【每日阅读训练第四期——速度越障4系列】【4-01】文史哲

Threesu

老爹生病了，现在不在自己家，这台电脑排版字体大小和黑体出问题了。。。
抱歉搞不了，回自己家还要过段时间，大家这次凑活这看。。。抱歉了
速度

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RICH KLEINFELDT: I'm Rich Kleinfeldt.

SHIRLEY GRIFFITH: And I'm Shirley Griffith with the VOA Special English program PEOPLE IN AMERICA. Today, we tell about Bella Abzug. She was a member of the United States Congress in the nineteen seventies. She also was a well-known activist for civil rights and women's rights.

RICH KLEINFELDT: Bella Abzug was well known for many reasons. She was a lawyer and activist. She represented New York City in Congress. She spoke in a loud voice. And she always wore large hats.

Ms. Abzug supported women's rights and civil rights. She had strong opinions on many issues. She opposed the American involvement in the war in Vietnam. She made public her opinions on most important issues. In fact, she was called one of the most outspoken members of Congress.


Bella Abzug also acted on her beliefs. She wrote legislation to prevent unfair treatment of women. She presented the first bill for equal rights for homosexuals. She often denounced the majority of the members of Congress who were white males. She said they did not know about the lives and problems of most people in America.

SHIRLEY GRIFFITH: Bella Abzug did know about the lives of common Americans. She was born Bella Savitsky in the Bronx area of New York City in nineteen twenty. Her parents had come to the United States from Russia. Her father operated a food store called The Live and Let Live Meat Market. Bella said she knew from the age of eleven that she wanted to be a lawyer. At the age of twelve, she gave her first public speech. It was in an underground train station in New York.
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RICH KLEINFELDT: Bella attended Hunter College and Columbia Law
School in New York City. She married Martin Abzug in nineteen forty-four. He was a stockbroker and writer. He had no interest in politics. But he was his wife's best friend and supporter. They had two daughters.

Bella Abzug became a lawyer in the nineteen forties. She represented labor union workers. She also represented people involved in civil rights cases. She often worked for no payment in these cases. In the nineteen fifties, she represented people accused of subversive activities by Senator Joseph McCarthy.

SHIRLEY GRIFFITH: Bella Abzug began wearing large hats when she was a young lawyer. There were very few women lawyers in America then. She told this story about why she began wearing hats: "Working women wore hats. It was the only way they would take you seriously. After a while I starting liking them. When I got to Congress, they made a big thing of it. They did not want me to wear a hat. So I did."

RICH KLEINFELDT: In the nineteen sixties, Bella Abzug became an anti-war activist. She organized a group of anti-war women, called Women Strike for Peace. She opposed American involvement in the war in Vietnam. And she opposed testing of nuclear weapons. She led demonstrations in Washington against the war and in support of a ban against nuclear weapons. She became a leader of the movement against President Johnson because of his involvement in the war.

In the early nineteen seventies, Ms. Abzug also became a leader of the growing women's rights movement that was spreading across the country. She helped form the National Women's Political Caucus. In speaking to the group in nineteen seventy-one, she demanded equal rights for women in all areas of American life.
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SHIRLEY GRIFFITH: In nineteen seventy, Bella Abzug was elected to the House of Representatives as a Democrat from New York City. She was fifty years old. She was the first Jewish woman elected to Congress. Her campaign statement was: "This woman belongs in the House." She did not mean her house. She meant the House of Representatives. At the time, there were only ten female members in the House of Representatives.

During her first day as a member of Congress, Ms. Abzug introduced a resolution calling for an immediate withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam. The resolution was defeated.

Later in her term, she tried other ways to reach that goal. She forced the administration of President Nixon to surrender documents about the Vietnam War that were known as the Pentagon Papers. She also was the first member of Congress to call for an impeachment investigation of President Nixon.



RICH KLEINFELDT: Ms. Abzug supported many programs to help American families. For example, she wanted national insurance to help pay for health care for all Americans. And, she wanted the government to establish centers to care for young children while their mothers worked.

She wanted these programs paid for with money cut from the budget of the Defense Department. She did not succeed in getting this legislation passed in Congress. Yet she kept trying.

SHIRLEY GRIFFITH: Representative Abzug was known for her forceful way of expressing her opinions. Yet House Speaker Thomas "Tip" O'Neill chose her as one of his assistants. She helped write the Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts. These laws restricted the right of the Federal Bureau of Information to withhold information.
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Ms. Abzug served in the House of Representatives for six years. In nineteen seventy-six, she gave up her seat in the House to campaign for the Democratic nomination for senator from the state of New York. She lost the election. She ran unsuccessfully for mayor of New York City. She also lost two more elections that would have returned her to the House of Representatives.


RICH KLEINFELDT: For twenty more years, Bella Abzug continued to work for women's rights. In nineteen seventy-nine, President Carter appointed her the head of a National Advisory Committee on Women, a non-paying job. Later, President Carter dismissed her when she criticized his decision to cut money for women's programs. In nineteen ninety, she started the Women's Environmental and Development Organization, which works with international agencies.

Ms. Abzug was one of the leaders of an international conference of women. Thousands of women attended that conference in Beijing, China in nineteen ninety-five. They discussed ways for women around the world to gain equal rights.

SHIRLEY GRIFFITH: Bella Abzug wrote two books. The first is called "Bella! Ms. Abzug Goes to Washington." It is about her first year in Congress. Her second book was published in nineteen eighty-four. It is called "Gender Gap: Bella Abzug's Guide to Political Power for American Women." In her later years, she continued to serve as a delegate to Democratic national conventions. She was leader of the New York City Commission on the Status of Women. And she directed the National Parity Campaign to increase the number of women elected to political office.
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RICH KLEINFELDT: Ms. Abzug once said that equal rights for women was at the top of the list of the many issues she supported. She was one of the first leaders of the feminist movement. She defined the word feminist this way: A person who believes that there should be social, economic and political equality for women. She thought that the majority of Americans believed this.

Many women supported Ms. Abzug because of her efforts to gain equality for women. She helped make it easier for other women to be elected to public office.

SHIRLEY GRIFFITH: Yet, Bella Abzug had enemies. Many people did not like her. They thought she was too loud, too aggressive, too independent, too liberal. However, most political experts agree that Bella Abzug should be included on any list of the most influential women in American politics in the twentieth century.

Bella Abzug died in nineteen ninety-eight following a heart operation. She had been in poor health for several years. She was seventy-seven. Many of her friends in the women's movement continue to miss her spirit, her voice, and her hats.

FAITH LAPIDUS: This program was written by Shelley Gollust. It was produced by Lawan Davis. The announcers were Rich Kleinfeldt and Shirley Griffith. I'm Faith Lapidus. Listen again next week forPeople in Americain VOA Special English.

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Introduction: Pragmatism and Private Law


Like many legal concepts, “private law” has recognizable referents yet eludes precise definition. Private law defines the rights and duties of individuals and private entities as they relate to one another. It stands in contrast to public law, which establishes the powers and responsibilities of governments, defines the rights and duties of individuals in relation to governments, and governs relations between and among nations.

Private law includes the common law subjects that have long been central to U.S. legal education — contracts, property, and torts. But it is not limited to those subjects, nor to common law. Statutory fields such as intellectual property and commercial law fall within private law. So too do areas of law now mostly neglected in U.S. law schools, such as agency, unjust enrichment, and remedies.

At a broader level, the phrase “private law” gestures toward an elusive set of distinctions between what is public and what is private. Private law is law, so government is involved, albeit in a particular way. Typically, it makes available institutions and procedures that enable individuals and entities to define their relationships and to assert and demand the resolution of claims against others. Courts are central to this framework, but so too are arbitral panels. In turn, this institutional framework builds on and partly incorporates customs and social norms pertaining to interpersonal interaction.

Whereas scholars in commonwealth and civil law jurisdictions generally are comfortable with the category of private law, the disposition among U.S.
legal academics is skeptical. The idea that “all law is public law” is no less taken for granted than the idea that “we are all realists now.” The simultaneous embrace of these two mantras is no coincidence. Legal realism is one important instantiation of a broader view of law that has contributed to the rise of private law skepticism.

In what follows I will first briefly discuss three canonical statements of this broader view, which I dub “brass-tacks pragmatism.” They are Justice Holmes’s The Path of the Law, Karl Llewellyn’s Some Realism About Realism, and Duncan Kennedy’s Form and Substance in Private Law Adjudication. I focus on these articles because (by academic standards) they are famous, because they appeared in the pages of this journal, and because they demonstrate that the view I am describing crosses methodological, political, and generational lines. After outlining the connection between brass-tacks pragmatism and private law skepticism, I will invoke a different variant of pragmatism — “inclusive pragmatism” — in support of the less skeptical “new” private law.
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猫咪团团

祝伯父早日康复
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Olina加油

地板

楼主好人，好人有好运，好运送健康~~

1‘20
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1‘11
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spencerX

辛苦了！祝lz的爸爸早日康复


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最后两段记得不是很清楚，再看一遍！！
1.Like other concept of law, “private laws” have some recognized referents yet do not have a precise definition. The private laws define the relationship between individual entity or individuals, whereas the public laws define the relationship between individuals and government or governments of different countries.
2.What involve in the set of private laws: contracts, torts, properties, intellectual properties, remedies…
3.The concept of private laws is a exclusive set of public laws. However, sometimes the relation of individuals and government can be regulated by private laws. The courts and aribitrates play an important role in the system of private laws
4.The relation between realism and private laws.
5.What will include in the author’s article and why he will choose these three books. (Three different kind of realism)

暮已央

占楼！祝LZ父亲早日恢复~
计时：因为马上出门所以今日的速度做的巨快无比~MS还理解了大部分~难道我是潜力股···
00：56；
BA是美国政坛一位杰出女性，影响力很大，是国会议员，非常关注妇女及普通老百姓的生活；
00:58；
BA再发学院毕业成为一名律师，这很不容易因为女律师很少，她为劳动者申诉，
她很反战很不支持武器的议案，爱好和平，后来是女权运动领导者；
00:56；
BA是在70年代进入政坛，进入了众议院，当时里面只有十位女性，她很关注妇女儿童的生活情况
她反对越战，同时也是敢向尼克松请求调查的女议员，她倡导的很多东西要实现都困难，但她一直努力着；
00:45；
BA后来的几次竞选失败了，但是她致力于妇女权利事业，成为多个组织的领导人，还写了两本书；
00:42；
BA最关注的就是妇女的平等权利，她认为这是最重要的东西，很多人支持她
也有很多人反对认为她太大嗓门太自由了，但是政界认为她是最有影响力的政坛女性之一，
她活到77岁，死于心脏问题，她身体一直不太好，很多在她的妇女组织的人都怀念着她。
越障：
2:50；
讲了private laws，它与government掌控的public law是不同的
它包括一些common law——合同法财产法等等，也包括其他一些方面
对它的认知从all law is public law转变到we are all realists now不是个巧合
最后是作者援引的几本书和作者，他认为观点很好的。

jolene91

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树姑娘

占座，楼主辛苦~
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看到LZ的旧帖关于Speed-reading，特意今天尝试一下。
速度有进展，理解力就下降了~~
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Private laws defines the rights and duties of an individual. The public laws defines the rights and duties of an individual in relation to government and the government among the nations.
Private laws includes not only  central aspects of the education of the laws but also aspects of intellectual properties and the commercial rights.
Two ideas：All laws are public law; We are all realist now.
The author provided with three professional articles for further discussion.

cleotina

7-2
1'24
BA, very NB women. she is a laywe and a artist. she did lot of things for
the american, too many to illustrate.
Her parents are Russia, and her father run a small store when she was yonge
, she wants to be s lawyer since 11(立志要早啊)
1'24
Married a man with a good job, and they are best friends. they have two
girls. a happy family.
her dream come true in a year, to be a lawyer, she always help some people
to sue for free. In the job, she wear hat, in her opnion, this will looks
serious.
after did a mount of events for country and people, she becoma a women
right movement leader, she is fighting for the rights for women.

1'22
when she was she become one the house. there are just ten women. at the
first day she got the position, she advocating withdraw the troop from VV.
The peoposal was denied, she keeking trying.
she failed in doing a lot of things , but she continue trying.
she is also one of the assistant of the writer of a Privacy Acts.
1'20
she worked in the house for six years. After leave the job she run
unsuccessful in the election of mayor NY. And she also lost anthor two
important elections. Then she contiues working for the women right, and she
also was offerd by a non-pay job by prisdent.right now, she is one of the
NY commission.
She published two books, one is about the fist yeat work in the congress,
another is tell the how to fight for the women right.
50''
the women right is most strong thing she fighting for.
most of the women like her since she did do a lot for women, making women's
life easy
and someone dislike her since her loud voice, aggressive character
She passed away and her friend missed her.

2'40
an intruduction of the private law. on contrary to public law, which is define the public athority, private law is procte the private rights, not limited on the property, realestate ect.
a group of skemtic doubt the law, but the author explain it with several materials supporting.
没有给自己留停顿时间，有点乱啦

ladyMcc

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看是看了，但是忘得很快。这是我初次加入阅读小分队。
后面的越障，还要倒回去重新看。

ladyMcc

1.The definition of private law elude precise definitely.private law  define relationship between individuals and entities,while public law define relationship between or among nations.
2.Private law include fields many has long included in the US education,statutory fields and some other fields are included in private law ,though they are not at the central of the US education.
3.private law define a elusive distinction between private and public.it help individuals and entities to define their relationship and assert their demand.courts and arbitral  panels are at the center ......pertaining interpersonal interaction.
4.realism and private law
5.further discussion of the relationship between realism and private law ,ep:3 books & why choose these books
这是我再回去看了写的，看完一段写一段，否则我就就忘记了……（忘性无敌大）