【每日阅读训练第四期——速度越障14系列】【14-05】文史哲

映雪瑶渊

依旧是上来先吐槽。
今天的文章好难找啊，看了N多，最后还是让大家做文艺青年好了0.0 （那个啥子的，全是法律文章你们会不会杀了我？）
老规矩，文章从简单到难，内容不会乏味的哦~~哇哈哈哈。
嗯！越障嘛…拒绝剧透，上文章大伙儿加油练习！…
【速度】

【TIME 1】
U.S. soldier survives double arm transplant

A former U.S. soldier who became a quadruple amputee three years ago has received a double arm transplant at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, the hospital said Tuesday.
Brendan M. Marrocco, a 26-year-old infantryman lost four limbs in a 2009 roadside bomb attack in Iraq. Last month, he had the operation performed by a special team led by Johns Hopkins surgeon Andrew Lee.
Marrocco also received the bone marrow cells from the same deceased donor who provided him new arms. The innovative treatment helps his body prevent rejection of the new limbs with minimal anti-rejection drugs, which can cause infection and organ damage.
It is the hospital's first bilateral arm transplant while Marrocco becomes one of seven people in the United States who have undergone successful double hand transplants, according to the hospital's news release.
Marrocco agrees to participate a study of the new anti-rejection regimen. With funding from the Armed Forces Institute of Regenerative Medicine of the U.S. Department of Defense, Lee hopes the study can make the new standard of care for limb and face transplants.
【179】

【TIME 2】
Two Films, Directors Are Top Oscar Contenders

Two iconic filmmakers, Steven Spielberg and Ang Lee, are competing for the most coveted Oscars this year: Best Director and Best Picture. Spielberg’s drama Lincoln has received 12 Oscar nominations, and Ang Lee’s Life of Pi is trailing with 11. It’s unclear who, among the five nominees for Best Director, will win but both Spielberg and Lee have left their mark on contemporary American cinema.
With Lincoln, Steven Spielberg created not only an Oscar-worthy film but a new classic.
Spielberg has been a force in Hollywood for nearly four decades.
His first big success was Jaws, about the hunt for a killer shark off the coast of New York's Long Island. It won three academy awards and established Spielberg as a master of suspense, a title he reclaimed with his science fiction film, Close encounters of the Third Kind.
A few years later, Spielberg returned with E.T. the Extraterrestrial, the poignant story of a boy who befriends an alien stranded on earth. It became the top grossing film of all time.
Other blockbusters, like the Indiana Jones trilogy, followed.
From the adventures, Spielberg turned to historical dramas.
His crowning achievement was the 1993 Holocaust epic, Schindler’s List, based on the story of Oskar Schindler, who risked his life to save more than a thousand Jews from the gas chambers.
The film earned Spielberg his first Academy Awards - for Best Director and Best Picture.
In Saving Private Ryan, Spielberg again focused on the Second World War and won another Academy Award for Best Director.
[262]

【TIME 3】
Now, fifteen years later, with Lincoln, Spielberg is a continuing force in cinema, crafting history for millions of moviegoers.
Ang Lee’s Oscar-nominated film Life of Pi, about an Indian boy adrift with a Bengal tiger, is a visual masterpiece. Lee’s cinematography and special effects make the sea and the kinetic tiger supporting characters.
For Ang Lee, success came late in life.
He won acclaim for his 1995 British period-piece, Sense and Sensibility.
From then on, he became famous for his nuanced treatment of culturally diverse stories.
In 1997, he directed The Ice Storm about dysfunctional families in the affluent New York suburbs.
In 1999, his Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon, about Chinese martial arts, won an Oscar for Best Foreign Language film.
But Lee’s climactic moment came in 2005 with Brokeback Mountain, about the forbidden love between two gay cowboys in the American West. Lee’s tender and poignant story put gay romance into the American mainstream. The film was nominated for Best Picture but lost to another, many say because of its subject matter. Yet, Ang Lee received the Oscar for Best Director.
This year, with Life of Pi, Lee focuses on an Indian family and the universality of faith as a source of strength and courage.
Ang Lee and Steven Spielberg go toe-to-toe as master filmmakers of their generation.
【227】

【TIME 4】
Mona Lisa Travels by Laser, to Space And Back Again

Art buffs are not the only ones intrigued by Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa. In a fun experiment in 2005, a group of researchers from the University of Amsterdam analyzed Mona Lisa’s famous smile. They ran a scanned reproduction of the painting through “emotion recognition” software, which concluded that Mona was precisely 83 percent happy, 9 percent disgusted, 6 percent fearful, 2 percent angry, 1 percent neutral—and completely unsurprised.

In 2010, scientists in France used X-ray fluorescence spectrometry on the painting and found that da Vinci applied layers upon thin layers of glazes and paints to achieve the subject’s flawless complexion. Then, this past year, Italian archaeologists exhumed the skeletal remains of Lisa Gherardini, the suspected sitter for the portrait, in Florence, in hopes of identifying, once and for all, the real Mona Lisa.
And now even NASA has taken an interest in da Vinci’s coy lady.

In an experiment in laser communication, scientists at the Next Generation Satellite Laser Ranging (NGSLR) station at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, beamed a digital image of the Mona Lisa to the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) some 240,000 miles away.

“This is the first time anyone has achieved one-way laser communication at planetary distances,” says David Smith of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in a recent press release. Smith is the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter’s principal investigator.

NASA scientists, up until this point, have used radio waves to track and communicate with satellites traveling outside of Earth’s orbit. Going forward, however, they are considering lasers, which can transmit more data at a faster rate than radio signals.

The LRO, a satellite that has been orbiting the moon and mapping its surface since 2009, provided the perfect test case. The spacecraft is the only one currently outside of Earth’s orbit that is capable of receiving lasers; it can be tracked using both lasers and radio.

But of all images to send, why the Mona Lisa?

“We chose the Mona Lisa because it is a familiar image with a lot of subtleties, which helped us to see the effect of transmission errors,” says Xiaoli Sun, a scientist at NASA Goddard and lead author of a recent paper about the project in Optics Express.
【395】

【TIME 5】

The digital image essentially rode “piggyback” on laser pulses that are regularly beamed at LRO to follow its position in space. NASA describes the process in more detail in its press release:

Precise timing was the key to transmitting the image. Sun and colleagues divided the Mona Lisa image into an array of 152 pixels by 200 pixels. Every pixel was converted into a shade of gray, represented by a number between zero and 4,095. Each pixel was transmitted by a laser pulse, with the pulse being fired in one of 4,096 possible time slots during a brief time window allotted for laser tracking. The complete image was transmitted at a data rate of about 300 bits per second.

The satellite pieced together the full image and then sent it back via radio waves. The portrait was not transmitted perfectly; natural disturbance of the laser as it passed through the Earth’s atmosphere account for the blank pixels in the image, shown above. (At one point while the image was being sent to LRO, an airplane was detected within five degrees of the laser, and the laser was blocked for that time, which explains the vertical white streak running through the image.) Sun and his team cleaned up the image using what’s called Reed-Solomon error-correction coding.

The experiment will likely be the first of many. “This pathfinding achievement sets the stage for the Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration (LLCD), a high data rate laser-communication demonstration that will be a central feature of NASA’s next moon mission, the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE),” says Goddard’s Richard Vondrak, the LRO deputy project scientist, in the press release.

On a simpler note, though, I can’t help but wonder: what would da Vinci think of Mona Lisa’s cosmic journey?
【311】

【越障】
Air Pollution Has Been a Problem Since the Days of Ancient Rome
By testing ice cores in Greenland, scientists can look back at environmental data from millennia past

Before the Industrial Revolution, our planet’s atmosphere was still untainted by human-made pollutants. At least, that’s what scientists thought until recently, when bubbles trapped in Greenland’s ice revealed that we began emitting greenhouse gases at least 2,000 years ago.

Célia Sapart of Utrecht University in the Netherlands led 15 scientists from Europe and the United States in a study that charted the chemi­cal signature of methane in ice samples spanning 2,100?years. The gas methane naturally occurs in the atmosphere in low concentrations. But it’s now considered a greenhouse gas implicated in climate change because of emissions from landfills, large-scale cattle ranching, natural gas pipeline leaks and land-clearing fires.

Scientists often gauge past climate and atmosphere conditions from pristine ancient ice samples. The new research was based on 1,600-foot-long ice cores extracted from Greenland’s 1.5-mile-thick ice sheet, which is made up of layers of snow that have accumulated over the past 115,000 years.

Sapart and her colleagues chemically analyzed the methane in microscopic air bubbles trapped in each ice layer. They wanted to know if warmer periods over the past two millennia?increased gas levels, possibly by spur- ring bacteria to break down organics in wetlands. The goal was to learn more about how future warm spells might boost atmospheric methane and accelerate climate change.

The researchers did find that methane concentrations went up—but not in step with warm periods. “The changes we observed must have been coming from something else,” Sapart says.

That “something else” turned out to be human activity, notably metallurgy and large-scale agriculture starting around 100 B.C. The ancient Romans kept domesticated livestock—cows, sheep and goats—which excrete methane gas, a byproduct of digestion. Around the same time, in China, the Han dynasty expanded its rice fields, which harbor methane-producing bacteria. Also, blacksmiths in both empires produced methane gas when they burned wood to fashion metal weapons. After those civilizations declined, emis- sions briefly decreased.

Then, as human population and land use for agricul- ture increased worldwide over the centuries, atmospheric methane slowly climbed. Between 100 B.C. and A.D. 1600, methane emissions rose by nearly 31 million tons per year. According to the most recent data, the United States alone generates some 36 million tons of methane per year.

“The ice core data show that as far back as the time of the Roman Empire, human [activities] emitted enough methane gas to have had an impact on the methane signature of the entire atmosphere,” Sapart says.

Although such emissions weren’t enough to alter the climate, she says, the discovery that humans already were altering the atmosphere on a global scale was “tremendously surprising.”

The discovery will compel scientists to rethink predic- tions about how future methane emissions will affect climate. “It used to be that before 1750, everything was considered ‘natural,’” Sapart says, “so the base line needs to be reconsidered, and we need to look farther back in time to see how much methane there was before humans got involved.”
【530】

yangreat

哦耶！感谢！

cleotina

板凳啦
1'25
A solidor with all his arms and legs bomed our druing serving in Iraq four years ago, and he received a double arms operation successful. Thus, he is the
seventh patients receive arms transplantation.
2'20
This years, two filmmakers, Speilberger and Lee, are fighting for the best director of Oscar.
2'27
Life of Pi, the film of Lee An, is anominated as the bast director of Oscar. An introduction of Lee'e works.
3'30
scientist analyzing and found that Mona Lisa is not 100% happy. And Laser export from NASA recently use the famous picture study the trait of laser.
3
a funny phenomenon found by the NASA researchers
4'25
Based on the study about the amount of methane in the earth by a group with members from Eurpo and American, the concentration of methane increased about 1800 years ago , the Rome empire.
Thus inspired scientist revalue the amount of methane in nature condition.

fifiwong

1.(01'24'')marroco recieved a double hand transplant operation and agrees to participate a study of the anti-rejection regimen.
2.(01'40'')two famous directors ang lee and spielberg will compete for the oscar's best director and best picture in this year,their movies life of pi and lincoln have recieved over 10 oscar nominations;spielberg has been the force in hollywood for four decades,introduces his works and awards
3.(01'38'')introducing ang lee's works and awards,indicating that he is famous for his treatment of culturally diverse stories;both of these two directors are regarded as master filmmakers of their generation.
4. (02'39'')many researcher from doffrent fields studied about the real mona lisa,laser and radio wave have been used to do the research;the reason that they choose mona lisa is that it is a familiar image with many subtleties.
5.(01'20'')NASA describes the process of the experiment:precise timing is the key to transmitting the image;the satellite pieced together the full image and then send it back via radio waves;the experiment will be the first of many...
obstacle(03'13'')
main idea:air problem has emerged much more earlier than we thought
structure:
a new finding:human being began emitting greenhouse gas about 2,000 years ago
research method:analyzed ice cores extracted from greenland's ice sheet
==>goal:learn more about how future warm spells might boost atmospheric methane and accelerate climate change
results:methane concentrations went up—but not in step with warm periods,the changes must have been coming with human activities
The ice core data show that as far back as the time of the Roman Empire, human activities emitted enough methane gas to have had an impact on the methane signature of the entire atmosphere
influence:the discovery is surprising;it will compel scientists to rethink predic- tions about how future methane emissions will affect climate,the base line needs to be reconsidered, and we need to look farther back in time to see how much methane there was before humans got involved

ssk3666

1. 01:38
M was injured during Iraq war, and lost his for limbs. He received double hands transplant, then surgery is succefull led by J. He agrees to participate a project for anti-rejection study.

2. 02:07
Both S and AL was hot for this oscar. S's Lincon and AL's P got more than 10 nominations. S first directed Jaw and known as marster of suspense, then directed ET and famous for science fiction. He also turned to historical drama such as Sindler's list, Save Rayn, etc.

3. 01:50
AL is a master of visual effects. He is good at films for different culture, such as The Ice Storm, Dragon, etc. He also won best directors by the movie Brokeback Mountain for gay love.

4. 02:42
Study of Da Vinci's famous paint Mona Lisa's smile generates many interesting results. Some use software to calculate her feelings. Even NASA has use this image to send to the out space. Scientists in NASA use laser to transfer this paint.

5. 02:00
Scientists send Mona Lisa's image via laser to stallites, and the statellites send it back through radio waves. But the image will be affected by natural noises, and the scientists use some technology to recover the image.

6. 03:26
Main Point: Scientists found that human have emmited green house air far before previously believed.
Structure:  Background: the period before Industrial Revolution was believed to be free of pollution -- New dicovery -- Scientists found much of methane burning from the ice of Greenland -- Inference: people brought live stock, planted rice, etc. led to lots of methane burning -- Impact of the discovery: when study human influence of climate, we have to take account of much earlier periods.

abc791201064

这是第十次了。。每次都没有上传。。今天开始上传一次 哈哈
求指点  求后面的同志指出缺点多多批评我

1.11  The man who lost both of his arms in Iraq, have successful been transplated new arms and became one of seven persons in united states who have such operations.  

1.56   Both X and X are chasing after the big award in XXX, the author then introduced the precvious masterpieces created by Sp, who has been in Hollywood for nearly 40yrs.

1.55  Compared with works of Sp, Lee'S works came to concolusion at a later time.The author listed several of his work.

3.28   The famous picture MNLS was analyzed and the author of the picture DFQ has been found to use xxx to make it flawless complexation and more people and agencies are studying it.

2.28  the author tells us how the picture MNLS was transmitted to the space (cut and combined ) and then returned to the earth. Moreover, the picture was not exactly the same as the original sent one was due to the five degre...

perfectends

速度：
2'2
A U.S. former soilder got his double arm transplant. The operation tried a new anti-rejecting method to test the new study on it.

2'22
This year's Oscar award will be compete between two great directors, Ang Lee and Steven Spielberg. And the passage gives us a brief introduction of the achievement of Spielberg.

2'07
A brief introduction of Ang Lee's achievement on film-making, including the film which is nominated for this year's Oscar. Also the passage draw the conclusion that Steven Spielberg and Ang Lee are both masters in the same generation.

3'48
Mona Lisa was taking X-Ray and studied by NASA

3'57
囧——生词太多，大意基本没掌握~

越障：
7’20
Recent studying shows that the earth temperature has been climbingsince about 2000 years ago since human step into civilization, and the climate only became sharply increasingly warmer when people step into modern society.

浅吟天

谢谢lz分享~~
1。1;36  BM has been transplanted both arms, showing a new medical case.
2.  2;38  SS and LA compete for the Oscar.  and describe the movies that have been done by SS
3.  2;00  Li An's film success came late in his life.  then talking about the films done by Li An
4.  3;44  many people are inrested in M
5.  3;05 including NASA

8;02
我真的懂了（难得啊），不过教室要关门了。。就偷懒不写了

修一一

0‘57
2’04
1‘36
2’45
1‘55

2’51

sophia412

今天的文章很有趣

1.00
A formaer US solder received double arm transplant surgery successfully by received the bone marrow cells from the same donor in order to help preventing the rejection.

1.28
Steven Spielberg and Ang lee are both popular for the best director and best picture award for the Oscars this year. Spielberg's movie experence since his first success for Jaws.

1.14
Ang Lee's movie experence. Ang's success came late and his tender and poignant style make himself differenciate with others.

2.05
Mona Lisa image has been sent out to the space for test of lasar transmission errors.

1.39
Explaination about Mona Lisa image's transmission between eart and the satellite

3.11
Main Point:
The greenhouse gases were emitted 2,000 years ago since agriculture and development in human beings history according to a new research.