【每日阅读训练第四期——速度越障11系列】【11-19】文史哲

映雪瑶渊

【速度】
嘿嘿，今天绝对是文史哲大观{其实是吃货的扩展-，-)，准备好了木有啊亲们？有正儿八经的政治法律新闻，调侃某太阳帝国=。=还有气候变暖，变态的越障等着你们哇哈哈哈
先上热身练习哦~
【time ONE】
Killing of US School Children Sparks Gun Control Discussion

NEWTOWN, CONNECTICUT — Friday's mass shooting in a Connecticut elementary school has again sparked a national discussion about gun control. While arms possession enjoys constitutional protection premised on the need to protect the security of a free state, thousands of Americans die every year because of gun violence.

Authorities say the weapons used in the Newtown shooting were legally registered to Nancy Lanza, the mother of the gunman, Adam Lanza. She was the first of 27 victims of the shootings, including her son.

Newtown native Dan Snyder, a college student, says he was opposed to tighter gun regulation, until Friday.

“I’m still not totally for 100-percent gun control. I just think it should not be as easy. I can definitely see situations [that] if someone had a gun, it could benefit the situation," he said.

The only American adults prohibited from possessing weapons are convicted criminals and those judged mentally incompetent. But even they have little problem obtaining a firearm. Gun-control advocates call for tighter enforcement of existing gun laws. Opponents call for tighter restriction on gun possession.

Meanwhile, mass shootings continue, a fact President Obama mentioned in his response to Friday’s killings in Newtown. “And we're going to have to come together and take meaningful action to prevent more tragedies like this, regardless of the politics," he said.

Newtown is the headquarters of the National Sports Shooting Foundation, a gun advocacy organization. It says for it to comment on the local killings would be inappropriate at this time “out of respect for the families, the community and the ongoing police investigation.”

But even as bullet-riddled bodies of six and seven year-old children in Newtown are driven away in refrigerated trucks, not everyone here backs the idea of government arms regulation. Joseph Clough, a self-described Christian Evangelist, says when it comes to guns, individuals must control themselves.

“We have freedom here, we have our own will and choice. A lot of people say, ‘if God is real, why does all this happen?’ Well, God created us with our own wills, because He’s not someone who controls or manipulates, so I’m not for controlling or manipulation," he said.
【358】
【补充内容】
The Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees people’s right to bear arms in order to protect the security of a free state. Americans wonder if the state is really secure if its little children are not. Some would protect them by taking away guns, others by passing out even more.
【51 全文共计409】

【time TWO】
Why Japan is Obsessed with Kentucky Fried Chicken on Christmas

It’s Christmas Eve in Japan. Little boys and girls pull on their coats, the twinkle of anticipation in their eyes. Keeping the tradition alive, they will trek with their families to feast at … the popular American fast food chain KFC.

Christmas isn’t a national holiday in Japan—only one percent of the Japanese population is estimated to be Christian—yet a bucket of “Christmas Chicken” (the next best thing to turkey—a meat you can’t find anywhere in Japan) is the go-to meal on the big day. And it’s all thanks to the insanely successful “Kurisumasu ni wa kentakkii!” (Kentucky for Christmas!) marketing campaign in 1974.

When a group of foreigners couldn’t find turkey on Christmas day and opted for fried chicken instead, the company saw this as a prime commercial opportunity and launched its first Christmas meal that year: Chicken and wine for 834 yen ($10)—pretty pricey for the mid-seventies. Today the christmas chicken dinner (which now boasts cake and champagne) goes for about 3,336 yen ($40).

And the people come in droves. Many order their boxes of  ”finger lickin’” holiday cheer months in advance to avoid the lines—some as long as two hours.


The first KFC Japan opened in Nagoya in 1970 and quickly gained popularity. (There are now over 15,000 KFC outlets in 105 countries and territories around the world.) That same year, at the World Exposition in Osaka, KFC and other American fast food chains like McDonald’s were met with great market testing results and helped jump start the westernized “fast food” movement in Japan. After the big commercial push in ’74, the catchphrase “Christmas=Kentucky” paired with plenty of commercials on TV caught on.

The “Americaness” and simplicity of the message rather than any religious associations with the holiday is what makes it appealing. The Financial Times reports:

“Japan is well known for taking foreign products and ideas and adapting them to suit domestic taste, and Christmas is no exception. A highly commercialised and non-religious affair, lots of money is spent annually on decorations, dinners and gifts. KFC is arguably the biggest contributor, thanks in part to its advertising campaign.
【358】

【time THREE】
‘One of the reasons the campaign lasted so long is that the message is always the same: at Christmas you eat chicken,’ said Yasuyuki Katagi, executive director at Ogilvy and Mather Japan, the advertising agency.”

These days, KFC records its highest sales volume each year on Christmas eve. Back office staff, presidents and execs come out to help move the lines along. Fried chicken and Christmas have become synonymous: KFC’s advertisements feature major pop cultural figures chomping on drumsticks, the company website even has a countdown until Christmas.

And this year, the company launched a campaign that takes the holiday hype to new heights. From December 1 through February 28 passengers on select trips between Tokyo and eight U.S. and European destinations can enjoy KFC in-flight.

But Japan’s love of American fast food does not dim with the Christmas lights once December 25 has come and gone—KFC’s ability to take it’s traditional foods and adapt them to Japanese culture has made a bucket of chicken a meal worth having year round. This April, they opened a three-story restaurant at the south entrance of Shimokitazawa station in Tokyo which offers the company’s first-ever, fully stocked whiskey bar—what their website says gives visitors a taste of “Good ‘ol America.”

Though, if you ever find yourself in Japan and not in the mood for fried chicken, Wendy’s Japan offers a $16 foie-gras-and-truffle burger.
【233】

【time FOUR】
New Discovery of 7000-Year-Old Cheese Puts Your Trader Joe’s Aged Gouda to Shame

Archaeologists have long known that cheese is an ancient human invention. Wall murals in Egyptian tombs from 2000 BCE depict cheesemaking, and Sumerian tablets written in cuneiform text seem to describe cheese as well. Our distant ancestors, it seems clear, knew about the wonder that is cheese.

Today, though, cheese lovers have cause to celebrate: New evidence indicates that the invention of the utterly delicious and at times stinky product actually came thousands of years earlier. As described in a paper published today in Nature, chemical analysis of prehistoric pottery unearthed from sites in Poland shows that cheesemaking was invented way farther back than originally believed—roughly 7000 years ago.

A team of researchers from the University of Bristol, Princeton and a group of Polish universities came to the finding by examining an unusual group of artifacts from the Polish sites: clay shards that were pierced with a series of small holes. Struck by their resemblance to in modern-day cheese strainers, they chemically tested the material around the holes, and were vindicated to find ancient traces of the kinds of lipids and fatty acids found in dairy products. These ceramics are attributed to what archaeologists call the Linear Pottery culture, and are dated to 5200 to 4900 BCE.


Researchers tested these perforated ceramic fragments and found ancient dairy residues, indicating they were used as cheese strainers. Image via Salque et. al.
“The presence of milk residues in sieves, which look like modern cheese-strainers, constitutes the earliest direct evidence for cheesemaking,” said lead author Mélanie Salque of the University of Bristol in a statement. “So far, early evidence for cheesemaking were mostly iconographic, that is to say murals showing milk processing, which dates to several millennia later than the cheese strainers.”
【291】

【time FIVE】
Although different cheeses are made by a variety of processes, nearly all start with the separation of milk into liquid whey and solid curds. This is typically accomplished by adding bacteria to the milk, along with rennet (a mix of enzymes produced in animal stomachs), then straining out the liquid from the newly-coagulated curds. These perforated pots, then, seem like they were used to strain out the solids.

The researchers also analyzed other pottery fragments from the site. Several unperforated bowls also had traces of dairy residues, indicating they might have been used to store the curds or whey after separation. They also found remnants of fats from cow carcasses in some of the ceramics, along with beeswax in others, suggesting they were used to cook meat and sealed to store water, respectively. Apart from being capable of making a complex food product like cheese, it seems that these ancient people also created different types of specialized ceramics for different purposes.

The authors of the paper believe this ancient cheesemaking goes a long way in explaining a mystery: why humans bothered to domesticate cows, goats and sheep thousands of years ago, rather than eating their wild ancestors, even though genetic evidence indicates that we hadn’t yet evolved the ability to digest lactose, and thus couldn’t drink milk. Since cheese is so much lower in lactose than milk, they say, figuring out how to make it would have provided a means for unlocking milk’s nutritional content, and gave prehistoric humans incentive to raise these animals over a long period of time, instead of slaughtering them for their meat immediately. Making cheese also gave these people the ability to preserve the nutritional content, since milk spoils much more quickly.

That leaves one more pressing question—what did this ancient cheese actually taste like? Without abundant access to salt or knowledge of the refined heating and ripening processes that are necessary for the variety of cheese we have today, it’s likely that the first cheeses were pretty bland and liquidy. Like ancient Egyptian cheeses, these were probably comparable in texture and taste to cottage cheese, Salque and colleagues noted.
【356】


【越障】
（其实我觉得不是很变态啊-，-）
Climate Change Tipping Point: Research Shows That Emission Reductions Must Occur by 2020

For years, most of us have envisioned climate change as a long-term problem that requires a long-term solution. But as the years pass—and with the calendar soon to flip over to 2013—without any substantial attempts to cut greenhouse gas emissions worldwide, this impression needs to change in a hurry.

According to a new paper published today in the journal Nature Climate Change, there’s a startlingly small number we need to keep in mind when dealing with climate change: 8. That’s as in 8 more years until 2020, a crucial deadline for reducing global carbon emissions if we intend to limit warming to 2°C, according to a team of researchers from a trio of research institutions—the International Institute for Applied Statistics Analysis and ETH Zurich in Switzerland, along with the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado—who authored the paper.

They came to the finding by looking at a range of different scenarios for emissions levels in 2020 and projecting outward how much warming each one would cause for the planet as a whole by the year 2100. They found that in order to have a good chance at holding long-term warming to an average of 2°C worldwide—a figure often cited as the maximum we can tolerate without catastrophic impacts—annual emissions of carbon dioxide (or equivalent greenhouse gas) in 2020 can be no higher than 41 to 47 gigatons worldwide.

That’s a problem when you consider the fact that we’re currently emitting 50 gigatons annually; if present trends continue, that number will rise to 55 gigatons by 2020. In other words, unless we want catastrophic levels of warming, we need to do something, quickly.

The researchers also weighed a number of technological approaches that could help us bring this figure down by 2020: mass conversion to nuclear power generation, rapid adoption of energy-efficient appliances and buildings, electric vehicle usage and other means of reducing fossil fuel use. “We wanted to know what needs to be done by 2020 in order to be able to keep global warming below two degrees Celsius for the entire twenty-first century,” said Joeri Rogelj, the lead author of the paper, in a statement.

It turns out that some combination of all of these methods will be necessary. But lowering global energy demand—in large part, by increasing efficiency—is by far the easiest route to making a dent in emissions soon enough to hit the goal by 2020.

If the reduction target isn’t reached by 2020, avoiding catastrophic warming could theoretically still be possible, the researchers note, but the cost of doing so would only increase, and our options would narrow. If we start cutting emissions now, for example, we might be able to hit the goal without increasing nuclear power generation, but wait too long and it becomes a necessity.

Waiting past 2020 would also require more costly changes. In that case, “you would need to shut down a coal power plant each week for ten years if you still wanted to reach the two-degree Celsius target,” said Keywan Riahi, one of the co-authors. Waiting would also make us more reliant on as-yet unproven technologies, such as carbon capture and storage and the efficient conversion of crops into biofuels.

“Fundamentally, it’s a question of how much society is willing to risk,” said David McCollum, another co-author. “It’s certainly easier for us to push the climate problem off for a little while longer, but…continuing to pump high levels of emissions into the atmosphere over the next decade only increases the risk that we will overshoot the two-degree target.”

Given the continuing failures of negotiators to come to any sort of international climate agreement—most recently highlighted by the lack of progress at the COP 18 Conference in Doha—this “risk” seems to more closely resemble a certainty. 2020 might seem a long way off, but if we spend the next 7 years stalling like we have over the past 18 years of climate negotiations, it’ll get here faster than we can imagine.
【687】

映雪瑶渊

大家加油哇哈哈哈！

yangreat

叮！谢谢映雪！

速度
3:45, 358
3:22, 358
2:10, 233
3:12, 291
3:09, 356

枣糕兔

谢谢映雪！
先占！

———————————————————————作业的分割线————————————————————————

Speed
02'07
剩余14''
02'03
01'13
01'53
02'26
Obstacle
03'51
Main Idea: According to a study by two organizations, we must cut down emission to 2 by 2020 if we want to solve the global warming problem....
马上要考试了。。。。今天心情格外的糟。。。。越障看了就忘了。。。写不出回忆。。。QAQ

映雪瑶渊

11-19文史哲    速度1    409    2:21
    速度2    358    1:49
    速度3    286+444    1“08
    速度4    291    1:34
    速度5    356    1:49
    越障1    687    2”44

Stonebutch

2’52
gun control more tighter--self-control
2'49
how and why KFC went to Japan(commercail opportunities),KFC won because of its advertising campaign
1'34
(continued)why KFC advertising capaign last so long:1 same message 2 suit for Japanese 3 extra service(flight)
2'38
discovery and test method of ancient cheesemaking(fragment)
2'54
(continued)test another gragment to show how ancient people use different things for purpose--a myth:why they make things before eat animals and results--question: cheese taste at that time
4'51
warming climate
specialists said 2020 is the deadline if we couldn't reduce the temperature.
2 C is the goal,1 way is generated power, 2 way is costly change.
warnings the risk is higher if we do next 7 years as past 18 yeats did

annaliang2008

3'07
2'45
2'06
2'03
2'14
6'39
main idea: from long time ago,our world face the climate problem,but the corresponding action didn't work worldwide, now 2020 is coming,it is a cruical year, because research said  the temperture  should around 41-47 degree, or it will become catastrophic warm. in fact, the temperture reached almost 50 degree these years, if we don't do something right now, our option will narrow later.
后面的blablabla......
语法不好的孩子飘过....

2012Michelle

一环占个座吧，得空了来补作业。

辛苦雪爷了。

******************作业分割线*******************
这个时间点看到了cheese，各种饿啊，虽然他们研究的是古起司，我仍然滴口水。。。太没出息鸟。

BTW，我倒不觉得越障很变态，可能是因为很像科技类的文章（哼，雪爷抢我饭碗哇），所以看起来比较生涩，文章是很好的。
【11-19】
Time1-2'09"
The school shooting gained a lot of attentions from last Friday. Obama said a meaningful action wil be concern about the run control. Some people do think it is reasonable to manage the guns.
Rest-14"
Various people hold different opions on gun control situation, posive and negative.
Time2-2'06"
Christmas is not a traditional festival in Japan, but in this season KFC has very good business. It has become very popular in Japan in Christmas season to go out for meat. It was because the business competition in 1970's, and American fast food won a lot.
Time3-1'08"
The reason KFC continues earing big money from Japanese market is because they hold a campaign each year. And the situation is quite attractive to consumers.
Time4-1'51" 哇，看完这个我就去做一瓶子酸奶，呵呵。虽然不会做cheese，mia mia...
Someone found cheese 2000years ago. Scientists are studying on the fragments for knowing better on cheesemaking culture in old times.
Time5-2'21"
By studying the pottery fregment used to contain cheese in ancient time, the scientists found that the ancient people made cheeses because their body could not digest the milk nutritional content.

Obstale 4'19"
Main Idea: Climate change draw more attention in future, and we might do something to protect it by 2020.
Author's attitude: Support (+)
Article structure:
1) Climate change: it's not a long-term project, but needs quick action to protect it in the following 7 years. Quotation of a newspaper to emphasize the importance.
2) The reasons for dropping such a topic:
-- How to calculate the temperature will be increased by the climate changes.
-- The increased temperature will effect a lot on the earth.
-- What can be done in future: cut the usage of coal energy, and switch to other energies such as nuclear...
3) Conclusion: The climate change will be faster than that we've imaged. A quick action must be taken to protect our environment.

miffyhui

占
THX!!!!
2'13"
1'34"
1'09"
1'22"
1'52"
2'41"

frankiepn

1'46
1'53
1'13
1'50
2'05
obstacle3'44