【每日阅读训练第四期——速度越障1系列】【1-01】科技

CHRISTINE2010

新的一期小分队开始了，期待大家的参与。一起提高，一起进步！
撒花~~
坚持就是胜利！！



[计时1]
About One Baby Born Each Hour Addicted to Opiate Drugs in U.S.

ScienceDaily (Apr. 30, 2012) — About one baby is born every hour addicted to opiate drugs in the United States, according to new research from University of Michigan physicians.


In the research published April 30 in the Journal of the American Medical Association, U-M physicians found that diagnosis of neonatal abstinence syndrome, a drug withdrawal syndrome among newborns, almost tripled between 2000 and 2009.

By 2009, the estimated number of newborns with the syndrome was 13,539 -- or about one baby born each hour, according to the study that U-M researchers believe is the first to assess national trends in neonatal abstinence syndrome and mothers using opiate drugs.

"Recently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released a report which found that over the last decade sales for opiate pain relievers like OxyContin and Vicodin have quadrupled," says Stephen W. Patrick, M.D., M.P.H., M.S., lead author of the study and a fellow in the University of Michigan's Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine.

"Although our study was not able to distinguish the exact opiate used during pregnancy, we do know that the overall use of this class of drugs grew by 5-fold over the last decade and this appears to correspond with much higher rates of withdrawal in their infants."

Patrick, a Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar at the University of Michigan, says multiple factors are likely to blame for the dramatic spike in use of opiate pain relievers, from their potential overuse for chronic pain to illegal sales of these drugs on the street. Overall, the U-M study showed that the number of mothers using opiate drugs increased five times over the last decade.

"Opiate use in our country is becoming an epidemic. Too often our health system reacts to problems; instead, we must address opiate use as a public health issue. To do this, we must limit opiate pain reliever use through healthcare provider education and statewide systems that watch for abuses, like people going to multiple doctors to get opiate prescriptions," Patrick says.
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[计时2]
Neonatal abstinence syndrome causes a wide array of symptoms including increased irritability, hypertonia, or heightened muscle tone, tremors, feeding intolerance, seizures, and respiratory distress. In addition, babies with the syndrome are more likely to be born with a low birthweight.

"You can often stand in the hallway and know which babies are experiencing withdrawal. They are irritable, their cries are different, and they appear uncomfortable," Patrick says.

The majority of the mothers of babies born with the syndrome were covered by Medicaid for health care costs. The average hospital bill for babies with the syndrome increased from $39,400 in 2000 to $53,400 in 2009, a 35 percent increase. By 2009, 77.6 percent of charges for babies with the syndrome were charged to Medicaid.

In Florida, where opiate pain reliever death now accounts for four times the number of deaths as illicit drugs, the number of newborns diagnosed with the syndrome has increase five-fold in the last six years. The Florida state House and Senate recently passed legislation to form a task force to evaluate the issue.

"Given that newborns with neonatal abstinence syndrome experience longer, often medically complex and costly initial hospitalizations, this study highlights the need for increased public health measures to reduce the number of babies exposed to opiate drugs," says Matthew M. Davis, M.D., M.A.P.P., associate professor in the Child Health Evaluation and Research Unit at the U-M Medical School, and associate professor of Public Policy at the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy. Davis is senior author on the paper and co-director of the Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar Program at U-M.

"We hope that state leaders will call for more research into the data we've provided because the majority of hospital expenditures for this condition are shouldered by state Medicaid programs."

This work was supported by a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program.
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[计时3]
Prenatal Exposure to Insecticide Chlorpyrifos Linked to Alterations in Brain Structure and Cognition

ScienceDaily (Apr. 30, 2012) — While chlorpyrifos is no longer registered for household use in the US, it continues to be widely used around the world, as well as on many food and agricultural products throughout the US.


Even low to moderate levels of exposure to the insecticide chlorpyrifos during pregnancy may lead to long-term, potentially irreversible changes in the brain structure of the child, according to a new brain imaging study by researchers from the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health at the Mailman School of Public Health, Duke University Medical Center, Emory University, and the New York State Psychiatric Institute. The changes in brain structure are consistent with cognitive deficits found in children exposed to this chemical.

Results of the study appear online in the April 30 PNAS.

The new study is the first to use MRI to identify the structural evidence for these cognitive deficits in humans, confirming earlier findings in animals. Changes were visible across the surface of the brain, with abnormal enlargement of some areas and thinning in others. The disturbances in brain structure are consistent with the IQ deficits previously reported in the children with high exposure levels of chlorpyrifos, or CPF, suggesting a link between prenatal exposure to CPF and deficits in IQ and working memory at age 7.

The study also reports evidence that CPF may eliminate or reverse the male-female differences that are ordinarily present in the brain. Further study is needed to determine the consequences of these changes before and after puberty, the researchers say.

Notably, the brain abnormalities appeared to occur at exposure levels below the current EPA threshold for toxicity, which is based on exposures high enough to inhibit the action of the key neurological enzyme cholinesterase. The present findings suggest that the mechanism underlying structural changes in the brain may involve other pathways.
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[计时4]
According to the lead author, Virginia Rauh, ScD, Professor at the Mailman School of Public Health and Deputy Director of the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, "By measuring a biomarker of CPF exposure during pregnancy, and following the children prospectively from birth into middle childhood, the present study provides evidence that the prenatal period is a vulnerable time for the developing child, and that toxic exposure during this critical period can have far-reaching effects on brain development and behavioral functioning."

"By combining brain imaging and community-based research, we now have much stronger evidence linking exposure to chlorpyrifos with neurodevelopmental problems," adds senior author Bradley S. Peterson, MD, Chief of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Director of MRI Research in the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center.

In the current study, the researchers used MRI to evaluate the brains of 40 New York City children, ages 5 to 11, whose mothers were enrolled prenatally in a larger cohort study. Researchers compared 20 children with high exposures to CPF with 20 children with lower exposures; all exposures occurred prior to the EPA ban on household use of the chemical in 2001. They found brain anomalies were associated with the higher exposure.

Since the 2001 ban, a drop in residential exposure levels of CPF has been documented by Robin Whyatt, DrPH, a co-author on the present study and Professor of Clinical Environmental Health Sciences and Co-Deputy Director of the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health at the Mailman School.

However, the chemical continues to be present in the environment through its widespread use in agriculture (food and feed crops), wood treatments, and public spaces such as golf courses, some parks, and highway medians. People near these sources can be exposed by inhaling the chemical, which drifts on the wind. Low-level exposure can also occur by eating fruits and vegetables that have been sprayed. Although the chemical is degraded rapidly by water and sunlight outdoors, it has been detected by the Columbia researchers in many urban residences years after the ban went into effect.
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[计时5]
Faster-Ticking Clock Indicates Early Solar System May Have Evolved Faster Than We Thought

ScienceDaily (May 1, 2012) — Our solar system is four and a half billion years old, but its formation may have occurred over a shorter period of time than we previously thought, says an international team of researchers from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and universities and laboratories in the US and Japan.

[attachimg=800,600]99853[/attachimg]
Establishing chronologies of past events or determining ages of objects require having clocks that tick at different paces, according to how far back one looks. Nuclear clocks, used for dating, are based on the rate of decay of an atomic nucleus expressed by a half-life, the time it takes for half of a number of nuclei to decay, a property of each nuclear species.

Radiocarbon dating for example, invented in Chicago in the late 1940s and refined ever since, can date artifacts back to prehistoric times because the half-life of radiocarbon (carbon-14) is a few thousand years. The evaluation of ages of the history of earth or of the solar system requires extremely "slow-paced" chronometers consisting of nuclear clocks with much longer half-lives.

The activity of one of these clocks, known as nucleus samarium-146 (146Sm), was examined by Michael Paul, the Kalman and Malke Cooper Professor of Nuclear Physics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, as well as researchers from the University of Notre Dame and the Argonne National Laboratory in the US and from two Japanese universities.

146Sm belongs to a family of nuclear species which were "live" in our sun and its solar system when they were born. Events thereafter, and within a few hundred million years, are dated by the amount of 146Sm that was left in various mineral archives until its eventual "extinction."

146Sm has become the main tool for establishing the time evolution of the solar system over its first few hundred million years. This by itself owes to a delicate geochemical property of the element samarium, a rare element in nature. It is a sensitive probe for the separation, or differentiation, of the silicate portion of earth and of other planetary bodies. The main result of the work of the international scientists, detailed in a recent article in the journal Science, is a new determination of the half-life of 146Sm, previously adopted as 103 million years, to a much shorter value of 68 million years. The shorter half-life value, like a clock ticking faster, has the effect of shrinking the assessed chronology of events in the early solar system and in planetary differentiation into a shorter time span.

The new time scale, interestingly, is now consistent with a recent and precise dating made on a lunar rock and is in better agreement with the dating obtained with other chronometers.

The measurement of the half-life of 146Sm, performed over several years by the collaborators, involved the use of the ATLAS particle accelerator at Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois.
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[越障]
Debate on diabetes drugs gathers pace

Petition unveils unnerving reports on potential carcinogenicity of GLP-1 mimics.
Amy Maxmen 30 April 2012


A petition to ban the diabetes drug Victoza (liraglutide) has turned the spotlight onto studies that demonstrate its potential to cause pancreatic and thyroid cancer.

“We don’t just go after drugs casually,” says Sidney Wolfe, director of the health and research group at Public Citizen, a non-profit consumer-advocacy organization based in Washington DC, which sent the petition to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on 19 April. “We only go after drugs when there is clear evidence of unique dangers or risks, and when there is no evidence of a unique clinical advantage.”

Public Citizen says that Victoza has a number of possible side effects; of those, critics are most concerned about pancreatic cancer. Once that cancer spreads, a patient stands just a 1.8% chance of surviving for longer than five years.

The petition rests in part on the work of Peter Butler, an endocrinologist at the University of California, Los Angeles. For some years, his work has been fuelling a debate on Victoza and other drugs in the same class — but until now, that debate has been confined to diabetes investigators.

Victoza, made by Novo Nordisk of Bagsværd, Denmark, was approved by the FDA in 2010. It is the second diabetes drug to mimic the activity of a hormone called glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas and ultimately lowers concentrations of glucose in the blood.

In some people, drugs that mimic GLP-1 may inflame the pancreas, causing pancreatitis — a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. In 2009, the FDA ruled that such drugs must be labelled with a warning about pancreatitis; Victoza carries that warning, as do Byetta and Bydureon, formulations of the GLP-1 mimic exenatide, made by Amylin Pharmaceuticals of San Diego, California. Wolfe says his concern extends to other diabetes drugs that alter the GLP-1 pathway, but there was stronger evidence to make a case against Victoza.

Since 2009, Butler and his colleagues have discovered that such treatments might affect the pancreas by activating GLP-1 receptor proteins, which in turn stimulate proliferation of precancerous cells. His latest finding¹ is that human and rodent pancreases contain lots of GLP-1 receptors in areas in which cancer is thought to originate, and  mice that are genetically predisposed to pancreatic cancer develop the disease more quickly than usual in response to Byetta.

Butler hypothesizes that treatments based on GLP-1 might lead to pancreatic cancer in people with pancreatic abnormalities that might otherwise have remained dormant. Similarly, GLP-1 receptors inhabit thyroid tissue, which Butler says could account for cases of thyroid cancer that occurred during clinical trials of Victoza².

“Butler has put together a hypothesis which is interesting and needs to be investigated,” says Edwin Gale, an endocrinologist at the University of Bristol, UK. “Pancreatitis may be just the tip of the iceberg, and it’s the iceberg that concerns me.”

Shaky data

On the basis of information plucked from the FDA’s adverse-event reporting database, Public Citizen counted 28 cases of pancreatic cancer reported between February 2010 and September 2011 among patients on Victoza, compared with just one case in a patient taking a diabetes drug that does not manipulate the GLP-1 pathway. And last year, Butler published a report in Gastroenterology³, in which he looked at FDA data from thousands of patients, and concluded that those taking Byetta developed pancreatic cancer 2.95 times as often as those on an unrelated diabetes medication.

Within days of Butler’s paper being posted online, Novo Nordisk wrote to the journal's editor-in-chief, criticizing the paper and its authors for publishing bad science. “If that article is taken out of context, it can do more harm than good if it’s picked up by the media, and people think, oh my god, this is dangerous and I need to get off this drug,” says Alan Moses, global chief medical officer for Novo Nordisk in Princeton, New Jersey.

Indeed, any conclusions drawn from the FDA’s adverse-event database are riddled with caveats. For example, the database does not indicate whether a patient was at particular risk for cancer before they took the drug. And because it has no information on healthy people, it is impossible for researchers to determine incidence rates accurately.

As for Butler’s rodent experiments, Moses argues that if pancreatic cancer were a risk, Novo Nordisk would have seen it in in-house animal studies. (A rare type of thyroid cancer did show up, prompting a warning on Victoza’s label.)

Butler says it is no wonder that Novo Nordisk bristles in response to his publications. “The global market for type 2 diabetes drugs is worth US$20 billion,” he says. “These drugs are the only ones that manufacturers have that are not off-patent, so if they disappear, they’d have nothing.” Global sales of Victoza reached $310 million last year.

Insufficient surveillance

Butler and others who use the FDA adverse event database admit that a strong case cannot be made with this information alone. Ideally, researchers would compare incidence of cancer in the thousands of patients taking Victoza or Byetta with that in those on non-GLP-1 diabetes drugs, but for now they can't, because comprehensive databases either don’t exist or can’t be accessed. Instead, Novo Nordisk has enrolled 9,000 people in a safety-monitoring study requested by the FDA.

Still, the study might not be large enough to detect pancreatic-cancer risks, according to Daniel Drucker, an endocrinologist at the University of Toronto in Canada. About 1 in 10,000 people in the United States develop pancreatic cancer each year, so the study would have to be enormous to reach statistical significance.“You need to follow close to a million people, controlled for as many variables as possible, to be able to have the statistical power to make any meaningful conclusin about possible changes in incidence rates of cancers like pancreatic cancer,” says Drucker, who consults for Novo Nordisk and other manufacturers of diabetes drugs. “It’s highly irresponsible to say on the basis of a mouse or rat study that a drug is safe or unsafe, and I wouldn’t use poor-quality case reports [from the FDA's adverse event database] to make assumptions either.”

Because there are other diabetes drugs on the market, Wolfe disagrees with waiting while thousands of people are followed for years. So far people have filled about 2 million prescriptions for Victoza in the United States; that number will increase rapidly if Novo Nordisk receives approval from the FDA to market liraglutide for obesity.

Butler agrees that waiting isn’t the only approach. “This story is a genie that’s escaped from the bottle because of Public Citizen, which is good because we need neutral people to repeat my experiments and to do other experiments,” he says. “I hope that I’m proven wrong because I’m not looking for people to get pancreatic cancer.”

(1146)

CHRISTINE2010

自己占楼。。。恩。。。不乖。。哈哈。。

铁板神猴

果断拿下第一弹的宝座
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1'43''
1'31''
1'34''
1'45''
2'25''

6'30''

CCcarol

速度：
2‘14 连续补了两天的小分队, 这是第三篇,有点儿没缓过来..~ 医学术语的词儿还是有点模糊, 等等再去背一下.~
The articles talks about one baby is born every hour addicted to opiate drugs in the United States. The U-M study showed that the number of mothers using opiate drugs increased five times over the last decade. Some departments should restrict the limits the use of opiate.
1'35
Neonatal abstinence syndrome causes many diseases. Patrick says that the cries of irritable babies are different and uncomfortable. They hope that state leaders will pay more attention to the hospital expenditures for this condition.
1'44 我可不可以暗暗的觉得有人觉得性别倒错就是由这个而来的~~~？
Even low moderate levels of chlorpyifos during pregnanc may lead changed in the brain structure of the child. The new study to identify the structural evidence that it deficits in IQ, working memory at age 7 and these change is needed to determine the consequences before and after puberty.
1’30
It can be sure that CPF do damage chlid's brain. All exposures of EPA ban on househole use of the chemical in 2001. However, we cannnot avoid inhaling the chemical, because it exists everywhere.
2‘03
最怕的就是这类文章了, 脑子有点昏了, 就是看了个大概, 貌似是用146Sm来测定银河系里的一些年龄啊速度什么的.

越障：8’00
对不起, 脑子太混乱了, 就大致看了个结构, 不过感觉很像GMAC的习惯模式~

fox0923

庆祝一下~~图片好养眼，当桌面了，

dwindwin1106

速度：2'14"
         1'49"
         1'57"
         1'54"
         3'15"

越障：9'10"
Wolfe 提交了petition要求禁止diabetes 药物 V，他认为有证据可以证明它们临床上没有什么好处，并且会带来副作用，其中包括2种cancer，P和T。
Wolfe的petition是部分建立在Bulter之前的研究上的，此人一直致力于debate on usage of diabetes drugs。
介绍了V的发挥作用的原理，bulter解释了为何吃V会引起那2种cancer。
Gale指出这些研究只是冰山一角。

Bulter发表了一篇文章举了些证据进一步证明了他的假设，即V类药物有害。
Moses表示反对，他认为这会误导大众，并且认为FDA提供的数据其实是有问题的，不具有代表性。并且Moses对Bulter的实验也表示了质疑。
Bulter认为这样的反对很正常，因为V类药物销量很高，如果没了，医药公司会损失很多。

Bulter等人承认目前所获得的数据确实不够具有说服力，认为应该进行更深入的研究，但是目前还不可能。
要进行统计的话所面对的数据量是十分庞大的，需要十分强大的统计力量，所以D认为不能简单的说一个药物好或不好。
Wolfer认为waiting不是一个好方法，因为提交申请需要此类药物的人数很多，并且有上升趋势。
Bulter也同意W的观点，认为需要中立机构来做这项研究

第一次跟小分队练习，不知道做的对不对，呵呵。
速度练习发现读得不是很快，而且读完后其实脉络不是很清楚，可想而知，如果读得再快点，那就更不知道哪跟哪了，希望可以逐渐提高。
越障练习看到这么长的就有点被吓到了，呵呵，第一次读完其实就大概知道了有人反对V药，又有人站出来说这些人的实验不具有说服力反对那些人，最后说要进行进一步的研究，对更细致的脉络、逻辑其实并不是很清楚，上面的复述是又看了一遍后完成的。

不知道我这个看到英语文章就犯晕的人是否有一天也能够轻松应对，希望吧，呵呵，也希望能够多多看到大家的经验。

初来乍到，请多多帮助

呓语

2‘15 U-M医生 发行新生儿某临床综合症 2009年是2000年的三倍
     又发现O,V止痛药四倍
     母亲鸦片用量涨了6倍
     应该予以重视并限制
2’09 Neonatal abstinence syndrome 引起很多症状，这些newborns 和其他婴儿连哭声都不同
     佛罗里达州 已经引起重视
2' 08 讲CPF这种农药即使low exposure也会引起孩子大脑结构的变化
     然后第一次用MRI来检测（之前在动物身上用过了），然后可以看到大脑表面不一样 一些       地方enlargement，一些地方thining， 这是不正常的，好像还会影响IQ什么的  
2‘07 prenatal 的时候很脆弱所以low CPF也会影响，学家针对40个孩子进行了研究，发现high      exposure的更有问题，所以2001年禁止了什么，但是还是会接触到CPF，比如蔬菜水果啊，    或者高尔夫球场啊之类的
3’13  啊！！看到那张图片我就读不下去。。。星系啊宇宙神马的吃力啊！！
     又看了一遍，先讲 元素的半衰期怎样怎样，可以用来测量时间
     然后 又介绍了146Sm,这种元素的半衰期貌似比较长，然后又存在于solar system 里面，所以可以用来测量 solar system的时间啊bla bla


越障
7‘33 主要就讲一个治糖尿病的药V可能会引起cancer,有人对比服用该药和服用不像该药有 GLP-1 ，发现用了V的人得胰腺癌症的更多
最后那个科学家说等待不是唯一的方法
就记得这么多。感觉看到比较慢，也懂的比较多，但是边看边忘，文章太长了。

199249712

2：12
镇定剂的使用近年来十分普遍 伴随着新生儿的诞生 使用于准妈妈的怀孕期间
镇定剂对于新生儿有一定的危害 因此我们应该从各个方面禁止

1:31
镇定剂会导致各种疾病 都是列举 那几个单词几乎都不认识 然后还可能导致新生儿的体重不够标准
我们在医院的时候从哭声中就可以分辨出哪个孩子被麻醉剂伤害了 他们不开心而且很难受
镇定剂本来是给死人用的 现在成了造成死亡的主要原因
我们应该减少使用镇定剂---并得到各方人员的支持

2:03
某药物改变大脑结构 进而导致感知缺乏
一般发生于新生儿阶段 不仅如此 还发现了药物影响IQ
影响男女区别认知
我们需要更深层次的研究 研究大脑结构 以及药物是如何破坏的
2:32
根据实验 发现小孩是最容易受到CPF的伤害的 尤其是大脑发育
然后专家举例声明
做了个对照试验 高exposure 还有低exposure 发现高的危险大
然后专家声明要禁止在家居中使用
但是禁止没有用 CPF无处不在 举例。。方方面面

3:49
主要介绍了两种用来记录宇宙发展时期的方法
首先说了地球发展的时间比我们想象的要短很多很多
然后引入我们用来追踪古董的C14  作为类比
之后引入第一个方法 什么S196 不认识 应该是个元素
它存在于太阳中啊 太阳一出现它就有了啊 = =|||
然后介绍了一系列怎么操作地球上怎么找它的方法吧
第二种方法是记录月球岩石。。。很简短的就没了
最后说了S196元素需要用到粒子加速器

9;47
这篇有边读边记。。 所以不算是一气呵成的

致癌
声明致癌且无用 SW
致癌且严重
介绍by 是反对V 并提交申请的主要人员
介绍NN 是制作V的主要人员
V药品上已经表明了危害 但是SW认为我们依旧要反对V
BU做了实验证明药物通过刺激receptor来使得癌症更加快速
EG认为实验非常有趣 并且只是冰山一角
于是这个问题发出后大家都避之不及
但是文章反驳 这个警告漏洞百出 我们不知道健康人跟致癌人之间induce的区别
于是NN反驳 你这个警告不对 如果真有这些问题 我在制药过程中的动物实验上就能发现
BU反驳道 认为NN反驳是正常现象 因为V药的利润太大 NN无法抛弃这么强大的利润 举了一堆数字

为了鉴定V药是不是真的致癌且危险 那么我们应该跟市场上V可比的同类糖尿病药物对比 但是让人郁闷的是 市场上根本没有同类药物可比
但是DD认为还是有大量数据让我们证明V是挚爱的 因为世界上那么多人都得了癌症。。就是个比例的问题吧  有人又反驳到 还是不能定论 你用动物的实验结论太推断人类本来就是不负责任的
然后那个SW又跑了出来说什么现在又大量的药物 我们不能再等了 就拿现在的药物比 B复议
我认为文章最后落定就是能不能判定V有害还说不定 只给出了几个人的观点

bank11

占座再读~

---
1. 1'32
2. 1'39
3. 1'36
4. 1'42
5. 1'55
越障：5'26
1. Reserchers found out that diabetes drugs cause serious cancer.
2. Taking examples that support the finding.
3. Someone argued that this conclusion is not valid.
  -It didn't rule out the possibility that diabetes patients are themself easier to get cancer than non diabetes patients.
  -If the drugs actually cause higher canceer rate, animal experiment should have showed it.
  -The size of people who are engaged in the survey is small.
4. Futher study should be conducted.

猫咪团团

谢谢Chris

1:56
1:55
2:06
1:55
2:39

越障 8:08

Recently,  a reserch shows that the 2nd popular diabites medicineV could lead to a P cancer.

For those people who got diabates, they have difficult to relaese GLP-1. The methodoly of V is that they can stipulate the insulin, which can push to release GLP-1. But during the research, it shows that when V keeps working on diabates, they also increase the risk to get P cancer. For those people, who got P cancer, only less than 2% people could live for more than 5 years.

Since V got the world's 2nd largest market share, if the conclusion were proved to be true, it could affect a lot of people.

Despite the P cancer, the DAF concerned more. They were afraid that P cancer is only the point of the iceburg, the drug may cause more diseases.

But the Company, who produce V, were very angry about the research, and they thought it could not be published. They argues that the research only make analysis on the people who got diabates and on rats, it could not make the conclusion that the P was resulted by V. It could be possible that for those diabates patient, they bare more risks to obtain P than healthy people.

Besides, the research involves too few people, there're only 9,000 samples, they didn't involve patient without use V to make the comparation. Only experiment on rat can't make a reliable conclusion. In fact, it should involve at least 1million people to get an trustable conclusion.

The leader of the reserach admit the claim that their research were not completed enough, and he'd rather to find out that their conclusion was wrong.