替冰水MM放狗狗~~~阅读狗狗先睹为快~！

sparklelynn

cost disease古典音乐艺术资金投入musical表演
V1:　 长， 3段。
p1：关于艺术和生产力的。生产力发展了，各个行业的成本都降低了，但是艺术就不是这样。比如做表的，机器可以节省很多人力。但是比如做violin的，就没有多大改变。关于一个模型叫做cost disease，就是认为古典音乐艺术之类的成本没有随着经济发展大幅增加，因为科技发展可以使得其他生产规模化降低成本，但是每个观众的成本却没有增加……（有逻辑题，说哪一项最像cost disease的应用）一个什么人认为资金在音乐艺术方面投入不够多，然后他的观点立即被否定，否定他主要有两个原因。
p2：批判，其实不是这样，1P观点的人忽略了扩音器什么的，技术发展减少了很多人。还有直播，也是。科技发展也使得古典音乐能在更大的礼堂公开演出使得更多的观众得以享受；好像是说资金投入在功放（amplification）上了，如果没有amplification，那么表演者只能表演给更少的人听（这里有考题）。recording和broadcast也是得益于科技发展。
p3：他还忽略了啥啥，其实因为agency和经理使得一些star出场费非常非常高，也使得整个音乐艺术成本增加，使得这一项商业成为一种什么和什么的混合体，大意好像是市场竞争和个人什么……
考点集中在一,二段

考题:
1．有逻辑题，说哪一项最像cost disease的应用，我选了A，不是很确定，但是BCDE,尤其是cde差的太远了。
2．如果没有amplification，那么表演者只能表演给更少的人听（这里有考题）。
3．下列哪项是对的？有两个选项很混淆，（另外3个明显错）一个说，stars 要的钱越来越多，另一个说，agent要的钱越来越多了。我考虑挺久选stars。因为我觉得agent 是帮助star 得到更多的钱，但是没说agent本身能得更多的钱。
4．音乐的费用会降下来，如果下列哪项假设成立？选最后一个E，说free market的。确定。最后一段明确说了现在不是free market.
参考阅读
1 cost disease成本病
传统理论：工资和劳动力生产率紧密相关
成本病：一些行业工资提高，劳动生产率却未提高（劳动力密集代表的服务业很难实现产率的提高）
经 济学家认为，未获得产率提高就抬高劳动者工资是出于与同行竞争拉拢劳动力的考虑。例如，一个音乐家被付给19世纪水平的工资，他便会退出行业，转而进入类 似汽车工业这种提高产率从而获得工资增长的行业。由此可见，音乐家工资提高并不是因为产率提高，而是其他行业工资的提高。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baumol%27s_cost_disease
Baumol's cost disease (also known as the Baumol Effect) is a phenomenon described by William J. Baumol and William G. Bowen in the 1960s. It involves a rise of salaries in jobs that have experienced no increase of labor productivity in response to rising salaries in other jobs which did experience such labor productivity growth. This goes against the theory in classical economics that wages are always closely tied to labor productivity changes.
The rise of wages in jobs without productivity gains is caused by the necessity to compete for employees with jobs that did experience gains and hence can naturally pay higher salaries, just as classical economics predicts. For instance, if the music industry pays its musicians 19th century style salaries, the musicians may decide to quit and get a job at an automobile factory where salaries are commensurate to high labor productivity. Hence, musicians' salaries are increased not due to labor productivity increases in the music industry, but rather due to productivity and wage increases in other industries.
The original study was conducted for the performing arts sector. Baumol and Bowen pointed out that the same number of musicians are needed to play a Beethoven string quartet today as were needed in the 1800s; that is, the productivity of Classical music performance has not increased. On the other hand, wages of musicians (as well as in all other professions) have increased greatly since the 19th century.
In a range of businesses, such as the car manufacturing sector and the retail sector, workers are continually getting more productive due to technological innovations to their tools and equipment. In contrast, in some labor-intensive sectors that rely heavily on human interaction or activities, such as nursing, education, or the performing arts there is little or no growth in productivity over time. As with the string quartet example, it takes nurses the same amount of time to change a bandage, or college professors the same amount of time to mark an essay, in 2006 as it did in 1966.
Baumol's cost disease is often used to describe the lack of growth in productivity in public services such as public hospitals and state colleges. Since many public administration activities are heavily labor-intensive there is little growth in productivity over time. As a result growth in the GDP will generate little more resources to be spent in public sector. Thus public sector production is more depended on taxation level than growth in the GDP.

missbelly

又是新狗呀 雪菲好棒 冰水好棒~！