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[阅读小分队] 【每日阅读训练第四期——速度越障5系列】【5-04】科技

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发表于 2012-7-25 12:59:45 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
引自baby:这一期的Nature出了个olympics专题,这几篇文章真的很棒,http://www.nature.com/news/specials/olympics2012/index.html?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20120724

(文章确实都很好,就是稍微有点长,还有另外几篇,想看的可以到网站上关注下~~)
Science at the Olympics: Team science

The Olympics is a vast experiment in human performance, sport technology and global travel. Nature meets some of the scientists behind the scenes.


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【计时一】


Science has had a hand in every aspect of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. For the thousands of athletes, researchers have helped to develop training techniques, schedules, diet, equipment and doping checks. For the millions of spectators about to descend on London, they have contributed to urban planning, crowd control, public health and security. For the billions watching at home, they have shaped the technology that will measure athletic feats and beam them worldwide.



Yet those scientists toil in the background, understandably overshadowed by the sporting spectacle. Here, Nature profiles four scientists whose work will contribute to the giant human experiment that is the Olympic Games.



The psychologist

In 2000, the Spanish basketball team in the Paralympics learning-difficulties category swept the board to win all of their games and take gold. There was just one problem: many of the team were not intellectually disabled. After the scandal was revealed by an undercover journalist, the team was stripped of its medals, and anyone with a learning disability was excluded from the next two Paralympic Games.



This year, in London, they can return, in athletics, swimming and table tennis. Jan Burns, head of the Department of Applied Psychology at Canterbury Christ Church University, UK, is one of the key scientists responsible for ensuring that the athletes qualify for competition.



Intellectual disabilities are difficult to police because, unlike most physical disabilities, they are not always obvious. In the wake of the Spanish fiasco, the International Paralympic Committee and Inas, the international federation for para-athletes with an intellectual disability, sponsored an international research group to solidify the criteria for 'eligibility' (existence of a disability), and 'classification' (impairment of ability to play the sport).



Burns, a specialist in intellectual disability, joined the research group in 2009 and became head of 'eligibility' at Inas. “She had an incredible interest in the interaction and the application of these psychological concepts in this kind of an environment,” says Peter Van de Vliet, the medical and scientific director of the International Paralympic Committee, based in Bonn, Germany. The criteria Burns helped to develop have paved the way for intellectually disabled athletes to return to the Paralympics.

357



【计时二】

According to the rules now, an athlete is eligible if he or she has had a developmental delay before the age of 18; has an IQ of no more than 75; and has a 'significant limitation' in adaptive behaviour such as social skills. Eligible athletes are then subjected to a battery of tests to show that they classify as disabled for a specific event. A swimmer, for example, would first be assessed on skills that are generically useful in sports, such as reaction time. Then his or her swimming performance would be compared with that of other athletes. Burns points at research showing that people with intellectual disabilities tend to take more strokes to cover a given distance, so classifiers will video swimmers in competition and assess their stroke ratio to see whether it falls within the 'bandwidth' of disabled swimmers. All this has to be comprehensively documented and reviewed by multiple researchers so that the system is robust against fraud.



Burns is currently working a hectic schedule juggling her Paralympics work, her regular academic job and huge interest from the world's media. “I'm currently going through and checking everybody's file, making sure we know enough about everybody who's come through the system,” she says. During the Paralympics, which run from 29 August to 9 September, “I'll be around ensuring that the classification goes well and to be on hand if we do have any issues”.



Work is already under way to see whether more sports can be added for the 2016 Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This involves working out the skills that athletes need to play a sport, and how intellectual disabilities might affect performance — for example, pattern recognition might be relevant to the complex plays in some team sports. The early betting is that the Rio Paralympics will include rowing and will give a second chance to the game that started the story: basketball.



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318



【计时三】

The doping detector

In this summer's 100-metre sprint, Usain 'Lightning' Bolt will attempt to hold onto his title of 'world's fastest man' against a younger and currently fleeter Yohan Blake. Yet one of the fiercest battles in the Olympic Games will play out in a giant, custom-built suburban laboratory in Harlow, 35 kilometres north of the Olympic village. Here, anti-doping experts will apply the most sophisticated tools in their molecular arsenal in the seemingly Sisyphean pursuit of those athletes who take performance-enhancing drugs.



The lab will screen for dozens of stimulants, steroids and other banned substances. Christiaan Bartlett, a senior scientist at the King's College London Drug Control Centre, which is running the Harlow lab, will direct the testing for biological drugs such as the blood-boosting hormone erythropoietin (EPO) and human growth hormone. Anti-doping science is notoriously — some say unnecessarily — secretive; Bartlett says that he cannot reveal what drug-detection techniques will be rolled out at the London games. All he will disclose is this: “We've got the most sophisticated equipment, we spent the past year or so developing and validating new techniques that will give us increased sensitivity in all of our areas.”



The first challenge for Bartlett and his 150 or so colleagues lies in handling the sheer volume of urine and blood that Olympic and Paralympic athletes will be required to submit for testing during the games — collected from as many as 7,000 athletes days before and immediately after sporting events. Samples will arrive hourly, with one part prepared for testing and the other frozen as a back-up, and the lab will run around the clock to turn around most tests within a day. Bartlett has already decamped from his home in south London to live closer to the lab, and he knows that his weekends won't be spent watching sport.

303



【计时四】

The vast majority of the tests he oversees will come back with an all-clear. If the King's lab turns up any banned substances, scientists there will immediately inform the International Olympic Committee and other sport authorities, who will initiate an investigation and possibly disciplinary action.



Legitimate drugs are one target for Bartlett, who worked previously in food sciences and toxicology. Pharmaceutical companies such as Roche, Amgen and GlaxoSmithKline now routinely share information about drugs in their pipelines that could potentially be used by athletes. Months after the US Food and Drug Administration approved a new class of red-blood-cell boosters called CERAs in 2007, anti-doping scientists had developed a test for them. The test came too late for the Beijing games the following year, but retrospective testing stripped the men's 1,500-metre winner, Rashid Ramzi, of his gold.



Increasingly, dopers are turning to illegal labs in India, China and elsewhere that crank out drugs such as EPO that have been tweaked chemically to evade testing. Bartlett says that his team is ready. The test for EPO, for example, is designed to detect any forms of the protein made using genetic engineering, because these tend to be less acidic than the natural stuff.



Athletes participating in the London Olympiad will be the most heavily tested in the history of the games, but will that make them the cleanest? Bartlett is cautiously optimistic. Many countries screen their athletes before departing for London, and some sports have begun to use 'biological passports' that chart characteristics of athletes' blood over time, looking for changes that might signal illicit performance enhancement, even when a substance such as EPO cannot be found. “The general message is: athletes, if you're coming to London, beware,” Bartlett says.

287



【计时五】

The fluid modeller

At the Beijing Olympics in 2008, athletes smashed 25 world records in swimming, more than in any other sport. Many gave the credit to high-tech swimsuits, which cut down on drag. But after Beijing, the international body that governs competitive swimming introduced rules that limited the advantage that could be gained from swimsuits, leaving athletes looking for other ways to gain an edge. British swimmers turned to fluid-dynamics researcher Stephen Turnock.



Turnock's speciality is hydrodynamics, particularly in ship design. It wasn't a huge leap to study how air or water flows around the human body, and for the past three years he has directed the Performance Sports Engineering Laboratory (PSEL) at the University of Southampton, UK. The lab previously worked with the British cycling team to devise more aerodynamic riding positions, which may have played at least a small part in the 14 medals that 'Team GB' cyclists brought home from Beijing. Swimming needed similar help, he says. “What British swimming lacked was an understanding of what the hydrodynamic forces were during the swimming processes.”



Applying a scientific approach to swimming performance has proved a challenge, however. “With cyclists, you put someone in a wind tunnel and say 'What's your best position to lower your resistance?',” says Turnock. “It's a complex process to get the instrumentation right but that's a relatively simple bit of fluid dynamics because, typically, most of a position of the cyclist and the body is relatively fixed.” But with swimming, a whole range of factors come into play, including roll along the length of the body, movement of the arms and the legs, forces that are transmitted from limbs to water and the effects of water pressure and movement in turn on the shape of the body. “There are so many variables and it's all happening quite quickly in a very noisy environment. It is very difficult to repeat exactly the same conditions every test run,” says Turnock. “By the time you've got all that uncertainty in there it's quite challenging.”

338



【剩余部分】

The team at the PSEL devised some technical solutions. Its main system is based around a portable winch, which pulls a swimmer through the water fractionally faster than they would normally swim, a technique called overspeeding. Working at pools in which top British swimmers train, Turnock's team measured the tension in the winch line to assess changes in water resistance, and the researchers videoed lap after lap to see how, for example, adjusting posture or even the position of a swimming cap might change water flow and speed. “We can examine what they've done pretty much as soon as the swimmer gets out of the pool,” says Turnock, who says that the information is all fed back to coaches and athletes.



Turnock's team has also been tackling some broader questions about training. Using the winch system, a willing team member and a full-body wax, he explored how body hair affects resistance in the water. (Answer: smoother is faster.) The group is also using computer modelling of the musculoskeletal system to work out how to improve the efficiency of swimming strokes.



Turnock's work with Britain's swimmers wrapped up well before the start of the games. But he hopes that what he has learned about the hydrodynamics of human bodies might feed back into his work on marine systems, such as designing rudders that adopt a more hydrodynamic shape under water stresses. He also improved his own swimming and, he says, “I can shout learned things at my children when they learn to swim now.”



The disease tracker

Kamran Khan will not be anywhere near London during the games. The medical researcher will be sitting thousands of kilometres away at the University of Toronto in Canada. But he will be watching.



Organizers have predicted that several million people, from all over the world, will descend on London — along with their viruses and bacteria. Khan is part of an international team that is testing strategies for predicting the spread of diseases, such as some potential new strain of flu, as the crowds arrive.



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In all probability, they will see nothing; but it's the 'what if' that keeps Khan awake. Disease outbreaks have been associated with mass gatherings in the past, including a spike in measles around the 2010 winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada, and an influenza outbreak linked to a Catholic youth festival in Sydney, Australia, in 2008. “With as big a mass gathering as the Olympic Games we want to think about the potential for health threats, particularly for infectious diseases, to move around the world,” says Brian McCloskey, the UK Health Protection Agency's national lead for the Olympics.



To assess those threats, Khan will be using the Bio.Diaspora project, which he has been running since he set it up in 2008. This web-based computer program brings together information on billions of flight itineraries, allowing researchers to see how people are moving around the world. To gauge the risk of those people carrying a pathogen, it will link up with disease surveillance information collected in real time during the games, such as by the HealthMap project at Children's Hospital Boston in Massachusetts, which trawls through news, reports from health-care systems and social-media chatter for signs of emerging infectious threats. If, for example, a new form of flu emerges in China, Khan can piece together a picture of the disease's spread and use it to predict the likelihood of an outbreak reaching London. This type of early warning might give health officials crucial extra time to warn the public and take preventative action.



In fact, the Olympics will be a major test of the utility of Bio.Diaspora and global-health systems during a mass gathering, says McCloskey. “It could be that it doesn't add a lot of value or it could be that it's critically important,” he says. “We don't know the answer until we've done the experiment.”



Khan hopes that the data on the global flow of people can inform the growing field of 'mass-gathering medicine', the study of the public-health risks posed by religious rallies, music festivals and sports events, which are attracting more people than ever before and from more-remote places. He likens global transport to “a network of arteries around the world. There are people moving through those arteries, there's a sort of physiology. And that normal physiology is disrupted or changed by certain types of events,” he says. “These events have potential implications for global-health security, and we need to understand them better.”

744



【越障】

Performance enhancement: Superhuman athletes

Enhancements such as doping are illegal in sport — but if all restrictions were lifted, science could push human performance to new extremes.



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UK sprinter Dwain Chambers faces the race of his life next month, as he attempts to win an Olympic medal at the 2012 games in London — and complete a long journey back from the disgrace of his 2003 suspension for doping.



Chambers, who has devoted much of his time since then to persuading others to steer clear of performance-enhancing drugs, has admitted to using six different substances banned by the sporting authorities. These included two anabolic steroids — a designer drug and a testosterone cream — to accelerate recovery; the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), which increases production of red blood cells, to allow him to do more repetitions in training; human growth hormone for recovery; a thyroid hormone called liothyronine to decrease sluggishness; and a narcolepsy drug called modafinil to increase mental alertness and reaction time.



The quest for ultimate enhancement is as old as the games: the Greek physician Galen passed on knowledge from the ancient games to the Romans, praising the effects of eating herbs, mushrooms and testicles. But Chambers’ story is just one example of how today’s competitors are taking that quest to a whole new level.



“There’s an arms-race quality to performance-enhancing technologies in sport,” says Thomas Murray, former president of the Hastings Center, a bioethics and public-policy foundation in Garrison, New York.



An amateur cyclist, Murray is among the many sports fans appalled by the seemingly endless string of doping scandals that result. “I could probably do a four-mile climb much better with EPO,” he says, “but I could also do it much better if I put a motor on my bike.” That’s not the point of sport, he says, and neither are drugs — an attitude shared by the International Olympic Committee and just about every other professional and amateur sports organization.



But others argue that enhancers have become so prevalent that the only realistic option is for the sporting authorities to let athletes use what they want, as long as they do it safely.



“If the goal is to protect health, then medically supervised doping is likely to be a better route,” says Andy Miah, a bioethicist at the University of the West of Scotland in Ayr. “Better yet, the world of sport should complement the World Anti-Doping Agency with a World Pro-Doping Agency, the goal of which is to invest in safer forms of enhancement.”



Science alone cannot resolve the ethical conundrum presented by this debate. But it can shed light on the purely technical question: if performance-enhancing techniques were allowed, how far could the human body go?



Power pills

For strength and power, the best-known drugs are probably those in the vast family of anabolic steroids, a group that is constantly expanding as the structures get slight modifications in a bid to evade detection in drug tests. “There are about 2,000 different tweaks you could do to a steroid molecule that would all probably make you big and strong,” says Don Catlin, a pharmacologist at the University of California, Los Angeles. The compounds mimic the way testosterone works in the body, triggering protein synthesis and building more muscle tissue. A course of steroids combined with exercise can translate to a 38% increase in strength in men, potentially more in women.



Another popular strength enhancer is human growth hormone, which increases levels of the protein insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). This spurs muscle growth, although it is debatable whether or not that growth actually does increase strength. In the only study to show positive effects in recreational athletes1, those taking human growth hormone saw their sprinting capacity increase by 4%. That may seem small, but it could make all the difference for, say, a 50-metres freestyle swimmer or a 100-metres sprinter, says Kenneth Ho, an endocrinologist at the University of Queensland in St Lucia, Australia, who co-authored the study. “If you look at what breaks records, it comes down to 0.01 of a second.”



In endurance sports, in which strength is less important than increased stamina, athletes can get dramatic results from blood doping, which aims to increase the number of oxygen-carrying red blood cells. They can accomplish this through blood-cell transfusions or by taking EPO. In one study2, blood doping increased normal humans’ stamina by 34%, and in another3, it allowed them to run 8 kilometres on a treadmill 44 seconds faster than they could before. And work published last month4 by Max Gassmann and his colleagues at the University of Zurich in Switzerland, there are signs that the hormone has an effect on the brain, increasing an athlete’s motivation to train.



Drugs currently in the pipeline at pharmaceutical companies may also find themselves being co-opted for illicit use by athletes. One family, designed to treat muscular dystrophy and other muscle-wasting disorders, inhibits the activity of myostatin, a protein that keeps muscle growth under control. Similarly, a group of drugs called HIF stabilizers, which are aimed at treating anaemia and kidney disease, regulates a protein that turns on genes for the production of red blood cells, including the gene for EPO. And there may be a part for cognitive enhancers to play, too. “There’s a range of compounds coming out that try to improve the ability to think more clearly when you’re fatigued,” says Chris Cooper, a biochemist at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK.



Improvements don’t just come from the pharmacy. Athletes also rely heavily on nutritional supplements, which are legal. “They’re 98.5% hype,” says Conrad Earnest, an exercise physiologist at the University of Bath, UK. But one supplement that does work for some athletes is creatine, which contributes to the synthesis of the energy carrier molecule ATP during exercise. Earnest estimates that athletes taking creatine could see their performance improve by as much as 8%.



Another effective supplement is beetroot juice. Researchers at the University of Essex have found that the nitrate present in the juice increases nitric oxide levels in the body, allowing muscles to use oxygen more efficiently. As a result, the team found that divers could hold their breath for 11% longer than normal5, which could help swimmers who want to minimize the number of breaths they take in short-distance events.



Most of these performance enhancements come with a slew of side effects, however. Steroids can cause high blood pressure, thickening of the heart valves, decreased fertility and libido, and changes such as chest hair in women and shrunken testicles in men. And boosting the number of red blood cells thickens the blood, increasing the risk of having a stroke.



Adding to the uncertainty, a number of the drugs are used to treat serious diseases such as cancer, AIDS and muscular dystrophy, so they have been tested largely on desperately ill patients with below- normal levels of growth factors and hormones. It is hard to know how to extrapolate those data to the sports arena, says Cooper. “Elite athletes are very different beasts from normal people in the sense that they’re genetically enhanced,” he says, “because they’ve been selected to be good at what they’re doing and they have a lot of training.”



Furthermore, testing in healthy people — subjecting them to the dosages and combinations that athletes are likely to take — would be an ethical can of worms. Because of that, says Charles Yesalis, an emeritus professor of sports science at Pennsylvania State University in State College, “there’s no way to know what advantages different combinations of steroids, nutritional supplements and specialized diets could produce. It’s a witches’ cauldron.”

1240



【剩余部分】

Code breaking

Gene doping — enhancing performance by adding or modifying genes — has been the subject of locker-room gossip for the past ten years. There are plenty of natural mutations for which to wish. The Finnish cross-country skier Eero Mäntyranta, who won three gold medals in the early 1960s, had a mutation that made his body’s EPO receptors more efficient. In 2004, a toddler made headlines for having a mutation that disabled myostatin, giving him the physique of a petite body builder. And the gene that encodes angotensin-converting enzyme, which has been hailed as the gene for physical performance, has one variation known to boost endurance by increasing oxygen delivery capacity and capillary density, and another that is associated with muscle growth and strength6, 7.



Advances in gene therapy could one day make it possible for any athlete to enhance their DNA. For example, in experiments aimed at treating muscular dystrophy in the elderly, a group led by physiologist Lee Sweeney of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia introduced a gene to cause over-expression of IGF1 in mice. The treatment boosted muscle strength of young adult mice by 14%, earning the rodents the nickname ‘mighty mice’8.



Other researchers are turning genes on and off with drugs. In 2008, Ronald Evans and his colleagues at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, worked with GW1516, a drug that activates a gene that increases the ratio of ‘slow-twitch’ to ‘fast-twitch’ fibres in muscle. As the names suggest, slow-twitch fibres contract more slowly than fast-twitch, but they are more efficient at aerobic activity. Evans and his team found9 that in mice, GW1516 combined with exercise increased the rodents’ endurance by 70%.



However, both Evans and Sweeney are sceptical about how useful athletes will find such therapies. “In humans, I expect the same general relationship — the under-exercised will be the ones who will have the most benefit from exercise mimetics,” says Evans. “My view is that endurance athletes are physically advantaged and will have the least benefits.”



Gene therapy has its share of health risks, including potentially severe immune reactions to the viruses used to ferry genetic material into cells. The results may also be hard to control. “If you’re going to turn a gene for something like EPO on, you better be able to turn it off,” warns Catlin. Gene doping, he says, “is not a good idea, but I wouldn’t be surprised if someone’s out there trying it”.



Human 2.0

Drugs are not the only way to potentially enhance performance. Surgery and, ultimately, technological augmentations could also help athletes towards the podium. Baseball pitchers who have undergone surgery to replace a damaged elbow ligament with tissue from a hamstring or forearm tendon claim that they can throw harder after the two-year rehabilitation process. But Scott Rodeo, an orthopaedic surgeon at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York City, warns that the science doesn’t back up the stories. “To truly say you’re making this elbow better would be a bit of a stretch,” says Rodeo.



Replacing entire joints would be unlikely to work for an elite athlete: too many screws could come loose and the artificial joint wouldn’t quite match the mechanics of a natural one. The materials would also wear out within a few years under the physical demands of elite sport. Still, Rodeo says, that assessment could change if researchers make major advances in engineering skin, tendons and other replacement body parts in the laboratory.



Miah sees potential in more imaginative surgical enhancement. “Consider using skin grafts to increase webbing between fingers and toes to improve swimming capacity,” he says. “These kinds of tweaks to our biology are likely ways that people would try to gain an edge over others.” Another frontier is nanotechnology, adds Miah. Researchers are already experimenting with blood supplements based on oxygen-carrying nanoparticles for use in emergency situations. From there, he says, “there is a lot of discussion about the possibility of biologically infused nano­devices that could perpetually maintain certain thresholds of performance”.



Mechanical prosthetics are already a reality, such as the ‘cheetah-style’ legs used by amputees including Oscar Pistorius from South Africa, a Paralympic gold medallist who was approved this month to run in the 2012 Olympics. But scientists are split on whether current artificial limbs actually confer an advantage over the flesh and blood variety.



Bryce Dyer, a prosthetic engineer at the University of Bournemouth, UK, explains that although Pistorius’s spring-like prosthetics allow him to speed up at the end of a race, they put him at a disadvantage coming out of the crouch at the start of a race or when turning a curve. “When he’s running straight ahead, he eventually hits a natural state of harmony like bouncing on a trampoline,” says Dyer, “but then he sometimes runs right off the track because he can’t turn.”



Pistorius’s prosthetics lack the stiffness of a human ankle and can’t generate the same forces as they hit the ground. To get around this, Pistorius pumps his legs faster. “It’s a biomechanically distinct way of running fast, but there’s no evidence that it’s advantageous,” says Hugh Herr, a biomechanical engineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge.



Technology might get around these problems. “Stepping decades into the future, I think one day the field will produce a bionic limb that’s so sophisticated that it truly emulates biological limb function. That technology will be the Olympic sanctioned limb,” says Herr, whose lab at MIT is currently working on a bionic running leg. “Without any such human-like constraints, the Paralympics limb will become [the basis of] this human–machine sport like racecar driving.”



According to Herr, performance-enhancing technologies will advance to a point at which they will not only extend human limits, they will demand an Olympics all of their own. “For each one there will be a new sport — power running, and power swimming, and power climbing,” projects Herr. “Just like the invention of the bicycle led to the sport of cycling. What we’ll see is the emergence of all kinds of new sports.”

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发表于 2012-7-25 13:17:16 | 显示全部楼层
沙发!!开心~~
哈哈,其实之前就想建议咱们可以找点和奥运有关的内容,这次的真不错~(*^__^*) 嘻嘻……
2:00;
1:40;
1:30;
1:25;
1:34;
越障:7:30;
英国的C运动员因为之前参赛被查出兴奋剂成分,今年才被允许参加奥运会
他承认但是用了6种兴奋剂有提高速度的恢复肌肉的等等,出现列举;
TM说,他可以在自行车比赛中通过EPO更好地达到结果
但是这不是体育的意义;
有反对的观点,认为只要这些兴奋剂是安全的,是用来医疗作用的,那么为什么不可以让运动员用呢
这两派观点的争论仍在持续,那么这种药物能被使用会怎么样呢
首先介绍了AS,有两千多种的大家族,能增加肌肉组织;
还有一种荷尔蒙,能促进肌肉增长,并且能微微提高运动性能
在耐力运动中的血液兴奋剂,提高血液活性,会让人更快更兴奋
药物以及营养类的调整和补充都能改善运动员的表现
服用兴奋剂有很多副作用,一些并发症什么的
最后将一些药物被运用到医学领域中治疗癌症艾滋病,
运动员很特殊,所以不知道他们的身体经过药物和普通人的表现有什么不同。
发表于 2012-7-25 14:10:55 | 显示全部楼层
1‘41
1’37
1‘36
1’37
1‘26

越障:
5’33Chambers admitted to using six different substances banned by the sporting autorities
Argument: if the performance-enhancing techniques are allowed
Examples of drugs which help strengthen power for sports, but have side effects.
Mention the nutrituional supplements to help improve power legally.
Athletes are different from normal people.
No way to know the advantages different combinations of specialized diets production
发表于 2012-7-25 15:32:31 | 显示全部楼层
2'18''
2'08''
2'05''
1'49''
2'04''
发表于 2012-7-25 16:00:27 | 显示全部楼层
地板 ~~
发表于 2012-7-25 20:12:24 | 显示全部楼层
速度:
2'10    1'42    1'41    1'26    1'29

越障:9'26
(今天的奥运专题的“揭秘兴奋剂”的话题好好玩啊!第一次这么细致得了解了兴奋剂,长见识了!)
Main idea:
A brief introduction of combining all all sorts of enhancements. The part included in the OBSTACLE is mainly the powerpills among enhancements.
Structure:
-introduce the main debate of this passage by illustrating with a UK sprinter who once attemped to use the enhancements in the olmpics games.
-the enhancements have a rather long histroy from the ancient Greece.
-international organizations and institutes make effors to eliminates the abuse of enhancements in games.
-Some scientific explorations on enhancements.
*power pills(the following various kinds of enhancements are introduced including its components, effects in performances, the researchers, and their institutions.)
**pharmacy
  #anabolic steroids(the most common one)
  #hormone
  #blood doping(often used in the duration games)
**nutritional supplements
  #sth. dealt with APT
  #xxx juice
**side effects
**uncertainty of applying to healthy people(since most of the medicines are taken by patients with fatal diseases.)
**unknow for the combination use of these enhancements.
发表于 2012-7-25 20:38:45 | 显示全部楼层
计时:
2′51
2′22
2′16
2′13
2′25
越障:
    Chambers正努力为2012年伦敦奥运会的奖牌争夺作准备来为2003年他通过嗑药获得奖牌来一雪前耻。其实,运动员吃药来参加比赛以获得优异成绩为医学的研究发展作了一定的贡献。在整个奥运会的发展历程中,运动员吃一些东西来提高自己的体力,自第一次奥运会以来就有,那个时候,人们是通过吃一些草本、蘑菇、动物的睾丸等,现在人们吃的东西有了很大的变化。
    一些运动员承认,在比赛或者训练过程中食用药物能够使自己的体力相对持久,并更好的发挥出自己的潜能,但远不如在自己身上加一个马达那么快。无论对业余运动员还是正式运动员来说,利用药物来保持体能发挥优势,是很多人的选择。但如果一直使用,那么运动员的体育之路还能走多远。
    一些药物能够提高体能的38%,这极大的满足了运动员们的体能需求。而一些药物虽然只能提高运动员体能的4%,但不要小看这4%的力量,在一些诸如游泳等比赛项目中,金银牌获得者的时间有可能只是0.01秒之差。
   食用EPO的人,体能能够提高到34%,在一些实验中,这些食用EPO的运动员在一些跑步等需要耐力的运动项目中,能够提高平时的水平。
   有些人为了治疗一些身体上的不适病症而食用一些药物,反而使自身基因发生转变,特别是红细胞等,基因的乱序,发掘了运动员身上的潜能。
   但是体能的摄入不仅仅来源于药物,还来源于营养的摄入——这个是合法的。其中一项是creatine,它能够提高8%的体能,而另外一项是beetroot juice,它能够延长运动员的呼吸时间,将其延长11%,这个在短距离的比赛中特别有优势。
   很多药物都有副作用,会引起高血压,对血液、内脏都会产生一定的影响。而且有些药物是用来治疗癌症、艾滋等重大疾病的,多数是为了重症病人,如果用在身体健康的运动员身上必然是不合适的。并且我们无法知道,将这些药物与营养物品等一同摄入会造成怎样的影响 。
发表于 2012-7-25 21:50:22 | 显示全部楼层
2;01
2;05
1;40
1;38
1;45
发表于 2012-7-26 08:14:26 | 显示全部楼层
Speed:
3'27
2'20
2'13
2'06
2'01

Obstacle:
9'24
An athlete DC took 6 kind of illegal supplements, was forbidden to attend competition for several years. However, he'll join 2012 London Olympic games.
A debate about if it's necessary to have a strict limit on doping, as far as human can adapt well.
Introduce some drugs that can help improve performance, in which way they can help, to what extent they boost the performance.
power pills
growth hormone
beetroot juice
nutritional supplements.

Problem:
1) Speed is not improved than 3 days ago. need to think more about methodology.
2) The ability of memorizing and summarizing.
POA:
1)Try to find a suitable way from intensive reading.
2)Should spend more time on vocabulary.
发表于 2012-7-26 14:59:15 | 显示全部楼层
啊哈,我昨天看到这几篇文章就兴奋地给神猴老大推荐来着~谢谢christine
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