40科学家研究organism&41personality trait 与职业选择& 44lava火山岩 烤小骨，求确认加补充~

匆匆淼

楼下有ouying0501提供的更详尽的考古版本，大家可以直接看他的版本！

考古

40、科学家研究organism
by elaineliang  680，Q50, V31  3/7/2011
讲两个物质如何更高效地去找食物。第一段先讲两个科学家研究表明a物质会记得自己转弯地方向，研究表明a物质转左的几率是转右的两倍有多，如果上一次是转右的话。同时a物质会用protein留下scar做记号。第二段讲b物质。也是一些科学家研究出b物质有跟找食物有关的特性，具体想不起来了～题目都不是很难，都是主旨加细节。


41性格与职业选择
第一段：研究人员发现outgoing的人做管理类工作的多，passive的人从事technical的多。然后解释原因：management position的 daily work 主要是和人打交道的工作等。Organized person需要lead，talk and organize staff。
第二段：然而一种可能性是：人们倾向于根据自己的personality traits来选择occupation。就算outgoing的人去应聘manager，withdraw的人都去应聘tech工作，however, the employer has the authority to final say to decide 会不会聘用这个人从事某个工作。
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1）作者认为personality traits对人们的occupation有什么影响？
2）什么决定人们从事某个occupation？（最后还是雇主说了算）
3）什么人适合做管理工作？ （outgoing and organized person）
4）主旨题（比较difference）
5）Inference: withdraw的人做管理类的工作会怎么样？（这些人tend to be less successful in leading than outgoing managers）。
6）第二段的作用是什么？       （一个选项是undermine第一段的内容，还有一个是restate 第一段）
7） 文中说从事technology的人性格withdraw and passive，问以下哪个能weaken从事technology的人的passive性格？（从事technology的人也需要经常跟别人交流并且说服别人）

44 lava
2.2.1. 火山熔岩的来由
V1 yueqianchen
　　第一段：说的是火山爆发中熔岩(lava)是来自地幔的(mantle)，说是由地下升起来的，在此过程中成分变化,一种物质O1(O打头)增加，另一个O2(也是O打头)减少。
　　第二段：海底火山样本大概都证明了，但是奇怪的是45KM时成分就不变了，这是怎么回事呢?若是不变它如何上来的呢?第一种解释说是沿着裂缝上来的(crack)，然后说不可能啊，因为45KM还很深东西都很软，没有裂缝。第二种解释又说，到45KM时O2就用完了 - 题目实在记不起来 记得都挺好找的
　　V2 g20040636
　　还有lava的那个
　　第一段是一个试验说从mantle 怎样就变成了melt 然后说越靠近surface越多 Ose。。很长一个单词 然后越少 Olive之类的一个单词。
　　第二段说在可是ocean land里面 45km以下就没有这种substance的exchange 然后就分析原因 有一个是rock太软不会裂开怎么流不出去 还有几个解释忘记了

ouying0501

补充楼上的

2.2.1.    ★火山熔岩的来由
V1 duke3d001 750, wade777, echosweet 700 & yueqianchen
关键词：45KM, Olivine, Orthopyroxene (referenced by gitarrelieber)。这篇文章的题目不难，狗的骨架也很清晰。
第一段讲火山爆发来源于Mantle中的Lava，而Lava来源于Melt ，Melt在向地表上升的过程中会与Mantle中的Rock反应并不断互相交换物质、变化结构，即吸收Orthopyroxene并排出Olivine。    
第二段说一个跟理论不太相符的事情，一种海底里的lava sample，在距离地表45千米突然发现已经停止这种物质交换，Melt的结构不变了。一种假设是那里的Mantle太松散了，使Melt无法与他们接触并交换物质，但立即被否定了(因为45KM还很深东西都很软，没有裂缝)。另一种假设是Melt在之前的上升过程中已经吸收了足够的Orthopyroxene， 并将能排出的Olivine都排了，无法继续反应。
1 darkchoco 710是什么可以证明这种exchange的存在：熔岩的成分
2 gyz12 740 一道文章最后句定位：Olivine的用完了,exchange就停止了
3 gyz12 740 一道是选chemical composition为特征 sashimiyuki 720 V37 选“lab experiments” indicate 那个melt 的变化的，没有选chemical composition, 细节题定位后决定的，确认后到现在还没有深深后悔过
4 tianmo0512 是什么发生反应：选melt
5 feifeizoe 750 V39 文中什么情况下描述了那种正常的exchange：lab experiment中实现了那种现象
6 The author mention “the melt to rise so rapidly” in order to：提出了一种hypothesis，这种hypothesis在后面被反驳

(疑似)原文未缩减 gitarrelieber (sereneys 730 V40 基本确认)
节选自The Origin of the Land under the Sea (Scientific American Magazine @ February 2009)
Author: Peter B. Kelemen

Knowledge of the intense heat and pressure in the mantle led researchers to hypothesize in the late 1960s that ocean crust originates as tiny amounts of liquid rock known as melt—almost as though the solid rocks were “sweating.” Even a minuscule release of pressure (because of material rising from its original position) causes melt to form in microscopic pores deep within the mantle rock. Explaining how the rock sweat gets to the surface was more difficult. Melt is less dense than the mantle rocks in which it forms, so it will constantly try to migrate upward, toward regions of lower pressure. But what laboratory experiments revealed about the chemical composition of melt did not seem to match up with the composition of rock samples collected from the mid-ocean ridges, where eruptedmelt hardens. Using specialized equipment to heat and squeeze crystals from mantle rocks in the laboratory, investigators learned that the chemical composition of melt in the mantle varies depending on the depth at which it forms; the composition is controlled by an exchange of atoms between the melt and the minerals that makeup the solid rock it passes through. The experiments revealed that as melt rises, it dissolves one kind of mineral, orthopyroxene, and precipitates, or leaves behind, another mineral, olivine. Researchers could thus infer that the higher in the mantle melt formed, the more orthopyroxene it would dissolve, and the more olivine it would leave behind.(melt上升时， 溶解Ort产生Oli, 所以melt higher， 溶解的Ort越多，产生的/留在身后的Oli也越多) Comparing these experimental findings with lava samples from the mid-ocean ridges revealed that almost all of them have the composition of melts that formed at depths greater than 45kilometers. This conclusion spurred a lively debate about how meltis able to rise through tens of kilometers of overlying rock while preserving the composition appropriate for a greater depth. If melt rose slowly in smallpores in the rock, as researchers suspected, it would be logical to assume that all melts would reflect the composition of the fashallowest part of the mantle,at 10 kilometers or less. Yet the composition of most mid-ocean ridge lavas amples suggests their source melt migrated through the uppermost 45 kilometers of the mantle without dissolving any orthopyroxene from the surrounding rock. But how? （疑大概为狗狗第一段的背景内容）

In the early 1970s scientists proposed an answer: the melt must make the last leg of its upward journey along enormous cracks. Open cracks would allow the melt to rise so rapidly that it would not have time to interact with the surrounding rock, nor would melt in the core of the crack ever touch the sides. Although open cracks are not a natural feature of the upper mantle— the pressure is simply too great—some investigators suggested that the buoyant force of migrating melt might sometimes be enough to fracture the solid rock above, like an icebreaker ship forcing its way through polar pack ice. Adolphe Nicolas of the University of Montpellier in France and his colleagues discovered tantalizing evidence for such cracks while examining unusual rock formations called ophiolites. Typically, when oceanic crust gets old and cold, it becomes so dense that it sinks back into the mantle along deep trenches known as subduction zones, such as those that encircle the Pacific Ocean. Ophiolites, on the other hand, are thick sections of old seafloor and adjacent, underlying mantle that are thrust up onto continents when two of the planet’s tectonic plates collide. A famous example, located in the Sultanate of Oman, was exposed during the ongoing collision of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. In this and other ophiolites, Nicolas’s team found unusual, light-colored veins called dikes, which they interpreted as cracks in which melt had crystallized before reaching the seafloor. The problem with this interpretation was that the dikes are filled with rock that crystallized from a melt that formed in the uppermost reaches of the mantle, not below 45 kilometers, where most mid-ocean ridge lavas originate. In addition, the icebreaker scenario may not work well for the melting region under mid-ocean ridges: below about 10 kilometers, the hot mantle tends to flow like caramel left too long in the sun, rather than cracking easily.

To explain the ongoing mystery, I began working on an alternative hypothesis for lava transport in the melting region. In my dissertation in the late 1980s, I developed a chemical theory proposing that as rising melt dissolves orthopyroxene crystals, it precipitates a smaller amount of olivine, so that the net result is a greater volume of melt. Our calculations revealed how this dissolution process gradually enlarges the open spaces at the edges of solid crystals, creating larger pores and carving a more favorable pathway through which melt can flow. As the pores grow, they connect to form elongate channels. In turn, similar feedbacks drive the coalescence of several small tributaries to form larger channels. Indeed, our numerical models suggested that more than 90 percent of the melt is concentrated into less than 10 percent of the available area. That means millions of microscopic threads of flowing melt may eventually feed into only a few dozen, high porosity channels 100 meters or more wide. Even in the widest channels, many crystals of the original mantle rock remain intact, congesting the channels and inhibiting movement of the fluid. That is why melt flows slowly, at only a few centimeters a year. Over time, however, so much melt passes through the channels that all the soluble orthopyroxene crystals dissolve away, leaving only crystals of olivine and other minerals that the melt is unable to dissolve. As a result, the composition of the melt within such channels can no longer adjust to decreasing pressure and instead records the depth at which it last “saw” an orthopyroxene crystal. One of the most important implications of this process, called focused porous flow, is that only the melt at the edges of channels dissolves orthopyroxene from the surrounding rock; melt within the inner part of the conduit can rise unadulterated.

匆匆淼

厉害！顶！

ouying0501

40再补充一点
2.2.12.两个物质如何更高效地去找食物
V1 讲两个物质如何更高效地去找食物。第一段先讲两个科学家研究表明a物质会记得自己转弯地方向，研究表明a物质转左的几率是转右的两倍有多，如果上一次是转右的话。同时a物质会用protein留下scar做记号。第二段讲b物质。也是一些科学家研究出b物质有跟找食物有关的特性，具体想不起来了～题目都不是很难，都是主旨加细节。
V2  
大概是说一个什么什么东西  然后如果先往右了的话  没有找到食物  下次就更可能往左 大概是这个意思  然后这里有个题 问什么情况下更可能往左
第二段也是说什么zooplant吧  也是需找食物什么 有遇到什么珊瑚礁还是什么东西  然后又几个角度
V3 是讲生物学家研究动物吃食范围的问题，举了两种动物，说A和B吧。第一段先陈述了这么一个hypothesis，然后就举例，举A，说A在向右转头吃草以后，下一次往左转的概率是往右转的二倍。这么个现象说明它有一种记忆功能，貌似是一种什么细胞造成的，又研究了这个细胞吧，其中的什么含量会变化。第二段，就开始举例说B，忘了具体讲什么了，总之还是为证明开始陈述的那个hypothesis，说动物吃食的方向选择是为扩大它们的食物范围。还有一篇忘了。。
V4
一个是2.2.12.两个物质如何更高效地去找食物
狗主记得一道题问什么情况下往右是往走的两倍（可能相反），我选的是上次往左走了。
V5  
阅读：2道和JJ一样，另外2道记起来一道，是说有一些小的器官可以使动物更好的猎食，然后有2个科学实验，第一个实验是一个A开头的动物，第一下左转，然后第二下右转的概率是左转的2倍，是因为这个动物脑子里有个什么S，一转弯就从一边移动到另一边了，然后就加强了另一边转弯的概率。第二段是另一个实验，一个水里游的动物P， 给湖里撒食物，发现这个P一次就转36度，科学家说这样可以最大程度上获取食物。 题目一个是主旨题，选claims一个conclusion，用了2个research。 另一个是第二段的作用，支持主旨。 第三个是个细节题。 总这这篇阅读灰常简单。

ouying0501

楼主，你既然都找到这些了，就再仔细一点，把那个月的阅读机经给下载了，把详细的贴上来。

匆匆淼

你的要详细很多啊！抛砖引玉了哈，我这还是翻了好几个页面进去一个一个搜得。。。

小情歌璇

考古帝~~

41394437

那个火山的好需要考古啊~~ 据说灰常难，，

41394437

http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_Math/thread-595297-1-1.html

这位童鞋确认啦。。这篇真是不容易啊！

carbonzju

顶！