请教OG12里关于技术决定论和社会构成的一篇阅读，没看明白

lxhf0406

Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of
technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.（此段说JC的研究对关于技术决定论与社会构成论的争论有贡献）

Clark makes the point （这里表明JC的观点 可以看出他是支持技术决定论）that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive infl uence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplifi ed by Braverman’s analysis（这里是一个社会构成论的内容）, that emphasizes the way machinery refl ects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and confi guration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.

The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting （此处说社会构成论的错误之处，再一次表明JC支持技术决定论）technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.

Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. （接下来JC从理论与经验两方面反驳社会构成论的偏激，接下来我就看不明白了）Theoretically he defines “technology” in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and
supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance.（我觉得这句话是支持社会构成论的） At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semielectronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising fromthe capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: “When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?”

请各位大N指教

[此贴子已经被作者于2009/10/14 23:04:02编辑过]

TonyGe

c 反对的是极端社会构建论对技术决定论的曲解。

c 的观点既不是技术决定论，也不是社会构建理论，而是对二者的修正主义观点。

sunyan730

说实话这篇文章我也看得云里雾里的，一开始做错了一半。哎，想死的心都有了。我感觉og12阅读有几篇还是很难的。

maggie0406

今天做到这篇了

崩溃到极点

感觉这是OG12版里最难的一篇

没这么看懂

还得继续啃

winnemashi

就这一篇文章我就看了大半天了。。。现在lz说的那部分我都还没看懂。。。

lxhf0406

以下是引用TonyGe在2009/9/20 15:49:00的发言：

c 反对的是极端社会构建论对技术决定论的曲解。

c 的观点既不是技术决定论，也不是社会构建理论，而是对二者的修正主义观点。

这个观点我很质疑。因为第一题是主旨题，答案是the passage is mainly concerned with portraying clark's view as a successful challenge to constructivism

scofan

可能我理解得比较牵强。我当时是这样理解的：技术不是cold, hard metal，而appropriate systems of operation and maintenance才是技术。社会构成论不会去关注cold, hard metal。

 后面一篇关于细胞的才让我晕倒！

vashzz

后面讲的是Mr.C从两个方面来反驳C主义的极端观点，只是极端的观点，后面在E的方面还是有一部分赞同C主义的。最后那句话说明了Mr.C的观点并非与上面俩任何一个相同。

feir2004

感觉作者的态度很明显，读第二和第三遍的时候也觉得读懂文章了，可是做题的时候还是错很多。而且下面这一句后半部分（即capable of directly influencing skills and work organization）的句子结构是什么，：The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.

linshigong

偷懒，直接在lz的文章上改了。。。



Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of
technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.（此段说JC的研究对关于技术决定论与社会构成论的争论有贡献）


Clark makes the point （这里表明JC的观点 可以看出他是支持技术决定论-JC并没有支持技术决定论，整篇文章也没提到技术决定论是怎么回事）that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive infl uence on job skills and work organization(JC认为技术会影响这些). Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured(关键词,表明JC否认了此观点) by the recent sociological fashion, exemplifi ed by Braverman’s analysis（这里是一个社会构成论的内容-这里应该看不出来...）, that emphasizes the way machinery refl ects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire(B的观点,技术的变革是经理的意愿，Q122的出题点) to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and confi guration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism(这里定义B的观点是新的主流观点:社会构成论).

The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting （此处说社会构成论的错误之处，再一次表明JC支持技术决定论）technological determinism冒号表解释，是考点的标志，很重要。后面有Q123\124\125\126，4道题都是围绕此考点) technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.

Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. （接下来JC从理论与经验两方面反驳社会构成论的偏激，接下来我就看不明白了）Theoretically he defines(理论方面是给技术下了一个定义) “technology” in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and
supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance.（我觉得这句话是支持社会构成论的-这句话是什么意思实际不太重要，总之一定是驳斥社会构成论的。知道是从operation and maintenance方面说的就可以了，不需要看懂） At the empirical level Clark shows（经验方面举了一个例子，举例的目的一定要看懂） how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semielectronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers（Q121的出题点，Q127题定位到这里的organization和上一句的operation也能选出答案）. （读到这里后面都不重要，前面没看懂可以继续看，只是为了进一步解释补充而已）Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising fromthe capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: “When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?”