是K提出有些地方不是没有人类的消耗造成的物种消失，同时也质疑了M的天气原因的解释，而把arrival of human作为secondary responsibility， W更进一步质疑，W发现M的理论依据的日期有问题

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Q5:

Which of the following is true about Martin’s theory, as that theory is described in the passage?

1. It assumes that the Paleoindians were primarily dependent on hunting for survival.(我错误选了这个，问中没提到是我自己引申了)
2. It denies that the Pleistocene species extinctions were caused by climate change.
3. It uses as evidence the fact that humans have produced local extinctions in other situations. K的观点
4. It attempts to address the controversy over the date of human arrival in North America.
5. It admits the possibility that factors other than the arrival of humans played a role in the Pleistocene extinctions.

Answer:

that widespread climatic
            change did indeed occur at the end of
            the Pleistocene. 

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Q6:

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken Krech’s objections to Martin’s theory?

1. Further studies showing that the climatic change that occurred at the end of the Pleistocene era was even more severe and widespread than was previously believed
2. New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals, plants, and insects that became extinct
3. Additional evidence indicating that widespread climatic change occurred not only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras
4. Researchers’ discoveries that many more species became extinct in North America at the end of the Pleistocene era than was previously believed
5. New discoveries establishing that both the arrival of humans in North America and the wave of Pleistocene extinctions took place much earlier than 11,000 years ago

Nor were extinctions confined to large animals:
            small animals, plants, and insects disappeared, presumably not
            all through human consumption.

Answer:

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GWD6-Q7:

In the last sentence of the passage, the author refers to “recent archaeological discoveries” (lines 36-37) most probably in order to

1. refute White’s suggestion that neither Maritn nor Krech adequately account for Paleoindians’ contributions to the Pleistocene extinctions
2. cast doubt on the possibility that a more definitive theory regarding the causes of the Pleistocene extinctions may be forthcoming
3. suggest that Martin’s, Krech’s, and White’s theories regarding the Pleistocene extinctions are all open to question
4. call attention to the most controversial aspect of all the current theories regarding the Pleistocene extinctions
5. provide support for White’s questioning of both Martin’s and Krech’s positions regarding the role of Paleoindians in the Pleistocene extinctions

Answer:

White observes that Martin’s thesis depends on coinciding dates for the arrival of humans and the decline of large animal species, and Krech, though aware that the dates are controversial, does not challenge them; yet recent archaeological discoveries are providing evidence that the date of human arrival was much earlier than 11,000 years ago.

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GWD6-Q9 to Q12:

      The sloth bear, an insect-eating

       animal native to Nepal, exhibits only one

       behavior that is truly distinct from that of

Line       other bear species:  the females carry

  (5)      their cubs (at least part-time) until the

cubs are about nine months old, even

though the cubs can walk on their own

at six months.  Cub-carrying also occurs

among some other myrmecophagous

 (10)      (ant-eating) mammals; therefore, one

explanation is that cub-carrying is

necessitated by myrmecophagy, since

myrmecophagy entails a low metabolic

rate and high energy expenditure in

 (15)      walking between food patches.  How-

ever, although polar bears’ locomotion

is similarly inefficient, polar bear cubs

walk along with their mother.  Further-

more, the daily movements of sloth

 (20)      bears and American black bears—

       which are similar in size to sloth bears

       and have similar-sized home ranges—

reveal similar travel rates and distances,

suggesting that if black bear cubs are

 (25)      able to keep up with their mother, so

too should sloth bear cubs.

描述现象sloth bear carry their cubs ,解释原因 M有这种行为原因是high energy expenditure .又类比polar bear ,原因不成立，又解释black bear

      An alternative explanation is defense

from predation.  Black bear cubs use

trees for defense, whereas brown bears

 (30)      and polar bears, which regularly inhabit

treeless environments, rely on aggres-

sion to protect their cubs.  Like brown

       bears and polar bears (and unlike other

myrmecophagous mammals, which are

 (35)
                   noted for their passivity), sloth bears

are easily provoked to aggression.

Sloth bears also have relatively large

canine teeth, which appear to be more

functional for fighting than for foraging.

 (40)     Like brown bears and polar bears,

sloth bears may have evolved in an

environment with few trees.  They are

especially attracted to food-rich

grasslands; although few grasslands

 (45)      persist today on the Indian subcontinent,

this type of habitat was once wide-

spread there.  Grasslands support

high densities of tigers, which fight and

sometimes kill sloth bears; sloth bears

 (50)      also coexist with and have been killed

by tree-climbing leopards, and are often

confronted and chased by rhinoceroses

and elephants, which can topple trees.

Collectively these factors probably

 (55)      selected against tree-climbing as a

defensive strategy for sloth bear cubs.

Because sloth bears are smaller than

brown and polar bears and are under

greater threat from dangerous animals,

 (60)      they may have adopted the extra pre-

caution of carrying their cubs.  Although

cub-carrying may also be adoptive for

myrmecophagous foraging, the behavior

of sloth bear cubs, which climb on their

 (65)      mother’s back at the first sign of danger,

suggests that predation was a key

stimulus.
                

解释原因—defense from predation

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Q9:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

1. trace the development of a particular behavioral characteristic of the sloth bear
2. explore possible explanations for a particular behavioral characteristic of the sloth bear
3. compare the defensive strategies of sloth bear cubs to the defensive strategies of cubs of other bear species
4. describe how certain behavioral characteristics of the sloth bear differ from those of other myrmecophagous mammals
5. provide an alternative to a generally accepted explanation of a particular behavioral characteristic of myrmecophagous mammals

Answer:

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Q10:

The author mentions rhinoceroses and elephants (lines 52-53) primarily in order to

1. explain why sloth bears are not successful foragers in grassland habitats
2. identify the predators that have had the most influence on the behavior of sloth bears
3. suggest a possible reason that sloth bear cubs
                       do not use
                       tree-climbing as a defense
4. provide examples of predators that were once widespread across the Indian subcontinent
5. defend the assertion that sloth bears are under greater threat from dangerous animals than are other bear species（这个是举所有的包括老虎，豹还有其他的威胁的所有例子的作用，而不是这里问题问的举例“犀牛和大象”的作用

Answer:

Grasslands support
            high densities of tigers, which fight and
            sometimes kill sloth bears; sloth bears
            also coexist with and have been killed
            by tree-climbing
            leopards, and are often
            confronted and chased by rhinoceroses
            and elephants, which can topple trees.
                Collectively these factors probably
            selected against
            tree-climbing as a
            defensive strategy for sloth bear cubs.

举例作用题不应该错，紧跟上下文的论证关系

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GWD6-Q11:

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s argument in lines 18-26 (“Furthermore … sloth bear cubs”)?

1. Cub-carrying behavior has been observed in many non-myrmecophagous mammals.
2. Many of the largest myrmecophagous mammals do not typically exhibit cub-carrying behavior.
3. Some sloth bears have home ranges that are smaller in size than the average home ranges of black bears.
4. The locomotion of black bears is significantly more efficient than the locomotion of sloth bears.
5. The habitat of black bears consists of terrain that is significantly more varied than that of the habitat of sloth bears.
                   （E为什么不对？）

Answer:

Furthermore, the daily movements of sloth
            bears and American black bears—which are similar in size to sloth bears
            and have similar-sized home ranges—reveal similar travel rates and distances,
            suggesting that if black bear cubs are
            able to keep up with their mother, so
            too should sloth bear cubs.

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GWD6-Q12:

Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a way in which brown bears and sloth bears are similar?

1. They tend to become aggressive when provoked.
2. They live almost exclusively in treeless environments.
3. They are preyed upon by animals that can climb or topple trees.
4. They are inefficient in their locomotion.
5. They have relatively large canine teeth.

Answer:

Like brown
            bears and polar bears (and unlike other
            myrmecophagous mammals, which are
            noted for their passivity), sloth bears
            are easily provoked to aggression

GWD6-Q23 to Q26:

      Diamonds are almost impos-

       sible to detect directly because they

       are so rare:  very rich kimberlite

Line       pipes, the routes through which

  (5)      diamonds rise, may contain only

three carats of diamonds per ton

of kimberlite.  Kimberlite begins as

magma in Earth’s mantle (the layer

between the crust and the core).  As

 (10)      the magma smashes through layers

of rock, it rips out debris, creating

a mix of liquid and solid material.

Some of the solid material it brings

up may come from a so-called

 (15)      diamond-stability field, where condi-

tions of pressure and temperature

are conducive to the formation of

diamonds. If diamonds are to sur-

vive, though, they must shoot toward

 (20)      Earth’s surface quickly.  Otherwise,

       they revert to graphite or burn.
            （diamond地下的形成过程）

       Explorers seeking diamonds look

for specks of “indicator minerals”

peculiar to the mantle but carried up

 (25)      in greater quantities than diamonds

and eroded out of kimberlite pipes

into the surrounding land.  The stan-

dard ones are garnets, chromites,

and ilmenites.  One can spend years

 (30)      searching for indicators and tracing

them back to the pipes that are their

source; however, 90 percent of

       kimberlite pipes found this way are

barren of diamonds, and the rest

(35)       are usually too sparse to mine.

 ( 这一段主要讲dimond稀少，每吨K才3克拉dimond，分析dimond形成过程，explorer 寻找indicator minerals”，但这并不是一个成功的途径)

      In the 1970’s the process of

locating profitable pipes was refined

by focusing on the subtle differ-

ences between the chemical

 (40)     signatures of indicator minerals

found in diamond-rich pipes as

opposed to those found in barren

pipes.  For example, G10 garnets,

a type of garnet typically found in

 (45)      diamond-rich pipes, are lower in

calcium and higher in chrome than

garnets from barren pipes.  Geo-

chemists John Gurney showed that

garnets with this composition were

 (50)      formed only in the diamond-stability

field; more commonly found ver-

sions came from elsewhere in the

mantle.  Gurney also found that

though ilmenites did not form in the

 (55)      diamond-stability field, there was a

link useful for prospectors:  when

the iron in ilmenite was highly

oxidized, its source pipe rarely

contained any diamonds.  He rea-

 (60)      soned that iron took on more or less

oxygen in response to conditions in

the kimberlitic magma itself—mainly

in response to heat and the avail-

able oxygen.  When iron became

 (65)      highly oxidized, so did diamonds;

that is, they vaporized into carbon

dioxide.

通过分析indicator minerals的成分重新定义locating profitable。举例论证

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GWD6-Q23:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

1. discuss an objection to Gurney’s theories about the uses of indicator minerals
2. explore the formation of diamonds and the reasons for their scarcity
                   （不是主要的）
3. analyze the importance of kimberlite pipes in the formation of diamonds
4. define the characteristics of indicator minerals under differing conditions
5. explain a method of determining whether kimberlite pipes are likely to contain diamonds

Answer:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD6-Q24:

Each of the following is mentioned in the passage as a difference between G10 garnet and other versions of garnet EXCEPT

1. level of oxidation
2. commonness of occurrence

3. chemical signature

4. place of formation

5. appearance in conjunction with diamonds

Answer:

are lower in
            calcium and higher in chrome than
            garnets from barren pipes

that
            garnets with this composition were
            formed only in the diamond-stability
            field; more commonly found versions came from elsewhere in the
            mantle.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD6-Q25:

The passage suggests that the presence of G10 garnet in a kimberlite pipe indicates that

1. the pipe in which the garnet is found has a 90% chance of containing diamonds
2. the levels of calcium and chrome in the pipe are conducive to（有益于） diamond formation
3. the pipe passed through a diamond-stability field and thus may contain diamonds
4. any diamonds the pipe contains would not have come from the diamond-stability field
5. the pipe’s temperature was so high that it oxidized any diamonds the pipe might have contained（这是说下边铁的）

Answer:

1这题错的原因一方面是不理解be conductive to的意思，一方面没有考虑suggest这样的题很可能不是单纯的细节

are lower in
            calcium and higher in chrome than
            garnets from barren pipes

that
            garnets with this composition were
            formed only in the diamond-stability
            field; more commonly found versions came from elsewhere in the
            mantle.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD6-Q26:

According to the passage, Gurney refined the use of ilmenites in prospecting for diamonds in which of the following ways?

1. He found that ilmenites are brought up from the mantle by kimberlite pipes and erode out into the surrounding land in greater quantities than diamonds.
2. He found that since ilmenites do not form in the diamond-stability field, their presence indicates the absence of diamonds.
3. He showed that highly oxidized iron content in ilmenites indicates a low survival rate for diamonds.
4. He found that when the iron in ilmenites is highly oxidized, conditions in the magma were probably conducive to the formation of diamonds.
5. He showed that ilmenites take on more or less oxygen in the kimberlite pipe depending on the concentration of diamonds.

Answer:

When
            the iron in ilmenite was highly
            oxidized, its source pipe rarely
            contained any diamonds.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD6-Q35 to Q37:

(The following is excerpted from material written

in 1992.)

      Many researchers regard Thailand’s

       recent economic growth, as reflected by its

       gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates,

Line       as an example of the success of a modern

  (5)      technological development strategy based

on the market economics of industrialized

countries.  Yet by focusing solely on aggre-

gate economic growth data as the measure

of Thailand’s development, these research-

 (10)      ers have overlooked
                the economic impact of

rural development projects that improve

people’s daily lives at the village level—

such as the cooperative raising of water

buffalo, improved sanitation, and the devel-

 (15)      opment of food crops both for consumption

and for sale at local markets; such projects

are not adequately reflected in the country’s

GDP.  (Thailand的经济发展是因为工业化，但是却忽视了rural development对经济的影响)

These researchers, influenced by

Robert Heilbroner’s now outdated develop-

 (20)      ment theory, tend to view nontechnological

       development as an obstacle to progress.

       Heilbroner’s theory has become doctrine in

some economics textbooks:  for example,

Monte Palmer disparages nontechnological

 (25)      rural development projects as inhibiting

constructive change. (上述结论受RH的观点影响，RH的观点过时了被批判)

 Yet as Ann Kelleher’s

two recent case studies of the Thai villages

Non Muang and Dong Keng illustrate, the

nontechnological-versus-technological

 (30)      dichotomy can lead researchers not only to

overlook real advances achieved by rural

development projects but also mistakenly to

       conclude that because such advances are

initiated by rural leaders and are based on

 (35)      traditional values and practices, they retard

“real” economic development.
                

（但是，最近的AK的研究也overlook。。。rural development 而且还mistake conclude是因为traditional values and practices

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD6-Q35:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

1. explain the true reasons for the increase in Thailand’s GDP
2. argue for the adoption of certain rural development projects
3. question the value of technological development in Thailand( 这个为什么不对？)
4. criticize certain assumptions about economic development in Thailand
                   （什么是假设？）
5. compare traditional and modern development strategies in Thailand

Answer:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD6-Q36:

It can be inferred from the passage that the term “real” in line 36 most likely refers to economic development that is

1. based on a technological development strategy
2. not necessarily favored by most researchers
3. initiated by rural leader (不是refer 出来的)
4. a reflection of traditional values and practices（不是refer 出来的)
5. difficult to measure statistically

Answer:

mistakenly to
            conclude that because such advances are
            initiated by rural leaders and are based on
            traditional values and practices, they retard
            “real” economic development.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD6-Q37:

The author of the passage cites the work of Palmer in order to give an example of

1. a recent case study of rural development projects in Thai villages
2. current research that has attempted to reassess Thailand’s economic development
3. an economics textbook that views nontechnological development as an obstacle to progress
4. the prevalence of the view that regards nontechnological development as beneficial but inefficient
5. a portrayal of nontechnological development projects as promoting constructive change

Answer:

Heilbroner’s theory has become doctrine in
            some economics textbooks

Monte Palmer disparages nontechnological rural development projects as inhibiting
            constructive change

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD7-Q6 to Q9:

      For many years, theoretical

       economists characterized humans

       as rational beings relentlessly bent

Line       on maximizing purely selfish reward.

  (5)      Results of an experimental economics

study appear to contradict this view,

however.  In the “Ultimatum Game,”

two subjects, who cannot exchange

information, are placed in separate

 (10)      rooms.  One is randomly chosen to

propose how a sum of money, known

to both, should be shared between

them; only one offer, which must

be accepted or rejected without

(15)          negotiation, is allowed.
                

观点说人是rational , selfish，，但是实践证明是相反的，描述试验。。。

      If, in fact, people are selfish and

rational, then the proposer should offer

the smallest possible share, while the

responder should accept any offer,

 (20)      no matter how small:  after all, even

       one dollar is better than nothing.  In

       numerous trials, however, two-thirds

of the offers made were between

40 and 50 percent; only 4 percent

 (25)      were less than 20 percent.  Among

responders, more than half who were

offered less than 20 percent rejected

the offer.  Behavior in the game did not

appreciably depend on the players’

 (30)      sex, age, or education.  Nor did the

amount of money involved play a

significant role:  for instance, in trials

       of the game that were conducted in

Indonesia, the sum to be shared was

 (35)
                    as much as three times the subjects’

average monthly income, and still

responders refused offers that they

deemed too small.

实验if 人是selfish and rational那应该。。。。但是实验中不是

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q6:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

1. provide evidence in support of the view that human beings are essentially rational and selfish

2. use a particular study to challenge the argument that the economic behavior of human beings may be motivated by factors other than selfishness

3. compare certain views about human nature held by theoretical economists with those held by experimental economists

4. describe a study that apparently challenges theoretical economists’ understanding of human economic behavior

5. suggest that researchers may have failed to take into account the impact of certain noneconomic factors in designing a study of human economic behavior

Answer:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q7:

The passage implies that the results of the Ultimatum Game undermine theoretical economists’ characterization of human beings by

1. demonstrating that most people are inclined to try to maximize their own advantage whenever possible

2. indicating that people who do not have the option of negotiating might behave more generously than do those who have the option of negotiating

3. illustrating how people’s economic behavior depends to some extent on how large a sum of money is involved

4. showing that most people instinctively place their own economic self-interest ahead of the interest of strangers

5. suggesting that people’s economic behavior might in part be motivated by factors other than selfishness

Answer:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q8:

The author refers to the sum of one dollar (line 21) in order to

1. question the notion that the amount of money involved significantly affected players’ behavior

2. provide an example of one of the rare offers made by proposers that was less than 20 percent

3. illustrate the rationality of accepting even a very small offer

4. suggest a reason that responders rejected offers that were less than 20 percent

5. challenge the conclusion that a selfish and rational proposer should offer a responder the smallest possible share

Answer:

If, in fact, people are selfish and
            rational, then the proposer should offer
            the smallest possible share, while the
            responder should accept any offer,
            no matter how small:  after all, even
            one dollar is better than nothing

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q9:

All of the following are expressly mentioned in the passage as factors that did not significantly affect players’ behavior EXCEPT the

1. players’ level of schooling

2. amount of money to be shared

3. ages of the players

4. players’ professions

5. genders of the players

Answer:

Behavior in the game did not
            appreciably depend on the players’
            sex, age, or education.  Nor did the
            amount of money involved play a
            significant role

GWD7-Q10 to Q12:

      Linda Kerber argued in the mid-

       1980’s that after the American Revolution

       (1775-1783), an ideology of “republican

Line       motherhood” resulted in a surge of edu-

  (5)      cational opportunities for women in the

United States.  Kerber maintained that

the leaders of the new nation wanted

women to be educated in order to raise

politically virtuous sons.  A virtuous citi-

 (10)      zenry was considered essential to the

success of the country’s republican form

of government; virtue was to be instilled

not only by churches and schools, but

by families, where the mother’s role

 (15)      was crucial.  Thus, according to Kerber,

motherhood became pivotal to the fate

of the republic, providing justification for

an unprecedented attention to female

education.

Linda K的理论，republican motherhood是female有了更多的educational opportunities

 (20)            Introduction of the republican moth-

       erhood thesis dramatically changed

       historiography.  Prior to Kerber’s work,

educational historians barely mentioned

women and girls; Thomas Woody’s 1929

 (25)      work is the notable exception.  Examining

newspaper advertisements for acade-

mies, Woody found that educational

opportunities increased for both girls

and boys around 1750.  Pointing to “An

 (30)      Essay on Woman” (1753) as reflecting

a shift in view, Woody also claimed that

practical education for females had

       many advocates before the Revolution.

Woody’s evidence challenges the notion

 (35)
                    that the Revolution changed attitudes

regarding female education, although it

may have accelerated earlier trends.

Historians’ reliance on Kerber’s “repub-

      lican motherhood” thesis may have

 (40)     obscured the presence of these trends,

making it difficult to determine to what

extent the Revolution really changed

women’s lives.

对第一段的观点进行质疑，Woody （用两个证据1for both girls and boys, 2 female education advocated before Revolution ） challenge 工业革命改变female教育的态度的观点。

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q10:

According to the passage, within the field of educational history, Thomas Woody’s 1929 work was

1. innovative because it relied on newspaper advertisements as evidence

2. exceptional in that it concentrated on the period before the American Revolution

3. unusual in that it focused on educational attitudes rather than on educational practices

4. controversial in its claims regarding educational opportunities for boys

5. atypical in that it examined the education of girls

Answer:

Prior to Kerber’s work,
            educational historians barely mentioned
            women and girls; Thomas Woody’s 1929
            work is the notable exception. 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q11:

According to the passage, Kerber argued that political leaders thought that the form of government adopted by the United States after the American Revolution depended on which of the following for its success?

1. Women assuming the sole responsibility for instilling political virtue in children（绝对词排除）

2. Girls becoming the primary focus of a reformed educational system that emphasized political virtue

3. The family serving as one of the primary means by which children were imbued with political virtue

4. The family assuming many of the functions previously performed by schools and churches

5. Men an women assuming equal responsibility for the management of schools, churches, and the family

Answer:

A virtuous citizenry was considered essential to the
            success of the country’s republican form
            of government;
            virtue was to be instilled
            not only by churches and schools, but
            by families, where the mother’s role
            was crucial. 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q12:

The passage suggests that, with regard to the history of women’s education in the United States, Kerber’s work differs from Woody’s primarily concerning which of the following?

1. The extent to which women were interested in pursuing educational opportunities in the eighteenth century

2. The extent of the support for educational opportunities for girls prior to the American Revolution

3. The extent of public resistance to educational opportunities for women after the American Revolution

4. Whether attitudes toward women’s educational opportunities changed during the eighteenth century

5. Whether women needed to be educated in order to contribute to the success of a republican form of government

Answer:

这题到底是B还是D啊？

Kerber’s “republican motherhood” thesis may have
            obscured the presence of these trends,
            making it difficult to determine to what
            extent the Revolution really changed
            women’s lives.

GWD7-Q22 to Q25:

      Earth’s surface consists of rigid

       plates that are constantly shifting and

       jostling one another.  Plate movements

Line       are the surface expressions of motions

  (5)      in the mantle—the thick shell of rock

that lies between Earth’s crust and its

metallic core.  Although the hot rock of

the mantle is a solid, under the tre-

mendous pressure of the crust and

 (10)      overlying rock of the mantle, it flows like

a viscous liquid.  The mantle’s motions,

analogous to those in a pot of boiling

water, cool the mantle by carrying hot

material to the surface and returning

 (15)      cooler material to the depths.  When

the edge of one plate bends under

another and its cooler material is con-

sumed in the mantle, volcanic activity

occurs as molten lava rises from the

 (20)      downgoing plate and erupts through the

       overlying one.   地球的构造，，，等，，，最终火山活动发生的原因是，，，

             Most volcanoes occur at plate

boundaries.  However, certain “mis-

placed” volcanoes far from plate

 (25)      edges result from a second, indepen-

dent mechanism that cools the deep

interior of Earth.  Because of its prox-

imity to Earth’s core, the rock at the

base of the mantle is much hotter than

 (30)      rock in the upper mantle.  The hotter the

mantle rock is, the less it resists flow-

ing.  Reservoirs of this hot rock collect

       in the base of the mantle.  When a

reservoir is sufficiently large, a sphere

 (35)
                    of this hot rock forces its way up

through the upper mantle to Earth’s

surface, creating a broad bulge in the

topography.  The “mantle plume” thus

      formed, once established, continues to

 (40)     channel hot material from the mantle

base until the reservoir is emptied.

The surface mark of an established

plume is a hot spot—an isolated

region of volcanoes and uplifted terrain

 (45)      located far from the edge of a surface

plate.  Because the source of a hot

spot remains fixed while a surface

plate moves over it, over a long period

of time an active plume creates a chain

 (50)      of volcanoes or volcanic islands, a

track marking the position of the plume

relative to the moving plate.  The natural

history of the Hawaiian island chain

clearly shows the movement of the

Pacific plate over a fixed plume. 

与普通火山不同的一种火山,,聚集。。。 mantle plume

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q22:

The passage is primarily concerned with discussing

1. the composition of Earth’s mantle

2. how the Hawaiian Islands were created

3. what causes Earth’s surface plates to move

4. two different mechanisms by which volcanoes are formed

5. why most volcanoes occur at plate boundaries

Answer:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q23:

It can be inferred from the passage that a chain of volcanoes created by a mantle plume would most likely be characterized by

1. a curved outline

2. constituent volcanoes that differ from each other in age

3. occurrence near a plate boundary where one plate bends under another

4. appearance near many other volcanic chains
                   （B为什么不对啊？）

5. rocks with a wide range of chemical composition

Answer:

Because the source of a hot spot remains fixed while a surface plate moves over it, over a long period of time an active plume creates a chain of volcanoes or volcanic islands,

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q24:

The author’s reference to the Hawaiian Islands serves primarily to

1. provide an example of a type of volcanic activity that does not occur elsewhere

2. identify the evidence initially used to establish that the Pacific plate moves

3. call into question a theory about the source of the volcanoes that created the Hawaiian Islands

4. illustrate the distance from plate edges at which volcanoes typically appear

5. provide an example of how mantle plumes manifest themselves on Earth’s surface

Answer:

The natural history of the Hawaiian island chain clearly shows the movement of the Pacific plate over a fixed plume.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q25:

According to the passage, a hot spot on Earth’s surface is an indication of which of the following?

1. An untapped reservoir of hot rock in the base of the mantle

2. Volcanic activity at the edge of a plate

3. Solid mantle rock under tremendous pressure

4. The occurrence of a phenomenon unique to the Pacific plate

5. A plume of hot mantle rock originating near Earth’s core

Answer:

The surface mark of an established
            plume is a hot spot