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LZ帮忙确认一下题目好嘛?此篇段意和题目都需要补充呢 谢谢~~
一、主旨 有个是讲对于污染的认识转变,应把污染物看成是检测生产中是否有漏洞的指标,以提高生产率的态度来治理污染。/污染是说企业认为环境治理会增加成本。
二、段落大意 P1. 很多company认为控制环境污染会增加不必要的cost,然后作者反驳说环境污染会带来一些潜在的cost, 然后举了几个例子(这里有一道考题问整个潜在的cost怎么解释,我选得是环境污染会在其他方面产生cost, 原文表述这个潜在的cost用了一个什么词我忘了)
P2. 类比说defect,以前公司认为defect是不可避免的,减少defect会增加公司的cost, 但是后来发现,通过改进流程可以减少defect也不会增加cost(有一道题问这段的作用,我选得是类比那个)。
P3. 总结说环境污染也可以像defect一样被控制.然后用了improve processing efficiency来说,其实在治理过程,能发现一些降低成本的地方。/第三段又回头说治理污染方面的事,似乎没有考点。
三、题目 Q1. 主旨题 答案是:提出一个概念并谈了他的影响(V42 by daxian)
Q2. 第二段(defect)的作用 我选得是类比那个
Q3. pollution的opportunity cost指的是什么? 我选的是因为污染产生的lost。 在污染之前就产生的成本。 (V42 by daxian) 狗主解释:解释:有些污染并不是产品释放的,可能因为流程不科学等原因增加原料等从而增加污染。很多污染并不是事后治理的,而是之前就可以控制治理的。因此答案因选之前的成本。大仙对此答案非常自信,这是从经管角度解读的。
Q3.第二段后半截黑脸的作用in order to, 选underline principal 怎样 affect影响了… 迷惑选项:opportunity cost的pricipal怎样apply应用到防止污染。因为本段未提及应用方法,且黑脸前面有一句话:as a result….正确选项带有underline字样。(V42 by daxian)
四、背景知识 机会成本(Opportunity Cost,OC)是指为了实现某个目标而必须放弃的其他收益,又称为“替代性成本”,就是俗语的“有得必有失” -----维基百科,自由的百科全书三、参考背景
灰常感谢Elaine0905(ID: 676375) 提供英文背景,考古狗主确认相似,尤其是红字部分。 原文请戳(~ ̄▽ ̄)→))* ̄▽ ̄*)o [手指戳戳] http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_Math/thread-794126-1-1.html
Environmental improvement efforts have traditionally overlooked these systems costs. Instead, they have focused on pollution control through better identification, processing, and disposal of discharges or waste -- costly approaches. In recent years, more advanced companies and regulators have embraced the concept of pollution prevention, sometimes called source reduction, which uses such methods as material substitution and closed-loop processes to limit pollution before it occurs.
But, although pollution prevention is an important step in the right direction, ultimately companies must learn to frame environmental improvement in terms of resource productivity. [1] Today managers and regulators focus on the actual costs of eliminating or treating pollution. They must shift their attention to include the opportunity costs of pollution --wasted resources, wasted effort, and diminished product value to the customer. At the level of resource productivity, environmental improvement and competitiveness come together.
This new view of pollution as resource inefficiency evokes the quality revolution of the 1980s and its most powerful lessons. Today we have little trouble grasping the idea that innovation can improve quality while actually lowering cost.
But as recently as fifteen years ago, managers believed there was a fixed trade-off. Improving quality was expensive because it could be achieved only through inspection and rework of the inevitable" defects that came off the line. What lay behind the old view was the assumption that both product design and production processes were fixed. As managers have rethought the quality issue, however, they have abandoned that old mind-set. Viewing defects as a sign of inefficient product and process design -- not as an inevitable byproduct of manufacturing -- was a breakthrough. Companies now strive to build quality into the entire process. The new mind-set unleashed the power of innovation to relax or eliminate what companies had previously accepted as fixed trade-offs.
第二段用defect做类比 Like defects, pollution often reveals flaws in the product design or production process. Efforts to eliminate pollution can therefore follow the same basic principles widely used in quality programs: Use inputs more efficiently, eliminate the need for hazardous, hard-to-handle materials, and eliminate unneeded activities. In a recent study of major process changes at ten manufacturers of printed circuit boards, for example, pollution-control personnel initiated thirteen of thirty-three major changes. Of the thirteen changes, twelve resulted in cost reduction, eight in quality improvements, and five in extension of production capabilities. [2] It is not surprising that total quality management (TQM) has become a source of ideas for pollution reduction that can create offsetting benefits. The Dow Chemical Company, for example, explicitly identified the link between quality improvement and environmental performance by using statistical-process control to reduce the variance in processes and to lower waste.
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